Compounds > proline

proline and dimethyl sulfoxide

proline has been researched along with dimethyl sulfoxide in 44 studies

Research

Studies (44)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199017 (38.64)18.7374
1990's4 (9.09)18.2507
2000's11 (25.00)29.6817
2010's12 (27.27)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Garel, JR; Siffert, O1
Ballardin, A; Fischman, AJ; Gibbons, WA; Roy, J; Schwartz, IL; Smith, CW; Walter, R; Wyssbrod, HR1
Altman, LJ; Silberman, N1
Fiat, D; Gotsis, ED; Spisni, A1
Crowe, JH; Rudolph, AS1
Deslauriers, R; Garrigou-Lagrange, C; McGregor, H; Saitô, H; Sarantakis, D; Smith, IC; Walter, R1
Bedford, GR; Feeney, J; Wessels, PL1
Grathwohl, C; Wüthrich, K1
Ragnarsson, U; Sandberg, BE1
Blout, ER; Deber, CM; Torchia, DA; Wong, SC1
Brewster, AI; Glasel, JA; Hruby, VJ; Tonelli, AE1
Mitchell, LW; Onishi, T; Urry, DW1
Torchia, DA1
Bunnett, JF; Hermann, DH1
Jaton, JC; Sela, M1
Wickstrom, E1
Galjaard, H; Nauta, J; van der Kamp, AW; van Dongen, JM; Visser, WJ1
Daragan, VA; Mayo, KH; Mikhailov, D1
Hu, JF; Wolfinbarger, L1
Gaggelli, E; Grzonka, Z; Kasprzykowski, F; Kozlowski, H; Maccotta, A; Valensin, G1
Aubry, A; Boussard, G; Marraud, M; Vicherat, A; Zouikri, M1
Ikawa, S; Sugawara, M; Tonan, K1
Cao, SY; Chu, CC; Tang, ZS; Tian, WZ; Wang, L; Ye, SQ; Zhao, SM1
Ou, WB; Park, YD; Zhou, HM1
Adham, IM; Engel, W; Müller, C; Nayernia, K; Sancken, U; Shamsadin, R1
Poncet, JM; Véron, B1
Kato, Y; Sasaki, M; Terada, S; Yamada, H1
Trifilieff, E1
Joshi, AD; Pajor, AM1
Meng, FG; Mu, H; Park, YD; Wang, XY; Xia, Y; Zhou, HM1
Barbas, CF; Tanaka, F; Utsumi, N; Zhang, H1
Parasuk, V; Parasuk, W1
Aeed, H; Alin, A; Brazowski, E; Bruck, R; Goldiner, I; Kirchner, M; Matas, Z; Shirin, H1
Chen, YH; Sung, K; Sung, PH1
Czermak, P; Freimark, D; Grein, TA; Hudel, K; Wallrapp, C; Weber, C1
Bergman, J; Hasimbegovic, V; Pettersson, B1
Czermak, P; Freimark, D; Glasmacher, B; Hofmann, N; Hudel, K; Sehl, C; Spindler, R; Weber, C1
Glasmacher, B; Hofmann, N; Rosenhahn, B; Spindler, R1
Jung, OS; Noh, TH; Park, KH; Shim, YB1
Gao, C; Griesinger, C; Lei, X; Peng, L; Sun, H; Tan, RX; Wang, S; Xu, Z1
Cheng, JP; Li, X; Li, Z; Ni, X1
Gschwind, RM; Haindl, MH; Hioe, J1
Bailey, TL; Chakraborty, N; Menze, MA; Nathan, BP; Solocinski, J; Wang, M1
He, ZZ; Jin, XH; Li, R; Liu, J; Qiao, J; Xue, X; Yan, J; Yan, LY; Zhang, L; Zhu, XH1

Other Studies

44 other study(ies) available for proline and dimethyl sulfoxide

ArticleYear
Optical measurement of a solvent-induced isomerization in a proline-containing hexapeptide.
    Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 1979, Jul-27, Volume: 89, Issue:2

    Topics: Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Glycine; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Oligopeptides; Proline; Protein Conformation; Spectrophotometry; Temperature; Tetranitromethane; Tyrosine

1979
Conformational studies on [Pro3, Gly4]-oxytocin in dimethyl sulfoxide by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: evidence for a type II beta turn in the cyclic moiety.
    Biochemistry, 1978, Oct-17, Volume: 17, Issue:21

    Topics: Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Glycine; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Oxytocin; Proline; Protein Conformation; Temperature

1978
3H NMR analysis of labeled prolines.
    Analytical biochemistry, 1977, May-01, Volume: 79, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Proline; Tritium

1977
17O NMR investigation of the hydration of L-alanine and L-proline in water/Me2SO mixtures.
    Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 1986, Mar-13, Volume: 135, Issue:2

    Topics: Alanine; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Hydrogen Bonding; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Oxygen Isotopes; Proline; Water

1986
Membrane stabilization during freezing: the role of two natural cryoprotectants, trehalose and proline.
    Cryobiology, 1985, Volume: 22, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Disaccharides; Freeze Fracturing; Freezing; Glycerol; Membrane Fusion; Membranes, Artificial; Nephropidae; Proline; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum; Trehalose

1985
Carbon-13 NMR studies of peptide hormones and their components.
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1973, Dec-31, Volume: 222

    Topics: Carbon Isotopes; Computers; Deuterium; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Fourier Analysis; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypothalamus; Isomerism; Lysine; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones; Oligopeptides; Oxytocin; Peptides; Peptides, Cyclic; Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones; Proline; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; Vasopressins

1973
1H nuclear magnetic resonance studies of thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF).
    FEBS letters, 1974, Jun-15, Volume: 42, Issue:3

    Topics: Binding Sites; Deuterium; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Glutamates; Histidine; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Proline; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Silicon Dioxide; Temperature; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

1974
A novel approach for studies of the molecular conformations in flexible polypeptides.
    FEBS letters, 1974, Aug-01, Volume: 43, Issue:3

    Topics: Alanine; Calorimetry; Carbon Isotopes; Deuterium; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Kinetics; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Methods; Oligopeptides; Peptides; Phenylalanine; Proline; Protein Conformation; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thermodynamics

1974
Preparation of some 2-phenylisopropyl-oxycarbonyl amino acids. Evaluation of their properties with particular reference to application in solid phase peptide synthesis.
    International journal of peptide and protein research, 1974, Volume: 6, Issue:2

    Topics: Amino Acids; Bradykinin; Carbonates; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Glycine; Guanidines; Methods; Optical Rotation; Peptides; Phenylalanine; Proline; Serine; Time Factors

1974
Conformational interconversions of the cyclic hexapeptide cyclo(Pro-Gly) 3 .
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1972, Volume: 69, Issue:7

    Topics: Butanols; Cesium; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chlorine; Cyclization; Cyclohexanes; Deuterium; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Formates; Glycine; Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; Hydrogenation; Imines; Lithium; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Methane; Peptides; Peptides, Cyclic; Potassium; Proline; Protein Conformation; Rubidium; Sodium; Water

1972
Proposed conformations of oxytocin and selected analogs in dimethyl sulfoxide as deduced from proton magnetic resonance studies.
    Biochemistry, 1973, Dec-18, Volume: 12, Issue:26

    Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Deuterium; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Glycine; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mathematics; Models, Structural; Oligopeptides; Oxytocin; Proline; Protein Conformation; Protons; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Temperature; Valine

1973
Solvent dependence of peptide carbonyl carbon chemical shifts and polypeptide secondary structure: the repeat tetrapeptide of elastin.
    Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 1974, Jul-10, Volume: 59, Issue:1

    Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Binding Sites; Carbon Isotopes; Deuterium; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Elastin; Ethanol; Fluorine; Glycine; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Methanol; Peptides; Proline; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Solvents; Temperature; Valine

1974
Evidence for cis peptide bonds in copolypeptides of glycine and proline.
    Biochemistry, 1972, Apr-11, Volume: 11, Issue:8

    Topics: Deuterium; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Ethanol; Fluorine; Glycine; Isomerism; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Peptides; Proline; Protein Conformation; Stereoisomerism; Temperature; Thermodynamics

1972
Kinetics of dinitrophenylation of amino acids.
    Biochemistry, 1970, Feb-17, Volume: 9, Issue:4

    Topics: Amino Acids; Buffers; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Cold Temperature; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dinitrophenols; Ethers; Glycine; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Nitriles; Nitrobenzenes; Proline; Pyrrolidines; Sodium Hydroxide; Water

1970
Role of optical configuration in the immunogenicity and specificity of synthetic antigens derived from multichain polyproline.
    The Journal of biological chemistry, 1968, Nov-10, Volume: 243, Issue:21

    Topics: Amino Acids; Anhydrides; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Antigens; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Immune Sera; Immunoassay; Lysine; Molecular Weight; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis; Peptides; Proline; Spectrophotometry; Stereoisomerism; Ultracentrifugation

1968
Chlorambucil inhibition by dimethyl sulfoxide and thiosulfate: implications for chlorambucil chemotherapy.
    Medical hypotheses, 1980, Volume: 6, Issue:10

    Topics: Alkylation; Animals; Chlorambucil; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Kinetics; Proline; RNA, Transfer; Thiosulfates

1980
Preservation of aortic heart valves with maintenance of cell viability.
    The Journal of surgical research, 1981, Volume: 30, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Aortic Valve; Cell Survival; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dogs; Ethylene Glycols; Fibroblasts; Freezing; Glycerol; Humans; Organ Preservation; Proline; Tissue Preservation

1981
13C multiplet nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation-derived ring puckering and backbone dynamics in proline-containing glycine-based peptides.
    Biophysical journal, 1995, Volume: 68, Issue:4

    Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Anisotropy; Biophysical Phenomena; Biophysics; Carbon Isotopes; Computer Simulation; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Glycine; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Methanol; Models, Chemical; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Structure; Motion; Oligopeptides; Proline; Rotation; Solvents; Stereoisomerism; Thermodynamics

1995
Dimethyl sulfoxide concentration in fresh and cryopreserved porcine valved conduit tissues.
    Cryobiology, 1994, Volume: 31, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Cell Membrane; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Diffusion; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Fibroblasts; Heart Valves; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Proline; Swine

1994
1H-NMR and 13C-NMR investigation of complexes of Mn2+ with ocytocin analogues in (2H6)dimethylsulfoxide.
    European journal of biochemistry, 1996, Aug-15, Volume: 240, Issue:1

    Topics: Alanine; Amino Acid Sequence; Binding Sites; Carbon Isotopes; Cysteine; Deuterium; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Glutamine; Hydrogen; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Manganese; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Oxytocin; Proline; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Sarcosine; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Thermodynamics; Threonine

1996
Azaproline as a beta-turn-inducer residue opposed to proline.
    The journal of peptide research : official journal of the American Peptide Society, 1998, Volume: 52, Issue:1

    Topics: Aza Compounds; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Structure; Peptides; Proline; Protein Folding; Protein Structure, Secondary; Stereoisomerism

1998
Effect of solvent on the cis-trans conformational equilibrium of a proline imide bond of short model peptides in solution.
    Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy, 2001, Volume: 57, Issue:6

    Topics: Chloroform; Deuterium; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Peptides; Proline; Protein Conformation; Solutions; Solvents

2001
[The factors of improving rice transformation efficiency].
    Yi chuan xue bao = Acta genetica Sinica, 2001, Volume: 28, Issue:10

    Topics: Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Oryza; Osmotic Pressure; Proline; Transformation, Genetic

2001
Effect of osmolytes as folding aids on creatine kinase refolding pathway.
    The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 2002, Volume: 34, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Buffers; Circular Dichroism; Creatine Kinase; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Enzyme Activation; Glycine; Osmolar Concentration; Proline; Protein Folding; Protein Structure, Secondary; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Rabbits; Solvents; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Sucrose

2002
Proacrosin-deficient mice and zona pellucida modifications in an experimental model of multifactorial infertility.
    Molecular human reproduction, 2002, Volume: 8, Issue:5

    Topics: Acrosin; Animals; Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine); Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme Precursors; Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Gene Expression; Infertility; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Mice, Mutant Strains; Oocytes; Proline; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Time Factors; Zona Pellucida

2002
Cryopreservation of the unicellular marine alga, Nannochloropsis oculata.
    Biotechnology letters, 2003, Volume: 25, Issue:23

    Topics: Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Division; Cell Survival; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Culture Media; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Eukaryota; Glycerol; Marine Biology; Methanol; Proline

2003
Development of a novel serum-free freezing medium for mammalian cells using the silk protein sericin.
    Biotechnology and applied biochemistry, 2005, Volume: 42, Issue:Pt 2

    Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Cell Line, Tumor; CHO Cells; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Culture Media, Serum-Free; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Glutamine; Humans; Hybridomas; Maltose; Proline; Rats; Sericins; Spodoptera

2005
Synthesis and secondary structure of loop 4 of myelin proteolipid protein: effect of a point mutation found in Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease.
    The journal of peptide research : official journal of the American Peptide Society, 2005, Volume: 66, Issue:3

    Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acid Substitution; Circular Dichroism; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Humans; Iodine; Micelles; Molecular Sequence Data; Myelin Proteolipid Protein; Oxidation-Reduction; Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease; Peptide Fragments; Peptides; Point Mutation; Proline; Protein Structure, Secondary; Serine; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Trifluoroethanol

2005
Role of conserved prolines in the structure and function of the Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter 1, NaDC1.
    Biochemistry, 2006, Apr-04, Volume: 45, Issue:13

    Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Profiling; Glycerol; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; Proline; Protein Structure, Secondary; Rabbits; Sequence Alignment; Succinic Acid

2006
The protective effects of osmolytes on arginine kinase unfolding and aggregation.
    International journal of biological macromolecules, 2007, Apr-10, Volume: 40, Issue:5

    Topics: Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates; Animals; Arginine Kinase; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Enzyme Activation; Fluorescence; Glycerol; Grasshoppers; Guanidine; Kinetics; Proline; Protein Denaturation; Protein Folding; Protein Structure, Quaternary; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Sucrose

2007
A way to highly enantiomerically enriched aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman-type products.
    Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 2007, Volume: 46, Issue:11

    Topics: Aza Compounds; Catalysis; Chromatography, Gel; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Indicators and Reagents; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mannich Bases; Proline; Stereoisomerism

2007
Theoretical investigations on the stereoselectivity of the proline catalyzed Mannich reaction in DMSO.
    The Journal of organic chemistry, 2008, Dec-05, Volume: 73, Issue:23

    Topics: Carbon; Catalysis; Chemistry, Organic; Cyclohexanones; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Kinetics; Models, Chemical; Molecular Conformation; Nitrogen; Proline; Solvents; Stereoisomerism; Thermodynamics

2008
Inhibition of immune-mediated concanavalin a-induced liver damage by free-radical scavengers.
    Digestive diseases and sciences, 2010, Volume: 55, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Concanavalin A; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Disease Models, Animal; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Free Radical Scavengers; Interleukin-10; Liver; Male; Malondialdehyde; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; NF-kappa B; Oxidative Stress; Proline; Thiocarbamates; Thiourea; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

2010
Synthesis of proline-derived dipeptides and their catalytic enantioselective direct aldol reactions: catalyst, solvent, additive and temperature effects.
    Amino acids, 2010, Volume: 38, Issue:3

    Topics: Catalysis; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dipeptides; Hydrogen Bonding; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Proline; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Solubility; Solvents; Stereoisomerism; Temperature

2010
Alternatives to dimethylsulfoxide for serum-free cryopreservation of human mesenchymal stem cells.
    The International journal of artificial organs, 2010, Volume: 33, Issue:6

    Topics: Amino Acids, Diamino; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Survival; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Glycerol; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Methylcellulose; Proline; Serum

2010
One-pot Eschenmoser episulfide contractions in DMSO: applications to the synthesis of fuligocandins A and B and a number of vinylogous amides.
    The Journal of organic chemistry, 2011, Mar-18, Volume: 76, Issue:6

    Topics: Amides; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Proline; Sulfides

2011
Systematic parameter optimization of a Me(2)SO- and serum-free cryopreservation protocol for human mesenchymal stem cells.
    Cryobiology, 2011, Volume: 63, Issue:2

    Topics: Adipogenesis; Amino Acids, Diamino; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Freezing; Humans; Ice; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Proline

2011
Video analysis of osmotic cell response during cryopreservation.
    Cryobiology, 2012, Volume: 64, Issue:3

    Topics: Amino Acids, Diamino; Cell Membrane; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cell Size; Cell Survival; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Endothelial Cells; Ethylene Glycol; Freezing; Humans; Ice; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microscopy; Osmosis; Osmotic Pressure; Proline; Trehalose; Video Recording

2012
Construction of right-handed-, left-handed-, and racemic helical coordination polymers. Enantioselective recognition using chiral helical crystals.
    Chemical communications (Cambridge, England), 2013, May-11, Volume: 49, Issue:38

    Topics: Copper; Crystallization; Crystallography, X-Ray; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dimethylformamide; Models, Molecular; Polymers; Proline; Silanes; Stereoisomerism

2013
Graphene oxide liquid crystals as a versatile and tunable alignment medium for the measurement of residual dipolar couplings in organic solvents.
    Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2014, Aug-13, Volume: 136, Issue:32

    Topics: Anisotropy; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Graphite; Hydrogen; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Liquid Crystals; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Weight; Organic Chemicals; Oxides; Proline; Salts; Solutions; Solvents; Sucrose; Temperature; Water

2014
Equilibrium acidities of proline derived organocatalysts in DMSO.
    Organic letters, 2015, Mar-06, Volume: 17, Issue:5

    Topics: Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Models, Chemical; Molecular Structure; Photoelectron Spectroscopy; Proline; Spectrum Analysis; Titrimetry

2015
The Proline Enamine Formation Pathway Revisited in Dimethyl Sulfoxide: Rate Constants Determined via NMR.
    Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, Oct-14, Volume: 137, Issue:40

    Topics: Amines; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Kinetics; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Proline

2015
Protective effects of osmolytes in cryopreserving adherent neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cells.
    Cryobiology, 2015, Volume: 71, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Mice; Neuroblastoma; Proline; Sucrose; Trehalose

2015
L-proline: a highly effective cryoprotectant for mouse oocyte vitrification.
    Scientific reports, 2016, 07-14, Volume: 6

    Topics: Animals; Cell Survival; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Embryo Culture Techniques; Embryo Transfer; Embryonic Development; Ethylene Glycol; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred DBA; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mitochondria; Oocytes; Pregnancy; Proline; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; Spindle Apparatus; Vitrification

2016