orabase and maltodextrin

Encapsulation was used to protect anthocyanins extracted from aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) fruit using the combinations of maltodextrin (MD) with anionic polysaccharides, including carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), gum Arabic (GA), and xanthan gum (XG) as the coating agents. The encapsulation efficiencies were 98 % in MD, MD + CMC, and MD + GA and 94 % in MD + XG. In comparison, the loading efficiency, total anthocyanins, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity were higher in the combined coating agents than in MD alone. In storage for 100 days at 25℃, the retention of anthocyanins was much higher in encapsulated aronia (88-91 %) compared with nonencapsulated aronia (47 %). Cyanidin 3-galactoside and arabinoside showed higher stability (91-93 %) than cyanidin 3-glucoside and xyloside (60-65 %). New compounds, including cyanidin 3-(coumaroyl)-pentoside and 10-carboxy-pyranocyanidin-3-hexoside, were found after 20 days, indicating that anthocyanins formed new adducts with other components in aronia. The results show that MD + CMC and MD + XG are suitable coating agents for the encapsulation of anthocyanins in aronia.

Topics: Acacia; Anthocyanins; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Gum Arabic; Photinia; Polysaccharides, Bacterial

Dissolvable microneedle arrays (MNAs) can be used to realize enhanced transdermal and intradermal drug delivery. Dissolvable MNAs are fabricated from biocompatible and water-soluble base polymers, and the biocargo to be delivered is integrated with the base polymer when forming the MNAs. The base polymer is selected to provide mechanical strength, desired dissolution characteristics, and compatibility with the biocargo. However, to satisfy regulatory requirements and be utilized in clinical applications, cytotoxicity of the base polymers should also be thoroughly characterized. This study systematically investigated the cytotoxicity of several important carbohydrate-based base polymers used for production of MNAs, including carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), maltodextrin (MD), trehalose (Treh), glucose (Gluc), and hyaluronic acid (HA).. Each material was evaluated using in vitro cell-culture methods on relevant mouse and human cells, including MPEK-BL6 mouse keratinocytes, NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts, HaCaT human keratinocytes, and NHDF human fibroblasts. A common laboratory cell line, human embryonic kidney cells HEK-293, was also used to allow comparisons to various cytotoxicity studies in the literature. Dissolvable MNA materials were evaluated at concentrations ranging from 3 mg/mL to 80 mg/mL.. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of cytotoxicity were performed using optical microscopy, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry-based assays for cell morphology, viability, necrosis and apoptosis. Results from different methods consistently demonstrated negligible in vitro cytotoxicity of carboxymethyl cellulose, maltodextrin, trehalose and hyaluronic acid. Glucose was observed to be toxic to cells at concentrations higher than 50 mg/mL.. It is concluded that CMC, MD, Treh, HA, and glucose (at low concentrations) do not pose challenges in terms of cytotoxicity, and thus, are good candidates as MNA materials for creating clinically-relevant and well-tolerated biodissolvable MNAs.

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Carbohydrates; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Cell Line; Cell Shape; Cell Survival; Drug Delivery Systems; Glucose; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Mice; Microinjections; Needles; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Polymers; Polysaccharides; Solubility; Trehalose

Dry foam formulation technology is alternative approach to enhance dissolution of the drug. Sildenafil citrate was suspended in sodium dodecyl sulfate solution and adding a mixture of maltodextrin and mannitol as diluent to form a paste. Sildenafil citrate paste was passed through a nozzle spray bottle to obtain smooth foam. The homogeneous foam was dried in a vacuum oven and sieved to obtain dry foam granules. The granules were mixed with croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate and compressed into tablet. All formulations were evaluated for their physicochemical properties and dissolution profiles. All the tested excipients were compatible with sildenafil citrate by both differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared (IR) analysis. There are no X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks representing crystals of sildenafil citrate observed form dry foam formulations. The hardness of tablets was about 5 kg, friability test <1% with a disintegration time <5 min. The sildenafil citrate dry foam tablet had higher dissolution rate in 0.1 N HCl in comparison with commercial sildenafil citrate tablet, sildenafil citrate prepared by direct compression and wet granulation method. Sildenafil citrate dry foam tablet with the high-level composition of surfactant, water and diluent showed enhanced dissolution rate than that of the lower-level composition of these excipients. This formulation was stable under accelerated conditions for at least 6 months.

Topics: Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Crystallization; Drug Liberation; Excipients; Hardness; Mannitol; Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; Polysaccharides; Sildenafil Citrate; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Solubility; Surface-Active Agents; Tablets; Technology, Pharmaceutical; X-Ray Diffraction

Microencapsulation was investigated to enhance the stability of Thai rice grass extract. Microencapsulated powder (MP) was formed using total solid of extract solution and maltodextrin ratios of 1:4 (MP 1:4) and 1:9 (MP 1:9). The absence of an endothermic peak for both MPs confirmed all extract solutions were coated with maltodextrin. MP 1:9 had a lower total phenolic content (TPC) but was higher in antioxidant capacity than MP 1:4. Moreover, the TPC of the MPs slightly decreased (70.02-93.04%) during storage at 10, 30 and 70°C for 30d. Comparatively, the TPC of the extract solution significantly decreased from 100% down to 20.8%, 11.2% and 8.6% at 10, 30 and 70°C, respectively. Therefore, MP 1:9 incorporated with blended carboxymethyl cellulose film increased the water barrier and the TPC. This film can serve as a bioactive biodegradable packaging material to reduce plastic packaging in the food industry.

Topics: Antioxidants; Biocompatible Materials; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Drug Compounding; Food Packaging; Oryza; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Polysaccharides; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared

Herein, the synthesis of enzyme-polymer conjugates is reported. Four different activated polymers (mPEG-aldehyde, mPEG-NHS, maltodextrin-aldehyde, carboxymethyl cellulose aldehyde) are conjugated to the surface of protease, α-amylase, and lipase using two different strategies (reductive amination and alkylation with NHS-activated acid). Although the chemical modification of the enzymes is accompanied by losses in enzyme activity (maximum loss 40%), the covalent attachment of polymers increases the thermal stability and the stability in a standard detergent formulation compared to the unmodified enzymes. The enzyme-polymer conjugates are characterized by asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation and differential scanning microcalorimetry. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that conjugated enzymes still show performance in a real washing process. Enzyme-polymer conjugates show a potential as a stabilizing system for enzymes in detergents.

Topics: Aldehydes; Alkylation; alpha-Amylases; Amination; Bacillus licheniformis; Bacillus subtilis; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Detergents; Enzyme Assays; Enzyme Stability; Enzymes, Immobilized; Kinetics; Lipase; Polyethylene Glycols; Polysaccharides; Saccharomycetales; Serine Endopeptidases; Succinimides; Thermodynamics

High-viscosity carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) promotes gastrointestinal disorders, tissue alterations and bacterial overgrowth in pigs. The impact of CMC on intestinal absorptive and secretory physiology is not known. We hypothesised that CMC consumption alters intestinal Na-dependent glucose absorption and stimulates electrogenic chloride secretion. For testing this hypothesis, twenty-four piglets were weaned at 21 d of age and pair-fed for 13 d a starter diet based on skimmed milk powder and maltodextrin containing cellulose (control) or CMC. Body weight and faecal total aerobe and coliform counts were measured kinetically. At slaughter, digesta were weighed and characterised for viscosity and pH. Gastrointestinal tissues were weighed and sampled for physiology in Ussing chambers, morphometry and enzymology. Glucose absorption tended to be higher (P = 0.08) and carbachol-stimulated chloride secretion was lower (P = 0.01) with CMC in the small intestine, without changes in the colon. Aerobes were transiently higher at day 7 (P < 0.05) but coliform counts remained unchanged (P = 0.78) and beta-haemolitic Escherichia coli were virtually absent. Stomach and small-intestinal segments were heavier, and viscosity higher with CMC (0.001 < P < 0.05). The pH in the stomach was higher, and in the caecum and proximal colon lower with CMC (0.001 < P < 0.05). Jejunal villus area was slightly reduced with CMC (P < 0.05) without effects on enzyme activities (P > 0.10). In conclusion, CMC supplementation had pro-absorptive effects on the small intestine, possibly due to the absence of pathogenic E. coli in the present study.

Topics: Animals; Carbachol; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Chlorides; Colony Count, Microbial; Diet; Feces; Gastrointestinal Tract; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Large; Intestine, Small; Maltose; Milk Proteins; Organ Size; Polysaccharides; Stomach; Swine; Viscosity

Microencapsulation is essential to preserve biological activity of ascorbic acid (AA) and pea protein has not been used as a carrier in such processes. This work aimed to produce microparticles by a spray-drying process using pea protein (PPC) as wall material of AA and evaluate the retention of the core by HPLC, overall morphology SEM, size distribution by light scattering and release kinetics. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and blends with maltodextrin (M) were produced for comparative analyses. The yields were compatible with the applied technology and the retention was above 84% for all materials. The PPC microparticles presented irregular and rough surfaces, CMC produced a regular and smooth surface and agglomeration was more intense in microparticles with M. Mean particle diameters were all below 8 microm. The microparticle release rates were lower than those with free AA, being best correlated to the Higuchi kinetic model. These results support the utilization of PPC for microencapsulation of AA.

Topics: Aerosols; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Drug Compounding; Drug Delivery Systems; Kinetics; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Particle Size; Pisum sativum; Polysaccharides; Proteins

The kinetics of the pectin methylesterase (PME)-catalyzed de-esterification of pectin was studied at 25 degrees C in the presence of sucrose, fructose, maltodextrin (DE = 16.5-19.5), and carboxymethylcellulose at different concentrations and in the presence of maltodextrin and sucrose at different concentrations in a temperature range between +25 and -4 degrees C in subcooled and frozen states. The objective was to determine whether the reaction is diffusion-controlled, to gain insight about the factors determining the diffusion of the reactants, and to determine the effect of the carbohydrates, low temperature, and freezing on the structural conformation of the enzyme. The results indicate that the PME-catalyzed de-esterification of pectin is diffusion-controlled. Nevertheless, the diffusion is not controlled by the macroviscosity of the reaction medium, but rather by the microviscosity experienced by the diffusants. Low temperature in the temperature range studied does not affect the structural conformation of the enzyme, while freezing seems to have some effect.

Topics: Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Cold Temperature; Cryoprotective Agents; Esterification; Freezing; Fructose; Kinetics; Pectins; Polysaccharides; Sucrose; Viscosity

The rates of diffusion-controlled processes in a frozen system can be influenced by the presence of glassy states. One characteristic of cryostabilization by this mechanism is a change in the temperature dependence of reaction rates at the Tg' of the system. The cryostabilization behavior of solutes such as maltodextrin, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and sucrose was studied. Three different model reaction systems (enzyme hydrolysis, protein aggregation, and non-enzymatic oxidation) were used. Maltodextrin had a consistent pattern of cryostabilization behavior at temperatures ranging from -3 degrees C to -20 degrees C for all three model systems. Significant retardation effects were evident in the temperature range corresponding to its glassy states. Sucrose did not show a stabilizing effect in the non-proteinaceous model system (the non-enzymatic oxidation reaction). This could partly be due to the absence of the glassy state, since the storage temperatures were above its Tg'. However, in the protein aggregation model system, sucrose was an excellent stabilizer in protecting actomyosin from aggregation. This may be explained by a "solute exclusion" mechanism. CMC did not show any stabilizing effect in the protein aggregation and non-enzymatic oxidation model systems studied, even though it has a Tg' as high as that of maltodextrin. These results demonstrated that although the presence of a glassy state may well have a retarding effect on the rates of diffusion processes, just knowing the Tg' of a polymer is not sufficient for prediction of its stabilization effect in a frozen system.

Topics: Actomyosin; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Freezing; Kinetics; Molecular Weight; Polymers; Polysaccharides; Solutions; Sucrose; Temperature