phosphoramidite and 8-bromoguanosine

The hammerhead ribozyme has been intensively studied for approximately 15 years, but its cleavage mechanism is not yet understood. Crystal structures reveal a Y-shaped molecule in which the cleavage site is not ideally aligned for an S(N)2 reaction and no RNA functional groups are positioned appropriately to perform the roles of acid and base or other functions in the catalysis. If the ribozyme folds to a more compact structure in the transition state, it probably does so only transiently. We have used photocrosslinking as a tool to trap hammerhead ribozyme-substrate complexes in various stages of folding. Results suggest that the two substrate residues flanking the cleavage site approach and stack upon two guanosines (G8 and G12) in domain 2, moving 10-15 A closer to domain 2 than they appear in the crystal structure. Most crosslinks obtained with the nucleotide analogues positioned in the ribozyme core are catalytically inactive; however, one cobalt(III) hexaammine-dependent crosslink of an unmodified ribozyme retains catalytic activity and confirms the close stacking of cleavage site residue C17 with nucleotide G8 in domain 2. These findings suggest that residues involved in the chemistry of hammerhead catalysis are likely located in that region containing G8 and G12.

Topics: Animals; Binding Sites; Catalysis; Cross-Linking Reagents; Deoxyguanosine; Guanine; Guanosine; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Organophosphorus Compounds; Photochemistry; Pyrimidines; RNA, Catalytic; Schistosoma mansoni; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Substrate Specificity; Thionucleosides; Thiouridine

In an effort to reduce the conformational heterogeneity of RNA, the modified nucleobase 8-bromoguanosine (8BrG) was introduced into oligonucleotides having the hairpin tetraloop motif YNMG (Y = U or C and M = C or A). Purine nucleobases with bromine at position eight are known to preferentially adopt the syn conformation as nucleosides. The hairpin tetraloop motif YNMG was chosen as a model system because it has a syn guanosine at position four of the loop that is essential for thermodynamic stability. Thermodynamic and structural characterization of modified oligonucleotides with the hairpin sequences UUCG, CGCG, and CGAG by UV-melting and NMR spectroscopy revealed that 8BrG substitution has a small effect upon the hairpin conformation, while the duplex conformation is strongly destabilized (DeltaDeltaG degrees 37 approximately +4.7 kcal mol-1), thus inhibiting dimerization. These results support a model in which 8BrG substitution shifts the hairpin-duplex equilibrium constant toward the hairpin conformation by destabilizing the duplex. This methodology should be useful for limiting conformational heterogeneity in large RNAs, with potential applications in structural biology and enzymology.

Topics: Guanosine; Kinetics; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Organophosphorus Compounds; RNA