propetamphos and cypermethrin

This study was aimed at determining the acute and chronic toxic effects of cypermethrin, propetamphos, and combined cypermethrin and propetamphos. Four groups, each comprising 10 animals, were established for the acute (a) and chronic (b) toxicity trials, and in total, 80 male Wistar albino rats were used. In the acute toxicity trial, the first group was maintained for control purposes, and groups 2a, 3a, and 4a were administered only once with 80 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin, 25 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos and 80 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin combined with 25 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos, respectively, by gavage directly into the stomach. In the chronic toxicity trial, the first group was also maintained for control purposes, while groups 2b, 3b, and 4b were administered daily with 12 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin, 4 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos, and 12 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin combined with 4 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos respectively, by gavage directly into the stomach for 60 days. Blood and tissue (liver, kidney, brain, spleen, and testis) samples were taken 24 h after pesticide administration in the acute toxicity trial and at the end of day 60 in the chronic toxicity trial. Oxidative stress (MDA, NO, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and G6PD) parameters, serum biochemical parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, ALP, protein, and albumin) and hepatic drug-metabolizing parameters (CYP2E1, CYPB5, CYTC, GST, and GSH) were investigated in the samples. When administered either alone or in combination, both pesticides inhibited the antioxidant enzymes and increased MDA and NO levels. For the drug-metabolizing parameters investigated, particularly in the chronic period, either increase (CYP2E1, CYPB5, and CYTC) or decrease (GST and GSH) was observed. Furthermore, some negative changes were detected in the serum biochemical parameters. In result, cypermethrin and propetamphos combinations and long-term exposure to these combinations produced a greater toxic effect than the administration of these insecticides alone. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1415-1429, 2016.

Topics: Animals; Drug Combinations; Insecticides; Kidney; Liver; Male; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Oxidative Stress; Pyrethrins; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Testis; Toxicity Tests, Acute; Toxicity Tests, Chronic

Insecticides are the chemicals widely used in agriculture, environmental health, human-and animal-health fields. Exposure to insecticides has been associated with many hazardous effects, including antioxidative metabolism. In the current study, the effect of cypermethrin (CYP), propetamphos (PRO) and their mixtures on oxidative stress in mice to understand the possible health effects to animals and human beings was investigated. In the present study, 245 male Albino mice weighing 35-40 g were used. The mice were divided into seven groups. The first group served as the control group. The second and third groups were administered CYP at doses of 5 mg/kg/bw and 10 mg/kg/bw, respectively, and the fourth and fifth groups were given PRO at doses of 2.5 mg/kg/bw and 5.0 mg/kg/bw, respectively. The sixth and seventh groups received combination regimens containing 5 mg/kg/bw CYP plus 2.5 mg/kg/bw PRO and 10 mg/kg/bw CYP plus 5 mg/kg/bw PRO, respectively, in feed for 60 days. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture on the 15th, 45th and 60th days. Serum nitric oxide (NO) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were measured. In conclusion, the alterations observed in the MDA and NO levels and SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities of the trial groups, demonstrate the administration of certain doses of CYP and PRO, either alone or combined, to mice for a period of 60 days to produce oxidative stress. The degree of oxidative stress was found to be related to the dose administered, the duration of exposure and the administration of the indicated compounds either alone or as a combination.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Catalase; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Combinations; Erythrocytes; Glutathione Peroxidase; Insecticides; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Malondialdehyde; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Oxidative Stress; Pyrethrins; Superoxide Dismutase

The response of sheep scab mites to pyrethroid insecticides and organophosphate compounds was studied in vitro with the objective of finding a simple test for detecting insecticide resistance in scab mites. Psoroptes cuniculi from rabbits or P. ovis from sheep were enclosed in small 'tea bags' made from heat sealable paper prior to dipping in insecticide. Mites failed to die 24 h after a 1 min dip in working concentrations of insecticidal sheep dips. With flumethrin a variety of different conditions were tested but most failed to improve the efficacy of flumethrin. It is suggested with freshly collected mites pyrethroids may be taken up by ingestion.

Topics: Animals; Diazinon; Drug Resistance; Insecticides; Mite Infestations; Mites; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pyrethrins; Rabbits; Sheep; Sheep Diseases