ouabain has been researched along with pentobarbital in 53 studies
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 50 (94.34) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 2 (3.77) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 1 (1.89) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 0 (0.00) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Engel, H; Proppe, D; Wassermann, O | 1 |
| Cutler, RW; Young, J | 1 |
| Chiba, S; Furukawa, Y; Kobayashi, M | 1 |
| Anderson, PA; Johnson, EA; Manring, A | 1 |
| Raberger, G; Schütz, W; Zimpfer, M | 1 |
| Alvarado, RH; Dietz, TH; Mullen, TL | 1 |
| Cutler, RW; Dudzinski, DS | 1 |
| Greenberg, S; Touhey, B | 1 |
| Maruyama, Y; Nakamura, T | 1 |
| Berman, EF; Fujimoto, JM; Schaus, P | 1 |
| Chintala, MS; Jandhyala, BS | 1 |
| Martin, PJ; Stuesse, SL; Wallick, DW | 1 |
| McCaig, CD | 1 |
| Bernard, PJ; Delaunois, AL; Dujardin, JP | 1 |
| Cutler, RW; Dudzinski, DS; Markowitz, D | 1 |
| Greeff, K; Heeg, E | 1 |
| Isono, C; Sakai, K; Sugano, S | 1 |
| Lebovitz, RM | 1 |
| Kritcher, EM; Luchi, RJ | 1 |
| Krayenbühl, H | 1 |
| Braunwald, E; Franklin, D; Higgins, CB; Vatner, SF | 2 |
| Hashimoto, K; Kimura, T; Kubota, K | 1 |
| Doggett, NS | 1 |
| Thompson, EB | 1 |
| Garcia, AG; Kirpekar, SM | 1 |
| Kabela, E; Mendez, R; Pastelin, G | 1 |
| Stickney, JL | 2 |
| Carrier, GO; Lüllmann, H; Neubauer, L; Peters, T | 1 |
| Davies, J; Johnston, GA | 1 |
| Brendel, K; Bressler, R; Kizer, JS; Vargas-Gordon, M | 1 |
| Hano, K; Kakunaga, T; Kaneto, H | 1 |
| Morikawa, M | 1 |
| Brown, KT; Crawford, JM; Gage, PW | 1 |
| Kniffen, FJ; Lucchesi, BR; Medina, M | 1 |
| Shohmori, T | 1 |
| Braunwald, E; Franklin, D; Higgins, CB; Patrick, T; Vatner, SF | 1 |
| Bederka, J; Miller, JW; Takemori, AE | 1 |
| Edmonds, CJ; Marriott, J | 1 |
| Laplace, JP; Ruckebusch, Y | 1 |
| Lutsch, EF; Morris, RW | 1 |
| Edmonds, CJ; Marriott, JC | 1 |
| Lajtha, A; Toth, J | 1 |
| Borison, HL; Riancho, JA; Thron, CD | 1 |
| Mendez, R; Pastelín, G | 1 |
| Barnes, CD; Hughes, MJ; Kopetzky, MT; Light, K; Messiha, F | 1 |
| Erecińska, M; Pastuszko, A; Silver, IA; Wilson, DF | 1 |
| FARAH, AE; GRUHZIT, CC | 1 |
| ACHESON, GH; BROWN, T; GRUPP, G | 1 |
| ADAMSON, RH; BEN, M; DIXON, RL; RALL, DP | 1 |
| LEFER, AM; SAYERS, G | 1 |
| Drozdova, EI; Pivovarov, AS | 1 |
53 other study(ies) available for ouabain and pentobarbital
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Influence of highly unsaturated phosphatidylcholine on the effects of ouabain and some cardioactive drugs on cardiac contractile force and Na+, K+-ATPase activity.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Calcium; Cattle; Digitoxin; Digoxin; Enzyme Activation; Female; Guinea Pigs; Isoproterenol; Kinetics; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardium; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Phosphatidylcholines; Potassium; Sodium | 1977 |
Effect of barbiturates on release endogenous amino acids from rat cortex slices.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Barbiturates; Calcimycin; Calcium; Cerebral Cortex; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamates; In Vitro Techniques; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Potassium; Rats; Veratridine | 1979 |
Effects of cardioactive substances on the post-stimulation potentiation of contractility in the isolated dog atrium.
Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Caffeine; Chlorides; Dogs; Electric Stimulation; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Manganese; Myocardial Contraction; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Propranolol; Tetrodotoxin; Verapamil | 1978 |
The force of contraction of isolated papillary muscle: a study of the interaction of its determining factors.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Cattle; Histamine; In Vitro Techniques; Mathematics; Myocardial Contraction; Norepinephrine; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Rabbits; Stimulation, Chemical | 1977 |
Haemodynamic and coronary actions of ouabain during coronary infusion.
Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Coronary Circulation; Dogs; Female; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Swine | 1977 |
Chloride transport across isolated skin of Rana pipiens.
Topics: Acetazolamide; Amiloride; Animals; Anura; Biological Transport, Active; Chlorides; Cyanides; Diffusion; Dinitrophenols; In Vitro Techniques; Iodoacetates; Ion Exchange; Membrane Potentials; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Physostigmine; Rana pipiens; Skin; Temperature; Urea | 1975 |
Release of (3H)GABA and (14C)glutamic acid from rat cortex slices: the relationship between the tissue pool size and rates of spontaneous and electrically induced release.
Topics: Aminobutyrates; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Electric Stimulation; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamates; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Potassium; Rats; Time Factors | 1975 |
Hemodynamic and myocardial energetic effects of CK-3197, a selective positive inotropic agent.
Topics: Animals; Atrial Function; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Cardiotonic Agents; Coronary Vessels; Dogs; Female; Heart; Heart Atria; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Imidazoles; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Vascular Resistance; Ventricular Function, Left | 1991 |
[Experimental study on arrhythmias induced by cerebral ischemia and ouabain in Mongolian gerbils].
Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Electrocardiography; Female; Gerbillinae; Halothane; Heart Rate; Male; Ouabain; Pentobarbital | 1991 |
Comparison of the inhibition of biliary excretion produced by certain inducing agents including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
Topics: Animals; Bile; Carbon Radioisotopes; Chlordecone; Dioxins; Drug Interactions; Imipramine; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Insecticides; Male; Mirex; Morphine; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium; Urethane | 1986 |
Interaction between atrial natriuretic factor and ouabain: vascular reactivity to noradrenaline in pentobarbital anaesthetized dogs.
Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Atrial Natriuretic Factor; Blood Pressure; Denervation; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Hemodynamics; Hindlimb; Male; Norepinephrine; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Peptide Fragments; Regional Blood Flow | 1988 |
Autonomic modulation of atrioventricular conduction in ouabain-treated dogs.
Topics: Animals; Atrioventricular Node; Autonomic Nervous System; Dogs; Electric Conductivity; Electric Stimulation; Heart; Heart Conduction System; Myocardial Contraction; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Sinoatrial Node; Sympathetic Nervous System; Vagus Nerve | 1988 |
A potential difference across mouse ovarian follicle.
Topics: Alprostadil; Animals; Cyanides; Dinoprost; Epithelium; Estrus; Female; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Ouabain; Ovarian Follicle; Ovulation; Pentobarbital; Pregnancy; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F | 1985 |
Influence of cardiotonic and cardioplegic agents on the heat production of the heart.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Pressure; Body Temperature; Body Temperature Regulation; Dogs; Epinephrine; Heart; Heart Rate; Isoproterenol; Norepinephrine; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Temperature; Vagotomy; Vagus Nerve | 1974 |
The effect of barbiturates on (3H)GABA transport in rat cerebral cortex slices.
Topics: Aminobutyrates; Amobarbital; Animals; Binding, Competitive; Biological Transport; Cell Membrane; Cerebral Cortex; Depression, Chemical; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Female; GABA Antagonists; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamates; Hexobarbital; Male; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Phenobarbital; Potassium; Rats; Sodium; Stimulation, Chemical; Time Factors; Tritium | 1974 |
[Analysis of digitalis action by continuous measurement of intraventricular pressure in cats].
Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Cats; Digoxin; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Ventricular Function | 1968 |
Effects of oxyfedrine and ouabain on the heart-lung preparation of the dog.
Topics: Amino Alcohols; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cardiac Output; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Female; Heart; Heart Failure; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Phenethylamines; Propiophenones; Propranolol; Reserpine; Ventricular Fibrillation | 1973 |
Reactivity of penicillin-induced epileptogenic foci to selective blockade of membrane sodium-potassium ATPase via ouabain.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Caffeine; Cats; Cell Membrane; Electrophysiology; Hippocampus; Ouabain; Penicillins; Pentobarbital; Potassium; Seizures; Sodium; Time Factors; Tubocurarine | 1974 |
Drug effects on cardiac myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adenosine Triphosphate; Angiotensin II; Animals; Binding Sites; Calcium; Chloralose; Cyclopropanes; Digoxin; Dogs; Epinephrine; Ethers; Heart; Heart Failure; In Vitro Techniques; Isoproterenol; Lidocaine; Magnesium; Muscle Contraction; Muscle Proteins; Myocardium; Nitrous Oxide; Norepinephrine; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Pharmacology; Procainamide; Protein Binding; Quinidine; Secobarbital | 1967 |
[Dynamics and contractility of the left ventricle].
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Angiotensin II; Animals; Cardiac Catheterization; Cardiac Output; Cardiac Volume; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Diseases; Heart Function Tests; Heart Rate; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Male; Manometry; Middle Aged; Muscle Contraction; Norepinephrine; Ouabain; Papillary Muscles; Pentobarbital; Propranolol; Time Factors; Ventricular Function | 1969 |
Depression on left ventricular contractility by anesthesia and the protective effects of digitalis.
Topics: Anesthesia, General; Animals; Depression, Chemical; Dogs; Heart; Heart Ventricles; Ouabain; Pentobarbital | 1972 |
Study of the therapeutic and toxic effects of ouabain by simultaneous observations on the excised and blood-perfused sinoatrial node and papillary muscle preparations and the in situ heart of dogs.
Topics: Adrenal Glands; Adrenalectomy; Anesthesia; Animals; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Heart; Heart Rate; Lethal Dose 50; Morphine; Muscles; Ouabain; Papillary Muscles; Pentobarbital; Perfusion; Sinoatrial Node; Tachycardia; Time Factors; Urethane; Ventricular Fibrillation | 1973 |
Interaction of ouabain with pentobarbitone in the mouse.
Topics: Animals; Body Temperature; Cerebral Ventricles; Drug Interactions; Drug Synergism; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Injections; Lethal Dose 50; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Sleep; Time Factors | 1973 |
Comparison of degree of susceptibility of hyperthyroid and euthyroid animals to cardiac glycoside-induced arrhythmias.
Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Calcium Chloride; Cardiac Glycosides; Guinea Pigs; Heart Rate; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Practolol; Rabbits; Reserpine; Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine; Time Factors | 1973 |
Release of noradrenaline from slices of cat spleen by pre-treatment with calcium, strontium and barium.
Topics: Acetates; Anesthesia, General; Animals; Barium; Calcium; Cats; Culture Media; Ethyl Ethers; Glycols; In Vitro Techniques; Norepinephrine; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Sodium; Spleen; Strontium; Tritium | 1973 |
The influence of the position of attachment of the lactone ring to the steroid nucleus on the action of cardiac glycosides.
Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Blood Volume; Cardanolides; Cardiac Glycosides; Cardiac Output; Dogs; Female; Glucose; Heart Conduction System; Heart Failure; Heart Rate; Lactones; Male; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Stimulation, Chemical; Structure-Activity Relationship | 1974 |
Factors that modify the effect of digitalis on blood pressure.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cats; Chloralose; Denervation; Digitalis Glycosides; Electrocardiography; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Strophanthins | 1974 |
The effect of different types of anesthesia on digitalis toxicity.
Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cardanolides; Cats; Chloralose; Denervation; Digitalis Glycosides; Female; Heart; Heart Rate; Male; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Urethane; Vagotomy | 1974 |
The significance of a fast exchanging superficial calcium fraction for the regulation of contractile force in heart muscle.
Topics: Animals; Atrial Function; Calcium; Calcium Radioisotopes; Guinea Pigs; Heart; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Myocardium; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Time Factors | 1974 |
The uptake of GABA into rat spinal roots.
Topics: Amino Acids; Aminobutyrates; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Biological Transport; Cerebral Cortex; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Dinitrophenols; Ganglia, Autonomic; Ganglia, Spinal; Glutamates; Glycine; Iodoacetates; Kinetics; Organ Specificity; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Rats; Retina; Spinal Cord; Spinal Nerve Roots; Sulfonic Acids; Time Factors; Tritium | 1974 |
The in vitro inhibition of insulin secretion by diphenylhydantoin.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Buffers; Glucose; Hydantoins; In Vitro Techniques; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Islets of Langerhans; Male; Methacholine Compounds; Ouabain; Pancreas; Pentobarbital; Phenytoin; Potassium; Rats; Tolbutamide | 1970 |
[Pharmacological studies on analgesics. 8. Significance of calcium in the mechanism of morphine analgesia. (2)].
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Cerebral Cortex; Cocaine; Codeine; Edetic Acid; Male; Morphine; Nalorphine; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Rats | 1966 |
[Effects of various drugs on metabolism of the skeletal muscle. 2. Effects of procaine, pentobarbital and phenobarbital on the stimulated respiration of the skeletal muscle].
Topics: Animals; Anura; Caffeine; Depression, Chemical; Dinitrophenols; Edetic Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Muscles; Ouabain; Oxygen Consumption; Pentobarbital; Phenobarbital; Potassium; Procaine; Ranidae; Stimulation, Chemical; Sucrose | 1971 |
Ionic dependence of the third phase of the light-evoked response from amphibian pigment epithelium cells.
Topics: Animals; Anura; Azides; Biological Transport; Buffers; Bufo marinus; Calcium Chloride; Carbonates; Choroid; Epithelium; Evoked Potentials; In Vitro Techniques; Iodates; Ions; Lasers; Light; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Phosphates; Photoreceptor Cells; Potassium Chloride; Procaine; Rana catesbeiana; Retinal Pigments; Sodium; Sodium Chloride; Temperature; Tetrodotoxin; Xenon | 1968 |
The positive inotropic action of insulin in the canine heart.
Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Dogs; Drug Interactions; Heart; In Vitro Techniques; Insulin; Male; Muscle Contraction; Ouabain; Papillary Muscles; Pentobarbital; Perfusion; Propranolol | 1972 |
[The action of ouabain upon the electrical activity of the anesthetized cat cortex].
Topics: Anesthesia, General; Animals; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Electric Stimulation; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials; Injections; Ouabain; Pentobarbital | 1972 |
Effects of cardiac depression and of anesthesia on the myocardial action of a cardiac glycoside.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Anesthesia, General; Animals; Atropine; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Volume; Dogs; Heart; Heart Rate; Heart Ventricles; Injections, Intravenous; Methods; Muscle Contraction; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Propranolol; Time Factors; Ultrasonics | 1971 |
Absorption rates of various substances administered intramuscularly.
Topics: Absorption; Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Epinephrine; Glucose; Hexamethonium Compounds; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Muscles; Ouabain; Penicillin G; Pentobarbital; Prostaglandins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Time Factors; Tritium; Urea; Water | 1971 |
Effects of a digitalis glycoside on coronary and systemic dynamics in conscious dogs.
Topics: Anesthesia, General; Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Coronary Vessels; Dogs; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Regional Blood Flow; Time Factors; Ultrasonics; Vascular Resistance | 1971 |
Factors influencing the electrical potential across the mucosa of rat colon.
Topics: Acetazolamide; Adrenalectomy; Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Blood Vessels; Chlorides; Chlorothiazide; Colon; Dinitrophenols; Electric Conductivity; Electrophysiology; Ethacrynic Acid; Ethyl Ethers; Furosemide; Glucose; Hemorrhage; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypoxia; Intestinal Mucosa; Ions; Male; Osmosis; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Potassium; Rats; Sodium; Triamterene; Vasopressins | 1968 |
[Pharmacologic changes in feeding behavior: food intake and rumination in sheep].
Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Apomorphine; Atropine; Behavior, Animal; Cerebral Cortex; Chlorpromazine; Digestion; Digitalis Glycosides; Eating; Imipramine; Iproniazid; Lanatosides; Mescaline; Methylphenidate; Morphine; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Psychopharmacology; Reticulum; Rumen; Sheep; Theophylline | 1968 |
Daily susceptibility rhythm to morphine analgesia.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Analgesia; Animals; Chlordiazepoxide; Circadian Rhythm; Environment; Ethanol; Female; Lidocaine; Metyrapone; Mice; Morphine; Nialamide; Nikethamide; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Tremorine | 1969 |
The effect of aldosterone on the electrical activity of rat colon.
Topics: Adrenalectomy; Aldosterone; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Animals; Colon; Cortisone; Electrophysiology; Injections, Intravenous; Mucous Membrane; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Rats; Sodium; Spironolactone | 1969 |
The effects of drugs on uptake and exit of cerebral amino acids.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Amino Acids; Aminoisobutyric Acids; Animals; Biological Transport; Brain; Chlorpromazine; Cocaine; Hypothermia, Induced; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Lysine; Mescaline; Mice; Morphine; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Phenobarbital; Reserpine | 1965 |
Lack of protection against ouabain cardiotoxicity after chronic ablation of the area postrema in cats.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Heart; Medulla Oblongata; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Tachycardia; Vagotomy | 1984 |
Cardiac effects of six actodigin (AY-22,241)-related semisynthetic glycosides.
Topics: Animals; Cardenolides; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Digitalis Glycosides; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Heart; Heart Rate; Male; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Structure-Activity Relationship | 1983 |
Alterations in responses to drugs of atria from white rats acclimated to hypobaric hypoxia.
Topics: Acclimatization; Altitude; Animals; Calcium Chloride; Ethanol; Heart; Hypoxia; Male; Norepinephrine; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains | 1981 |
Effects of in vitro hypoxia and lowered pH on potassium fluxes and energy metabolism in rat brain synaptosomes.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate; Adenosine Triphosphate; Anaerobiosis; Animals; Brain; Calcium; Energy Metabolism; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Ouabain; Oxygen; Pentobarbital; Potassium; Rats; Sodium; Synaptosomes; Veratridine | 1981 |
A comparison of the positive inotropic effects of ouabain and epinephrine in heart failure induced in the dog heart-lung preparation by sodium pentobarbital, dinitrophenol, sodium cyanide and sodium azide.
Topics: Animals; Dinitrophenols; Dogs; Epinephrine; Heart; Heart Failure; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Sodium; Sodium Azide; Sodium Cyanide; Strophanthins | 1955 |
Potassium balance of the dog heart: effects of increasing heart rate and of pentobarbital and dihydro-ouabain.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Heart; Heart Rate; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Potassium; Strophanthins | 1960 |
APPARENT LACK OF INTERACTION BETWEEN DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO) AND A VARIETY OF DRUGS.
Topics: Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Local; Antineoplastic Agents; Aspirin; Cell Membrane Permeability; Chlorpromazine; Curare; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Insulin; Mice; Morphine; Ouabain; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Pentobarbital; Pharmacology; Research; Toxicology; Vincristine | 1965 |
ANTAGONISM OF THE INOTROPIC ACTION OF OUABAIN BY ALDOSTERONE.
Topics: Aldosterone; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Cats; Heart; Hydrocortisone; Muscle Contraction; Ouabain; Papillary Muscles; Pentobarbital; Pharmacology; Research | 1965 |
Regulation of post-tetanic increases in the cholinosensitivity of neurons in the common snail by the Na,K pump: the role of Na/Ca exchange and calcium mobilization.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Calcium Signaling; Cholinergic Fibers; Cytoplasm; Enzyme Inhibitors; Helix, Snails; Long-Term Potentiation; Membrane Potentials; Muscle Contraction; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Thapsigargin | 2003 |