povidone-iodine and chlorine-dioxide

This review aims to provide relevant, aggregate information about a variety of disinfectants and antiseptics, along with potential utility and limitations. While not exhaustive, this review's goal is to add to the body of literature available on this topic and give interventional providers and practitioners an additional resource to consider when performing procedures.. In the current SARS-CoV2 epidemiological environment, infection control and costs associated with healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are of paramount importance. Even before the onset of SARS-CoV2, HAIs affected nearly 2million patients a year in the USA and resulted in nearly 90,000 deaths, all of which resulted in a cost to hospitals ranging from US$28 billion to 45 billion. The onset SARS-CoV2, though not spread by an airborne route, has heightened infection control protocols in hospitals and, as such, cast a renewed focus on disinfectants and their utility across different settings and organisms. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of disinfectants used in the inpatient setting.

Topics: Chlorine Compounds; Cross Infection; Disinfectants; Ethanol; Formaldehyde; Glutaral; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iodophors; Oxides; Peracetic Acid; Phenol; Povidone-Iodine; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium Hypochlorite; Triazines

The biofilm formation by oral bacteria on the implant surface is one of the most remarkable factors of peri-implant infections, which may eventually lead to bone resorption and loss of the dental implant. Therefore, the elimination of biofilm is an essential step for the successful therapy of implant-related infections. In this work we created a basic in vitro model to evaluate the antibacterial effect of three widely used antiseptics.Commercially pure (CP4) titanium sample discs with sand blasted, acid etched, and polished surface were used. The discs were incubated with mono-cultures of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus salivarius. The adhered bacterial biofilms were treated with different antiseptics: chlorhexidine-digluconate (CHX), povidone-iodine (PI), and chlorine dioxide (CD) for 5 min and the control discs with ultrapure water. The antibacterial effect of the antiseptics was tested by colorimetric assay.According to the results, the PI and the CD were statistically the most effective in the elimination of the two test bacteria on both titanium surfaces after 5 min treatment time. The CD showed significant effect only against S. salivarius.Based on our results we conclude that PI and CD may be promising antibacterial agents to disinfecting the peri-implant site in the dental practice.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Chlorhexidine; Chlorine Compounds; Dental Disinfectants; Dental Implants; Humans; Oxides; Peri-Implantitis; Povidone-Iodine; Streptococcus mitis; Streptococcus salivarius; Titanium

Topics: Biofilms; Chlorine Compounds; Congo Red; Copper; Dental Disinfectants; Dental Equipment; Dioxoles; Equipment Contamination; Exophiala; Fungicides, Industrial; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Merbromin; Oxides; Peptide Hydrolases; Povidone-Iodine; Pyrroles; Silver Nitrate; Water Microbiology; Yeasts

Bovine mastitis due to Prototheca zopfii leads to reduced milk production and is difficult to cure. Therefore, prevention is the best approach and this is best achieved through the use of effective disinfectants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro algaecide efficacy of conventional disinfectants against strains of P. zopfii genotype 1 and 2. The minimal algaecide concentration (MAC) of alkyldiaminoethylglycine hydrochloride, chlorhexidine, dioxide chlorine, povidone iodine and sodium hypochlorous acid against 10 isolates and the type strain (SAG2063(T)) of P. zopfii genotype 1 as well as 10 isolates and the type strain (SAG2021(T)) of P. zopfii genotype 2 were examined using the micro dilution method. This in vitro study indicated that alkyldiaminoethylglycine hydrochloride, chlorhexidine, povidone iodine and sodium hypochlorous acid, but not dioxide chlorine, are effective against both genotypes of P. zopfii.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Chlorhexidine; Chlorine Compounds; Disinfectants; Female; Genotype; Mastitis, Bovine; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxides; Povidone-Iodine; Prototheca

The purpose of this study was to measure the cytotoxicity of six endodontic irrigants on cultured gingival fibroblasts using the CyQuant assay. Human gingival fibroblasts were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum at 37 degrees C and 5% CO(2). At confluence, cells were split, plated in 96-well plates and incubated for 24-h to allow attachment. The following irrigants were tested at various concentrations: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); iodine potassium-iodide (IKI); Betadine scrub (BS); calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]; chlorine dioxide (SCD) and DMEM (positive control). Experimental groups were compared by the logarithmic difference between the clinical and LD50 concentrations of a particular irrigant. The results showed that IKI and Ca(OH)2 were significantly less cytotoxic than SCD, NaOCl, and BS. In conclusion, IKI and Ca(OH)2 are well tolerated by human gingival fibroblasts.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Calcium Hydroxide; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Chlorine Compounds; Fibroblasts; Gingiva; Humans; Iodine Compounds; Lethal Dose 50; Oxides; Povidone-Iodine; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Hypochlorite

Preparatory to development of in situ disinfection of implanted catheters, silicone rubber tubing colonized by incubation with Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, or Klebsiella pneumoniae was used to test the efficacy of various chemicals in vitro. Protocols sterilizing all segments colonized for 24 h (n = 30) were immersion into 50% povidone iodine for 5 and 60 min, 100% povidone iodine for 5, 15, and 60 min, 1.2 x 10(3) ppm chlorine dioxide for 15 and 60 min, and 1.2 x 10(3) ppm chlorine dioxide buffered to pH 5.1 for 60 min. Immersion in up to 2% chlorhexidine, 7.4% formaldehyde, or 6% sodium hypochlorite for up to 60 min failed to sterilize all segments. None of 117 control segments were sterilized. Segments colonized for seven days were sterilized by immersion into 100% povidone iodine for 15 or 60 min. Use of 1.2 x 10(3) ppm chlorine dioxide for 60 min sterilized 97% of segments tested. Lower concentrations and shorter exposure times failed to sterilize all segments. Eighteen silicone rubber catheters, colonized on the outer surface, were all sterilized within 24 h by a chlorine dioxide solution placed in the lumen and diffusing through the wall to kill the bacteria.

Topics: Catheterization; Chlorine; Chlorine Compounds; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Oxides; Povidone-Iodine; Solutions; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Sterilization

A chlorine dioxide-containing gel was compared with 3 commercially available antimicrobials and 1 antibiotic intended for topical use. This gel was tested at 0.5 X and 4 X and was found to be more effective as a 4 X gel in treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected excised wounds on mice. To further compare this gel with other antiseptics, a murine bioassay was developed. This wound model consisted of an excised cutaneous wound on the dorsum of mice which were irradiated (800 rad) and inoculated with P aeruginosa at 10-fold dilutions, from 10(-2) to 10(-10). The wounds were observed for latency of infection or mice survival time as a function of concentration of viable organisms remaining after treatment. The advantage of this model was demonstrated where a standard curve based on latency did not consume as many test subjects and yet provided an estimate of viable organisms in each wound. In this model, the chlorine dioxide-containing gel was more active than were preparations of providone-iodine, chlorhexidene, or silver sulfadiazine and was similar to polymyxin-bacitracin-neomycin ointment as a topical antiseptic. The effectiveness of the tested gel was reduced if delays in treatment were longer than 1 hour.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacitracin; Chlorhexidine; Chlorine; Chlorine Compounds; Drug Combinations; Gels; Male; Mice; Neomycin; Oxides; Polymyxin B; Povidone-Iodine; Pseudomonas Infections; Silver Sulfadiazine