pseudoginsenoside-f11 and ocotillol

Deglycosylation is the most important gastrointestinal metabolism in which ginsenosides are split off from glycosyl moieties by the enzymes secreted from intestinal microflora, and two possible metabolic pathways of protopanaxdiol-type ginsenosides (PPD-type ginsenosides) and protopanaxtriol-type ginsenosides (PPT-type ginsenosides) have been concluded. The former is deglycosylated at C-3 and/or C-20, and transformed to protopanaxdiol (PPD). By comparison, the latter is deglycosylated at C-6 and/or C-20, and eventually transformed to protopanaxtriol (PPT) instead. The pharmacokinetic behavior of PPD-type ginsenosides and PPT-type ginsenosides is different, mainly in a faster absorption and elimination rate of PPT-type ginsenosides, but almost all of ginsenosides have a low oral bioavailability, which is relevant to the properties, the stability in the gastrointestinal tract, membrane permeability and the intestinal and hepatic first-pass effect of ginsenosides. Fortunately, its bioavailability can be improved by means of pharmaceutical strategies, including nanoparticles, liposomes, emulsions, micelles, etc. These drug delivery systems can significantly increase the bioavailability of ginsenosides, as well as controlling or targeting drug release. Ginsenosides are widely used in the treatment of various diseases, the most famous one is the Shen Yi capsule, which is the world's first clinical application of tumor neovascularization inhibitors. Hence, this article aims to draw people's attention on ocotillol-type ginsenosides, which have prominent anti-Alzheimer's disease activity, but have been overlooked previously, such as its representative compound-Pseudoginsenoside F

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Biological Availability; Dammaranes; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Ginsenosides; Humans; Liposomes; Micelles; Molecular Structure; Nanoparticles; Triterpenes

A new ocotillol-type triterpenoid saponin, named 20(R)-pseudoginsenoside F(11) (1), was isolated along with pseudoginsenoside F(11) (2) from red American ginseng. The structure of the new saponin was elucidated as 6-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-dammar-20R, 24R-epoxy-3β, 6α, 12β, 25-tetraol by a combination analysis of NMR and mass spectrometry. The complete signal assignments of the two compounds were carried out by means of 2-D NMR spectral analysis.

Topics: Ginsenosides; Molecular Structure; Panax; Plants, Medicinal; Saponins

To investigate whether ocotillol, a derivate of pseudoginsenoside F11, might protect the heart against myocardial injury (MI) induced by isoproterenol (CAS 7683-59-2, ISO) in rats.. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered orally (5, 10 and 20 mg kg(-1)) for 8 days. During the last two days all animals except the normal control were administered ISO, 50 mg kg(-1) subcutaneously, for 2 consecutive days to induce myocardial injury. 8 h later, rats were anaesthetized and sacrificed. The biochemical parameters were assayed and pathological examination of the heart tissues was performed.. Ocotillol could significantly decrease the increased level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in animals with myocardial injury induced by ISO. In the heart of ISO injected rats the superoxide dismutase (SOD) was decreased but the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased. Pre-treatment with ocotillol could attenuate the changes of both SOD and MDA. The ISO-induced pathohistological changes were also ameliorated by ocotillo.. The findings suggested that ocotillol could have cardioprotective effects on myocardial injury induced by ISO in rats, which may be, in part, by virtue of enhancing the antioxidative potency of the heart.

Topics: Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Animals; Antioxidants; Biomarkers; Cardiomyopathies; Cardiotonic Agents; Ginsenosides; Injections, Subcutaneous; Isoproterenol; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Malondialdehyde; Myocardium; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superoxide Dismutase