ovalbumin and tris(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate

Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) is an organophosphate flame retardant and used as a plasticizer in various household products such as plastics, floor polish, varnish, textiles, furniture, and electronic equipment. However, little is known about the effects of TBEP on the brain and behavior. We aimed to examine the effects of dietary exposure of TBEP on memory functions, their-related genes, and inflammatory molecular markers in the brain of allergic asthmatic mouse models. C3H/HeJSlc male mice were given diet containing TBEP (0.02 (TBEP-L), 0.2 (TBEP-M), or 2 (TBEP-H) μg/kg/day) and ovalbumin (OVA) intratracheally every other week from 5 to 11 weeks old. A novel object recognition test was conducted in each mouse at 11 weeks old. The hippocampi were collected to detect neurological, glia, and immunological molecular markers using the real-time RT-PCR method and immunohistochemical analyses. Mast cells and microglia were examined by toluidine blue staining and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule

Topics: Animals; Asthma; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Dietary Exposure; Disease Models, Animal; Flame Retardants; Gene Expression Regulation; Male; Mast Cells; Memory; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Microfilament Proteins; Microglia; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Organophosphorus Compounds; Ovalbumin; Oxidative Stress; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) is a major organophosphorus flame retardant and has been widely increasing as a substitute for brominated flame retardants. TBEP may have adverse effects on human health; however, its impact on immune and allergic responses remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, the effects of low-dose TBEP comparable with the level of actual human exposure to that of human tolerable daily intake on allergic asthmatic mice were explored. Five-week-old C3H/HeJSlc male mice consumed a diet containing approximately 0.02, 0.2 or 2 μg/kg/day TBEP and were intratracheally administrated ovalbumin (OVA) (1 μg/mouse every 2 weeks from 5 to 11 weeks of age). Exposure to 2 μg/kg/day TBEP with OVA tended to enhance allergic pulmonary inflammation and significantly elevated mRNA levels of interleukin-5, eotaxin-1 and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) compared with OVA alone. In mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs), TBEP (0.2 or 2 μg/kg/day) with OVA significantly increased in total cell number and promoted conventional dendritic cell activation than OVA alone; MLN cell proliferation by OVA restimulation was also enhanced in these groups. In the bone marrow (BM), TBEP (0.02 or 0.2 μg/kg/day) with OVA resulted in a net decrease in total cell number and fraction of CCR2

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Asthma; Bone Marrow; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Cellular Microenvironment; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Flame Retardants; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin G; Lung; Lymph Nodes; Male; Mice, Inbred C3H; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; Organophosphorus Compounds; Ovalbumin; Phenotype; Th2 Cells