phytoestrogens and isoflavanone

Our extensive investigation of the isoprenoidal glycosides in Solanaceae and Leguminosae folk medicines to verify their effectiveness, antiherpes and anti-HSV-1 activities, and hepatoprotective action has resulted in the elucidation of their structure-activity relationships. We present the respective optimum models here.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antiviral Agents; Carbohydrate Conformation; Cell Division; Depression, Chemical; Fabaceae; Glycosides; Glycosylation; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Humans; Isoflavones; Liver Diseases; Phytoestrogens; Plant Preparations; Plants, Medicinal; Saponins; Solanum; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Topics: Biological Availability; Bone Density; Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; Glycine max; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Infant, Newborn; Isoflavones; Lipids; Milk, Human; Phytoestrogens; Plant Preparations

Isoflavones found in soy products have a chemical structure similar to estrogen, leading to concerns of an adverse estrogenic effect in men, particularly in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have low testosterone levels due to hypogonadism.. The primary outcome was change in total testosterone levels. The secondary outcomes were the changes in glycemia and cardiovascular risk markers.. This was a randomized double-blind parallel study.. This study occurred in a secondary care setting in United Kingdom.. Two hundred men with T2DM and a total testosterone level ≤12 nmol/L were included.. Fifteen grams of soy protein with 66 mg of isoflavones (SPI) or 15 g soy protein alone without isoflavones (SP) daily as snack bars for 3 months were administered.. There was no change in either total testosterone or in absolute free testosterone levels with either SPI or SP. There was an increase in thyrotropin (TSH) and reduction in free thyroxine (fT4; P < 0.01) after SPI supplementation. Glycemic control improved with a significant reduction in hemoglobin A1c (-4.19 [7.29] mmol/mol, P < 0.01) and homeostasis model of assessment - insulin resistance after SPI. Cardiovascular risk improved with a reduction in triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; P < 0.05) with SPI vs SP supplementation. There was a 6% improvement in 10-year coronary heart disease risk after 3 months of SPI supplementation. Endothelial function improved with both SPI and SP supplementation (P < 0.01), with an increased reactive hyperemia index that was greater for the SPI group (P < 0.05).. Testosterone levels were unchanged and there was a substantial improvement in glycaemia and cardiovascular risk markers with SPI compared with SP alone over 3 months. There was also a substantial increase in TSH and a reduction in fT4.

Topics: Aged; Anthropometry; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Proteins; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hypogonadism; Isoflavones; Male; Middle Aged; Phytoestrogens; Soybean Proteins; Testosterone

Phytoestrogens are currently the subject of intense study owing to their potential protective effects against a number of complex diseases. However, in order to investigate the interactions between phytoestrogens and disease state effectively, it is necessary to have analytical methods which are sensitive, reproducible, and require low sample volumes. We report an assay for three isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, and glycitein), two metabolites of daidzein (equol and O-desmethylangolensin), three lignans (secoisolariciresinol, enterodiol, and enterolactone), and one flavanone (naringenin) in human urine and serum. A high throughput of samples has been achieved via the use of 96-well plate sample extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis incorporating column switching, thus making the assay suitable for use on large sample numbers, such as those found in epidemiological studies. The robustness of the assay was proven via the comparison of data generated on two different LC-MS/MS systems, with and without column switching.

Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Isoflavones; Molecular Structure; Phytoestrogens; Reproducibility of Results; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Diets rich in naturally occurring plant estrogens (phytoestrogens) are strongly associated with a decreased risk for cancer and heart disease in humans. Phytoestrogens have estrogenic and, in some cases, antiestrogenic and antiandrogenic properties, and may contribute to the protective effect of some diets. However, little information is available about the levels of these phytoestrogens in the general US population. Therefore, levels of phytoestrogens were determined in urine (N=199) and serum (N=208) samples taken from a nonrepresentative subset of adults who participated in NHANES III, 1988-1994. The phytoestrogens quantified were the lignans (enterolactone, enterodiol, matairesinol); the isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, equol, O-desmethylangolensin); and coumestrol (urine only). Phytoestrogens with the highest mean urinary levels were enterolactone (512 ng/ml), daidzein (317 ng/ml), and genistein (129 ng/ml). In serum, the concentrations were much less and the relative order was reversed, with genistein having the highest mean level (4.7 ng/ml), followed by daidzein (3.9 ng/ml) and enterolactone (3.6 ng/ml). Highly significant correlations of phytoestrogen levels in urine and serum samples from the same persons were observed for enterolactone, enterodiol, genistein, and daidzein. Determination of phytoestrogen concentrations in large study populations will give a better insight into the actual dietary exposure to these biologically active compounds in the US population.

Topics: Adult; Diet; Estrogens; Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Isoflavones; Lignans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Phytoestrogens; Plant Preparations; United States