pogostone and patchouli-alcohol

Pogostemon cablin Benth. (patchouli) is an important herb which possesses many therapeutic properties and is widely used in the fragrance industries. In traditional medicinal practices, it is used to treat colds, headaches, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, insect and snake bites. In aromatherapy, patchouli oil is used to relieve depression, stress, calm nerves, control appetite and to improve sexual interest. Till now more than 140 compounds, including terpenoids, phytosterols, flavonoids, organic acids, lignins, alkaloids, glycosides, alcohols, aldehydes have been isolated and identified from patchouli. The main phytochemical compounds are patchouli alcohol, α-patchoulene, β-patchoulene, α-bulnesene, seychellene, norpatchoulenol, pogostone, eugenol and pogostol. Modern studies have revealed several biological activities such as antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antithrombotic, aphrodisiac, antidepressant, antimutagenic, antiemetic, fibrinolytic and cytotoxic activities. However, some of the traditional uses need to be verified and may require standardizing and authenticating the bioactivity of purified compounds through scientific methods. The aim of the present review is to provide comprehensive knowledge on the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of essential oil and different plant extracts of patchouli based on the available scientific literature. This information will provide a potential guide in exploring the use of main active compounds of patchouli in various medical fields.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Aromatherapy; Eugenol; Lamiaceae; Oils, Volatile; Phytochemicals; Plant Oils; Plants, Medicinal; Sesquiterpenes; Sesquiterpenes, Guaiane; Terpenes

In this study, a simple, sensitive and reliable gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) method is established for quantitative chemical fingerprinting of essential oils from Pogostemon cablin. Oil samples are prepared by hydrodistillation, with yields ranging from 0.73% to 2.02%. The two main components of the oil, patchouli alcohol and pogostone, were detected simultaneously in 36 samples and were found to have average contents of 43.07% and 7.84%, respectively. The method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision, stability, and accuracy. All calibration curves showed excellent linearity (r(2)>0.9992) within the test ranges, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) values for intra- and inter-day precision were less than 1.5%, indicating a high degree of precision. The GC-FID chemical fingerprints of the 36 samples were established using 12 common peaks which account for over 90% of the total peak area. Chemometric techniques, including similarity analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, were also employed to explore the similarities and outstanding consistencies among different P. cablin oil samples. The results demonstrate that chromatographic fingerprinting and quantitative analysis can be achieved simultaneously when evaluating quality and authenticating samples of P. cablin.

Topics: Chromatography, Gas; Flame Ionization; Oils, Volatile; Pogostemon; Sesquiterpenes

In Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. essential oil, patchoulol and pogostone are the two major bioactive phytochemicals while their in vivo biosynthesis remains largely unknown. In this study, seven genes of the plastidic methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway (MEP) and three genes of the cytoplasmic mevalonate pathway (MVA) in two cultivars, HN and YN, were isolated. Gene expression and phytochemical profiles across leaves and stems at different developmental stages of the two cultivars were evaluated using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. Hierarchical analysis showed that the expression of MVA- and MEP-related genes was clustered similarly in the two cultivars. Phytochemical assay revealed that the contents of patchoulol in leaves and pogostone in stems were regulated in an aging-dependent manner. Pogostone was only detected in stems but not in leaves of the two cultivars. The Pearson correlation analysis suggested that several genes were presumably involved in the biosynthesis of patchoulol and pogostone. In the YN cultivar, the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase and isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase 2 genes, and 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase were positively responsible for patchoulol and pogostone biosynthesis, respectively. In the HN cultivar, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, and mevalonate kinase expression were positively associated with pogostone and patchoulol biosynthesis, respectively. The genes identified in this study are good candidates for the enhancement of patchoulol content in the leaves or pogostone content in the stems of P. cablin. Taken together, our results lay a solid foundation for better understanding of the mechanism underlying patchoulol and pogostone biosynthesis, which in turn may help to improve their content in P. cablin.

Topics: Aging; Arabidopsis Proteins; Biosynthetic Pathways; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Oils, Volatile; Plant Leaves; Plant Stems; Pogostemon; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sesquiterpenes

To develop an identification method with significant specificity for patchouli oil.. The fingerprint was performed by gas chromatography with patchouli alcohol and pogostone as chemical markers.. The similarity of 12 samples were higher than 0.9 and it can be used to identify the characteristics of patchouli oil.. The GC fingerprint can be used for identification of patchouli oil.

Topics: Chromatography, Gas; Lamiaceae; Oils, Volatile; Plant Oils; Sesquiterpenes

Pogostemon cablin, originating in Malaysia and India, is cultivated in southern China including Guangdong and Hainan Province, which was called GuangHuoXiang to differentiate it from the HuoXiang of the north, the species Agastache rugosa, that it resembles. Essential oil of P. cablin mainly contributes to the pharmacological activities and the therapeutic properties of the essential oils are directly correlated with their qualitative and quantitative composition. For controlling the quality, standard fingerprint of P. cablin collected from different regions was developed by using GC-MS. Nine compounds including beta-patchoulene, caryophyllene, alpha-guaiene, seychellene, beta-guaiene, delta-guaiene, spathulenol, patchouli alcohol and pogostone were identified among 10 main peaks in P. cablin. Hierarchical clustering analysis based on characteristics of 10 investigated peaks in GC profiles showed that 18 samples were divided into three main clusters, patchouliol-type, pogostone-type and an interim-type, which was the one between the two chemotypes. The simulative mean chromatogram for the three types P. cablin was generated using the Computer Aided Similarity Evaluation System. The fingerprint can help to distinguish the substitute or adulterant, and further assess the differences of P. cablin grown in various areas of China.

Topics: China; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Lamiaceae; Molecular Structure; Oils, Volatile; Sesquiterpenes

To establish an advanced purification techniques of the essential oils obtained from Pogostemon cablin.. Molecular distillation (MD) was applied.. Four distillates were obtained, chemical constituents of which were analyzed with GC-MS. Compared with those in original oils, the contents of active compounds (patchouli alcohol and pogostone) rose by 27%-47% in the distillates II and III.. Molecular distillation (MD) effectively raises the contents of patchouli alcohol and pogostone. The work is of great economic and scientific significance for the industrialization of P. cablin and the discovery of new drugs.

Topics: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Lamiaceae; Oils, Volatile; Plants, Medicinal; Sesquiterpenes; Technology, Pharmaceutical

To provide scientific basis for quality evaluation by investigating the influential factors of the volatile oil and main constituent content in Pogostemon cablin.. Several experiments were carried out to test different habitats, collection periods, processing methods, the level of spreading manure and using agricultural chemical with the volatile oil assay of pharmacopoeia and GC-MS method.. The effect of different habitats, collection periods, processing methods on volatile oil and main constituent content was shown significantly.. Such factors as different habitats, collection periods, processing methods should be taken into account when the quality standard of medicinal materials was made.

Topics: Ecosystem; Lamiaceae; Oils, Volatile; Plant Components, Aerial; Plants, Medicinal; Quality Control; Seasons; Sesquiterpenes; Technology, Pharmaceutical

To establish the characteristic fingerprint and parameter of volatile oil from Herba Pogostemonis.. The dffferent collecting time and county samples of Herba Pogostemonis were determined by GC.. Accuracy, stability and repeatability of the method were good. The same region samples had good stability and main constituents were same in different collection time, but content were different. The samples collected from different region were more different in constituents and content.. The 11 components in common buildup the characterisitic fingerprint of volatile oil from Herba Pogostemonis. The ratiio of pogostone to patchoulic alcohol were used index parameter for quality evaluation and characteristics of producing region.

Topics: China; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Lamiaceae; Oils, Volatile; Plant Leaves; Plant Stems; Plants, Medicinal; Quality Control; Seasons; Sesquiterpenes