potassium-bicarbonate and potassium-carbonate

The high catalytic activity and specificity of enzymes can be used to pretreat biomass. Herein, the resourceful, reproducible, cheap, and crude protein-rich cottonseed meal (CM) is selected as a precursor and the protease in the K2CO3-KHCO3 buffer solution is used as the enzyme degradation substance to pretreat CM. The crude protein content is significantly reduced by the protease degradation, and, meanwhile, it results in a looser and porous structure of CM. What is more, it significantly reduces the amount of activator. In the subsequent carbonization process, the K2CO3-KHCO3 in the buffer solution is also used as an activating agent (the mass ratio of CM to activator is 2:1), and after carbonization, the O, S, and N doped porous carbon is obtained. The optimized PCM-800-4 exhibits high heteroatom contents and a hierarchical porous structure. The specific capacitance of the prepared porous carbon reaches up to 233 F g-1 in 6M KOH even when 10 mg of active material is loaded. In addition, a K2CO3-KHCO3/EG based gel electrolyte is prepared and the fabricated flexible capacitor exhibits an energy density of 15.6 Wh kg-1 and a wide temperature range (-25 to 100 °C). This study presents a simple enzymatic degradation and reduced activator dosage strategy to prepare a cottonseed meal derived carbon material and looks forward to preparing porous carbon using other biomass.

Topics: Carbon; Cottonseed Oil; Peptide Hydrolases; Porosity

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH conditioners on tooth bleaching using hematoporphirin-stained paper and artificially discolored bovine tooth model. Experimental bleaching gels containing 23% hydrogen peroxide, adjusting pH 7.0 by different pH conditioners (NaOH, NaHCO

Topics: Animals; Bicarbonates; Buffers; Carbonates; Cattle; Hematoporphyrins; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxides; In Vitro Techniques; Paper; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Hydroxide; Tooth; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration

This paper deals with the effect of water and catalyst (KOH) amount on the quantity and quality of transesterification products of rapeseed oil by methanol, the methyl ester phase (i.e. yield, conversion), and the side-product, the glycerol phase (i.e. density, viscosity, the mass fraction of glycerol, esters, soaps). The dependencies were described by statistical models. The transesterification was carried out at constant reaction conditions (90 min reaction time, 400 rpm, 60 degrees Celsius). Twelve experiments with the independent factors, amount of potassium hydroxide (0.65-0.9 mg per gram of oil) and total amount of water (0.24-1.42 mg per gram of oil) naturally present in the reaction components or formed by the neutralisation reaction of free fatty acids and of added water. The data were analyzed by linear regression with respect to regression triplet (complex critical analysis of the model, data and regression method). The analysis resulted in a set of linear and/or quadratic models consisting of statistically proven terms at a statistical significance level of 0.05 and demonstrated that ester in the glycerol phase increases with increasing amount of soaps.

Topics: Bicarbonates; Biomechanical Phenomena; Carbonates; Chemical Fractionation; Esterification; Esters; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Glycerol; Hydrolysis; Hydroxides; Methane; Models, Chemical; Plant Oils; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Rapeseed Oil; Soaps; Viscosity; Water

The aim of this research was to determine if the attacks of green mold on orange could be reduced by edible salts alone or in combination with biocontrol agent. For this purpose toxicity to Pantoea digitatum and practical use of sodium carbonate (SC), sodium bicarbonate (SBC) and potassium carbonate, and potassium bicarbonate alone or in combination with antagonistic bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate PN, Bacillus subtilis isolate VHN, Pantoea agglomerans isolate CA) to control green mold were determined. All were fungistatic. SC and SBC were equal and superior to the other salts for control of green mold on oranges inoculated 6h before treatment and were chosen for subsequent trails under cold storage conditions. The biocontrol agents were found completely tolerant to 3% sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate at room temperature; although their culturability was reduced by > 1000-fold after 60 min in 1% other salt solutions. Satisfactory results were also obtained with the combined treatment for control of green mold. A significant increase in biocontrol activity of all isolate was observed when combined with sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. The treatments comprising CA combined with SB was as effective as fungicide treatment. Thus, use of sodium bicarbonate treatment at 3% followed by the antagonist P. agglomerans CA could be an alternative to chemical fungicides for control of green mold on oranges.

Topics: Antibiosis; Bacillus subtilis; Bicarbonates; Carbonates; Citrus sinensis; Colony Count, Microbial; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Fruit; Fungicides, Industrial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pantoea; Pest Control, Biological; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Sodium Bicarbonate

The principal values of the 13C chemical shift tensors in potassium carbonate (K2CO3), trithiocarbonate (K2CS3), bicarbonate (KHCO3), methylcarbonate (KO2COCH3), S-methyl-monothiocarbonate (KO2CSCH3), O-methyl-monothiocarbonate (KOSCOCH3), S-methyl-dithiocarbonate (KOSCSCH3), and O-methyl-dithiocarbonate (KS2COCH3), were measured in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Chemical shift tensor calculations on the corresponding isolated anions were used to assign the chemical shift tensor orientations in the molecular frames of all anions. The correlation between experimental and calculated principal values improves significantly when the calculations are performed on isolated anions with proton-optimized X-ray geometries rather than on isolated anions with fully optimized geometries. Further considerable improvement in the correlation is achieved by utilizing the embedded ion method, which was recently developed to include electrostatic crystal potentials in chemical shift tensor calculations on ionic compounds. Similarities and differences in the chemical shift tensor orientations and principal values of the trigonal sp2 carbon atoms in the carbonate and thiocarbonate anions are compared with those known for condensed polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

Topics: Anions; Bicarbonates; Carbon Isotopes; Carbonates; Computer Simulation; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Chemical; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Potassium; Potassium Compounds