phosphothreonine and andrographolide

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an important member of the tumor necrosis factor subfamily with great potential in cancer therapy. Andrographolide (Andro), a diterpenoid lactone isolated from a traditional herbal medicine Andrographis paniculata, is known to possess potent anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Here, we showed that pretreatment with Andro significantly enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in various human cancer cell lines, including those TRAIL-resistant cells. Such sensitization is achieved through transcriptional up-regulation of death receptor 4 (DR4), a death receptor of TRAIL. In search of the molecular mechanisms responsible for DR4 up-regulation, we found that the tumor suppressor p53 plays an essential role in DR4 transcriptional activation. Andro is capable of activating p53 via increased p53 phosphorylation and protein stabilization, a process mediated by enhanced reactive oxygen species production and subsequent c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase activation. Pretreatment with an antioxidant (N-acetylcysteine) or a c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase inhibitor (SP600125) effectively prevented Andro-induced p53 activation and DR4 up-regulation and eventually blocked the Andro-induced sensitization on TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these results present a novel anticancer effect of Andro and support its potential application in cancer therapy to overcome TRAIL resistance.

Topics: Apoptosis; CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein; Caspases; Cell Line, Tumor; Diterpenes; Down-Regulation; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Enzyme Activation; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Neoplasms; Phosphorylation; Phosphothreonine; Reactive Oxygen Species; Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; Transcription, Genetic; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; Up-Regulation; X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein