pelargonidin and peonidin-3-glucoside

Anthocyanin-rich blue corn is an emerging specialty crop in the USA. The antioxidant properties of blue corn offer health benefits in the human diet. The objectives of this study were to identify, characterize and quantify the anthocyanins from blue corn. Hypotheses tested were that total anthocyanin content was similar among southwestern US accessions and that it would vary across locations. It was also examined whether different anthocyanin components were unique to certain genotypes.. Across all locations and accessions, an average of 0.43 g kg(-1) total anthocyanin content (TAC) was observed. Accessions Santa Clara Blue and Ohio Blue displayed the highest TAC. The TAC of accession Flor del Rio was lower by nearly a factor of six. A total of five anthocyanin components were identified. Cyanidin 3-glucoside was the most abundant, followed by pelargonidin and peonidin 3-glucoside. Succinyl and disuccinyl glycosidic forms of cyanidin were also identified. Cyanidin 3-disuccinylglucoside was newly identified as a novel form of anthocyanin.. Quantitative and qualitative anthocyanin expression was determined to be relatively stable across multiple southwestern environments. Increased expression of red and purple pigmentation in accession Flor del Rio appeared to be associated more with reduced TAC and cyanidin 3-glucoside than with elevated pelargonidin per se. A previously unreported anthocyanin component in blue corn, cyanidin 3-disuccinylglucoside, is present in southwestern landraces. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Topics: Altitude; Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Crop Production; Crops, Agricultural; Food Quality; Functional Food; Glucosides; Humans; Pigments, Biological; Plant Breeding; Principal Component Analysis; Seeds; Southwestern United States; Species Specificity; Succinates; Zea mays

The foliar anthocyanin profiles of two amphibious plants, Nesaea crassicaulis and Lobelia cardinalis were analysed for the first time. N. crassicaulis produced very simple anthocyanins, achieving the highest concentrations when grown submerged. In contrast, L. cardinalis produced leaves with a high content of very complex, acylated anthocyanins, especially when growing emergent. Anthocyanins were separated by high performance liquid chromatography. Nesaea crassicaulis anthocyanins were identified according to their fragment mass spectra and ultra-visible-violet spectral characteristics and 1D and 2D NMR spectra as -3,5-di-O-β-glucosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, malvidin and peonidin as well as cyanidine and peonidin-3-O-β-glucoside. In L. cardinalis cyanidin-3-O-[6-O-(4-O-E-p-coumaroyl-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-glucopyrano]-5-O-β-glucopyranoside was the major anthocyanin and contributed more than 98% of total anthocyanin content. The remaining 2% was made up by cyanidin-3-O-[6-O-(4-O-E-caffeoyl-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-glucopyrano]-5-O-β-glucopyranoside and pelargonidin-3-O-[6-O-(4-O-E-p-coumaroyl-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-glucopyrano]-5-O-β-glucopyranoside.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Flavonoids; Glucosides; Lobelia; Lythraceae; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Plant Leaves

Garnacha Tintorera (also known as Alicante Bouschet) is one of the few V. vinifera grape cultivars with red-colored berry flesh. The study of the phenolic composition of both berry flesh and skin of Garnacha Tintorera grapes shows interesting findings. Anthocyanins were asymmetrically distributed within grape flesh and skins. Malvidin derivatives dominated in skin, followed by peonidin-type anthocyanins; in contrast, the flesh almost exclusively contained peonidin 3-glucoside. In addition, LC-UV-vis and LC-MS evidence suggest the presence of small amounts of peonidin 3,5-diglucoside and a second peonidin dihexoside derivative, and, very likely, the first report of the occurrence of pelargonidin 3-glucoside and its acetyl and p-coumaroyl derivatives in V. vinifera grapes. Flavonols also occurred in the flesh of Garnacha Tintorera grapes, but its flavonol profile showed lower contribution of trisubstituted flavonoid structures (myricetin, laricitrin, and syringetin) when compared to that of skin. The skin of Garnacha Tintorera grapes contained hydroxycinnamic acids in higher amounts than in flesh, caftaric acid being the main derivative found, and coutaric acid accounting for its highest proportion in the skin. The phenolic composition of the whole grape berries reflected the average of the differences described for the two aforementioned berry parts, and subsequently, the red wines made from these grapes had a phenolic composition closer to that shown by the whole berries. The formation of anthocyanin-derived pigments in Garnacha Tintorera red wines makes necessary the use of LC-MS for detecting the minor pelargonidin-based anthocyanins and peonidin dihexoside, which could be suggested as chemical markers for cultivar authentication of this grape cultivar and its wines.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Color; Fruit; Glucosides; Phenols; Pigments, Biological; Vitis; Wine