povidone-iodine and troclosene

This review aims to provide relevant, aggregate information about a variety of disinfectants and antiseptics, along with potential utility and limitations. While not exhaustive, this review's goal is to add to the body of literature available on this topic and give interventional providers and practitioners an additional resource to consider when performing procedures.. In the current SARS-CoV2 epidemiological environment, infection control and costs associated with healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are of paramount importance. Even before the onset of SARS-CoV2, HAIs affected nearly 2million patients a year in the USA and resulted in nearly 90,000 deaths, all of which resulted in a cost to hospitals ranging from US$28 billion to 45 billion. The onset SARS-CoV2, though not spread by an airborne route, has heightened infection control protocols in hospitals and, as such, cast a renewed focus on disinfectants and their utility across different settings and organisms. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of disinfectants used in the inpatient setting.

Topics: Chlorine Compounds; Cross Infection; Disinfectants; Ethanol; Formaldehyde; Glutaral; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iodophors; Oxides; Peracetic Acid; Phenol; Povidone-Iodine; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium Hypochlorite; Triazines

Contaminated radiographic films and gloves may transmit infectious diseases. Objective. To determine whether Pre Sept (NaDC), a sodium dichloroisocyanurate based disinfectant; Bronocide SP (AIP) an alcohol-phenol-iodine disinfectant and polyvinyl pyrrolidine iodine (PVPI) can be used to disinfect radiographic films and gloves. Study design. Radiographic films were contaminated with Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli or saliva and placed in either 0.1, 0.25 or 0.5 NaDC for 1, 2 or 5 min; PVPI for 5 min or sprayed with AIP. Gloves contaminated with C. albicans, S. mutans or Lactobacilli were sprayed with AIP. After treatment the films and gloves were tested for viable microorganisms. Results. A 0.5% solution of NaDC killed all microorganisms after one-minute exposure. PVPI killed 99.8% and AIP spray between 95.8 and 99% of microorganisms. Conclusions. NaDC was the most successful disinfectant in the laboratory and clinical setting followed by PVPI and AIP.

Topics: Benzyl Alcohols; Candida albicans; Chlorine; Colony Count, Microbial; Dental Disinfectants; Equipment Contamination; Gloves, Surgical; Humans; Lactobacillus; Mouth; Povidone-Iodine; Propylene Glycols; Saliva; Streptococcus mutans; Surface Properties; Time Factors; Triazines; X-Ray Film

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) were more active against Bacillus subtilis 8236 spores in both viability and in germination and outgrowth studies than were polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (PVP-I) and Lugol's solution. Of the two chlorine compounds studied NaOCl proved to be the more active. The two iodine-containing compounds gave contrasting results with the Lugol's solution demonstrating increased antibacterial activity with increasing available iodine concentration. The antibacterial behaviour of PVP-I, however, reflected the more complex nature of aqueous iodine-surfactant mixtures. Initially, non-complexed iodine concentration (the active species) increased with increasing total available iodine concentration, resulting in increasing antibacterial activity. However, due to changes in the physical properties of the mixture, a maximum concentration of non-complexed iodine was reached so that a further increase in total available iodine resulted in a decrease in non-complexed iodine concentration and consequently a decrease in the antibacterial activity of the solution was observed. A greater inhibitory effect was observed in subsequent germination and outgrowth studies when spores were pre-treated with respective biocide than when untreated spores were added to germination media containing biocide at t = 0. This may reflect a combination of different contact times plus the neutralizing effect of the germination media on such halogen compounds.

Topics: Bacillus subtilis; Disinfectants; Iodides; Povidone-Iodine; Sodium Hypochlorite; Solutions; Spores, Bacterial; Triazines

The efficacy of nine disinfectants on Mycobacterium smegmatis was tested in the presence of sputum, using quantitative suspension and carrier tests. Glutaraldehyde, povidone iodine, and chlorhexidine gluconate produced at least a 6-log10 reduction in CFU in all tests. Four disinfectants (sodium dichloroisocyanurate, phenol, ethanol, and sodium hypochlorite) were not as effective in the carrier tests as in the suspension tests; this difference ranged from a 1- to a 5-log10 reduction in CFU. The efficacy of ethanol and sodium hypochlorite was further reduced (3- and 1-log10 reductions in CFU, respectively) in the presence of sputum. The quaternary ammonium compound and iodophor were ineffective in all tests. The findings of this study demonstrate the need for a quantitative carrier test such as the one presented here.

Topics: Aerosols; Chlorhexidine; Colony Count, Microbial; Disinfectants; Ethanol; Glutaral; Humans; Mycobacterium; Phenol; Phenols; Povidone-Iodine; Sodium Hypochlorite; Sputum; Triazines

Nine postmilking teat dips were evaluated by an experimental challenge model against either Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, or both. Formulations containing .9 and .6% sodium hypochlorite, 1% sodium dichloro-s-triazene-trione, .55% chlorhexidine gluconate, and .35% povidone iodine reduced incidence of Staphylococcus aureus infections 56.8, 28.3, 75.9, 92.5, and 77.9%. Incidence of infections with Streptococcus agalactiae was reduced 48.1 and 63.2% by 1.7 and 1% sodium dichloro-s-triazene-trione formulations. The 1% chlorhexidine gluconate and .35% povidone iodine products reduced Streptococcus agalactiae infections 71.0 and 67.0%. Three experimental 1% iodophor formulations reduced Streptococcus agalactiae infections 28.9, 44.8, and 50.7%. The experimental challenge model was refined further and provided an efficient method to determine efficacy of postmilking teat dips.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Cattle; Chlorhexidine; Disinfectants; Drug Evaluation; Female; Iodophors; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Povidone-Iodine; Sodium Hypochlorite; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae; Triazines