pexidartinib and idelalisib

Redundancy and compensation provide robustness to biological systems but may contribute to therapy resistance. Both tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells promote tumor progression by limiting antitumor immunity. Here we show that genetic ablation of CSF1 in colorectal cancer cells reduces the influx of immunosuppressive CSF1R+ TAMs within tumors. This reduction in CSF1-dependent TAMs resulted in increased CD8+ T cell attack on tumors, but its effect on tumor growth was limited by a compensatory increase in Foxp3+ Treg cells. Similarly, disruption of Treg cell activity through their experimental ablation produced moderate effects on tumor growth and was associated with elevated numbers of CSF1R+ TAMs. Importantly, codepletion of CSF1R+ TAMs and Foxp3+ Treg cells resulted in an increased influx of CD8+ T cells, augmentation of their function, and a synergistic reduction in tumor growth. Further, inhibition of Treg cell activity either through systemic pharmacological blockade of PI3Kδ, or its genetic inactivation within Foxp3+ Treg cells, sensitized previously unresponsive solid tumors to CSF1R+ TAM depletion and enhanced the effect of CSF1R blockade. These findings identify CSF1R+ TAMs and PI3Kδ-driven Foxp3+ Treg cells as the dominant compensatory cellular components of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, with implications for the design of combinatorial immunotherapies.

Topics: Aminopyridines; Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Diphtheria Toxin; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Female; Forkhead Transcription Factors; Gene Knockout Techniques; Humans; Lymphocyte Depletion; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neoplasms; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; Primary Cell Culture; Purines; Pyrroles; Quinazolinones; Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Tumor Microenvironment