potassium-permanganate and methyl-isobutyl-ketone

Research shows that essential/precursor chemical controls have had substantial impacts on US methamphetamine and heroin availability. This study examines whether US federal essential chemical regulations have impacted US cocaine seizure amount, price and purity-indicators of cocaine availability.. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA)-intervention time-series analysis was used to assess the impacts of four US regulations targeting cocaine manufacturing chemicals: potassium permanganate/selected solvents, implemented October 1989 sulfuric acid/hydrochloric acid, implemented October 1992; methyl isobutyl ketone, implemented May 1995; and sodium permanganate, implemented December 2006. Of these chemicals, potassium permanganate and sodium permanganate are the most critical to cocaine production.. Conterminous United States (January 1987-April 2011).. Monthly time-series: purity-adjusted cocaine seizure amount (in gross weight seizures < 6000 grams), purity-adjusted price (all available seizures), and purity (all available seizures).. System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence.. The 1989 potassium permanganate/solvents regulation was associated with a seizure amount decrease (change in series level) of 28% (P < 0.05), a 36% increase in price (P < 0.05) and a 4% decrease in purity (P < 0.05). Availability recovered in 1-2 years. The 2006 potassium permanganate regulation was associated with a 22% seizure amount decrease (P < 0.05), 100% price increase (P < 0.05) and 35% purity decrease (P < 0.05). Following the 2006 regulation, essentially no recovery occurred to April 2011. The other two chemical regulations were associated with statistically significant but lesser declines in indicated availability.. In the United States, essential chemical controls from 1989 to 2006 were associated with pronounced downturns in cocaine availability.

Topics: Amphetamine-Related Disorders; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Cocaine; Drug and Narcotic Control; Humans; Hydrochloric Acid; Methyl n-Butyl Ketone; Potassium Permanganate; Sodium Compounds; Sulfuric Acids; United States

In this study a headspace spectrophotometric method is proposed for analysis of dichloromethane and isobutyl methyl keton (IBMK) residues in the ampicillin powder. Ampicillin is dissolved in 1 M NaOH in the vessel of an arsenic analyzer unit of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. After 3-min stirring, the headspace has flowed by air into the flow-through cell and its absorbance is read at 196 nm, as emitted by a selenium hollow cathode lamp. The absorbance of the headspace is read in two cases (in the presence and absence of MnO4- ion). In the former case, the absorbance is only related to dichloromethane; in the latter, it is related to both solvents. By this method both solvents are determined in the ampicillin samples. The obtained results are compared with gas chromatography (GC) data. These results have good agreement. The proposed method is very rapid, selective and repeatable. Other solvents present, such as isopropyl alcohol, ethylacetate and triethylamine, are not interfering.

Topics: Ampicillin; Drug Contamination; Indicators and Reagents; Methyl n-Butyl Ketone; Methylene Chloride; Penicillins; Potassium Permanganate; Solutions; Solvents; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Temperature