peonidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-galactoside

The pigmented rice has been consumed in China, Japan, and Korea for a long time. It has been used for strengthening kidney function, treating anemia, promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, treating diabetes, and ameliorating sight in traditional Chinese medicine. The extracts from pigmented rice are used as natural food colorants in bread, ice cream, and liquor as well as functional food. The pigmented rice is mainly black, red, and dark purple rice, and contains a variety of flavones, tannin, phenolics, sterols, tocols, γ-oryzanols, amino acids, and essential oils. Anthocyanins are thought as major functional components of pigmented rice. Several anthocyanins have been isolated and identified from the pigmented rice, including cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, malvidin 3-galactoside, peonidin 3-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside. This review provides up-to-date coverage of pigmented rice in regard to bioactive constituents, extraction and analytical methods, and bioactivities. Special attention is paid to the bioactivities including antioxidant and free radical scavenging, antitumor, antiatherosclerosis, hypoglycemic, and antiallergic activities.

Topics: Animals; Anthocyanins; Anti-Allergic Agents; Anticholesteremic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; China; Galactosides; Glucosides; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Japan; Oryza; Phenols; Pigmentation; Plant Extracts; Republic of Korea

1. Anthocyanins are a subgroup of flavonoids responsible for the blue, purple and red color of many fruits, flowers and leaves. Consumption of foods rich in anthocyanins is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Most food intervention studies employ once or twice per day dose schedules. 2. The current study demonstrated that plasma concentrations of cyanidin-3-galactoside and cyanidin-3-xyloside, the two major components of saskatoon berries, were significantly increased following three consecutive saskatoon berry supplements 4 hours apart. This accumulation is due to the residual concentrations of anthocyanins at the time of second and third supplements. 3. Accumulation was especially pronounced for peonidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-galactoside, the methylated metabolites of cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-galactoside, respectively. Little or no accumulation was observed for cyanidin-3-arabinoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside, two other components of saskatoon berries, possibly due to their short half-lives. 4. Thus, taking anthocyanin supplements with every meal would provide higher plasma concentrations for some anthocyanins and their metabolites than the once or twice-a-day dose regimens.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Dietary Supplements; Galactosides; Glucosides; Humans; Plasma; Rosaceae