orabase and avermectin

The increasing world-wide demand for food has prompted the development of efficient and environmentally friendly pesticide formulations. In this article, we have prepared CMC-g-PRSG carrier based on two compounds from natural materials carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and rosin (RS). The model pesticide avermectin (AVM) was encapsulated through hydrophobic interaction, and self-assembled to form nanopesticide AVM@CMC-g-PRSG with an average particle size of 167 nm. The prepared nanopesticide displays enhanced dispersibility and stability of AVM in water, and can effectively adhere to the leaves to prevent loss. The release rate of AVM encapsulated in the nanocarrier can be controlled by adjusting pH, and AVM half-life under ultraviolet radiation shows a 3-fold increase allowing control of pests for prolonged periods of time in practical applications. Biological safety tests showed that AVM@CMC-g-PRSG effectively reduces the toxicity of AVM to aquatic animals. Therefore, the cheap and degradable carrier CMC-g-PRSG can improve the effect of hydrophobic pesticides.

Topics: Animals; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Drug Carriers; Drug Liberation; Half-Life; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Ivermectin; Larva; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Pest Control; Pesticides; Resins, Plant; Ultraviolet Rays; Zebrafish

In order to further enhance hydrophilicity of zein and achieve nano-scale pesticide system, phosphorylated zein (P-Zein) was incorporated with graft copolymer CMC-g-PDMDAAC by electrostatic interaction, in which carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) as monomers. P-Zein/CMC-g-PDMDAAC was applied to encapsulate model pesticide avermectin (AVM) via electrostatic interaction to achieve AVM@P-Zein/CMC-g-PDMDAAC nano-pesticides. The stability, drug loading, anti-ultraviolet, adhesion, sustained-release and toxicity of nano-pesticides presented considerable behavior confirmed via various characteristics. The results indicated that AVM@P-Zein/CMC-g-PDMDAAC had an average particle size of 360 nm, and possessed favorable dispersion performance and excellent anti-ultraviolet property compared to P-Zein. And comparatively, encapsulation efficiency increased up to 82.11%. In addition, adhesion performance of AVM@P-Zein/CMC-g-PDMDAAC on foliage also improved by about 20% compared to P-Zein. Also, AVM@P-Zein/CMC-g-PDMDAAC can intelligently control pesticide release by adjusting monomer ratio and pH values. More importantly, such nano-pesticide system presented no significant difference on toxicity in comparison with bare AVM.

Topics: Capsules; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Drug Compounding; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Ivermectin; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Pesticides; Polyethylenes; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Zein

The overdosage use of pesticide was harmful to the environment and human health, which was mainly caused by the low utilization rate of the pesticide. However, the pesticide microcapsule with sustained-release and stimulating response properties could effectively solve this problem. Preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose grafting dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (CMC-g-PDMDAAC) through grafting polymerization and trapping as well as encapsulation of avermectin (AVM) via electrostatic interactions resulted in the formation of AVM/CMC-g-PDMDAAC microcapsules. The results showed that the particle size was 200~300 nm. The encapsulation efficiency was as high as 72.06%. Furthermore, the remaining rate of encapsulated AVM increased from 50.0 to 81.60% after UV irradiation for 359 min. The microcapsules exhibited significant enzyme and pH stimuli responsiveness. Finally, CMC-g-PDMDAAC had no significant difference effect on the toxicity of AVM, AVM could be found, and DMDAAC featured a synergistic effect on the toxicological effects of AVM. Graphical abstract.

Topics: Capsules; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ivermectin; Particle Size; Pesticides; Polyethylenes; Polymerization; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Ultraviolet Rays