okadaic-acid and leupeptin

To characterize possible differences between the fluid-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis) of bovine serum albumin and the receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialo-orosomucoid (AOM) in isolated rat hepatocytes, both probes were conjugated to radioiodinated tyramine-cellobiose, [125I]TC. The use of these conjugates made it possible to measure the uptake and intracellular distribution of the intact proteins as well as of their acid-soluble, membrane-impermeant degradation products. [125I]TC-albumin was taken up at a very low rate (0.5%/h) compared to [125I]TC-AOM (45%/h), suggesting that neither membrane adsorption nor membrane permeation compromised its suitability as a fluid-phase marker. Sucrose gradient analysis indicated that both probes sequentially entered light endosomes (1.11 g/ml), dense endosomes (1.14 g/ml) and lysosomes (1.18 g/ml), but [125I]TC-albumin traversed the endocytic compartments more rapidly than [125I]TC-AOM, and was partially degraded intralysosomally already after 15 min. The microtubule inhibitor, vinblastine, had a stronger inhibitory effect on the uptake and degradation of [125I]TC-AOM (80% and 95%, respectively) than on the uptake and degradation of [125I]TC-albumin (50% and 70%, respectively). In the presence of vinblastine, [125I]TC-AOM was retained both in light and dense endosomes, whereas [125I]TC-albumin was retained in dense endosomes only, suggesting that the early steps of fluid-phase endocytosis were less critically dependent on microtubular function than the early steps of receptor-mediated endocytosis. A perturbant of vacuolar pH, propylamine, inhibited the degradation of both probes strongly (75-100%), as would be expected from its lysosomotropic effect. Propylamine also inhibited endocytic uptake, with a stronger effect on [125I]TC-AOM uptake (95% inhibition) than on [125I]TC-albumin uptake (60% inhibition), probably reflecting a reduction in endosomal acidity, reduced receptor-ligand dissociation and diminished recycling of free asialoglycoprotein receptors to the cell surface in addition to a general trapping of membrane in swollen vacuoles. A protein phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid, strongly (80-100%) inhibited the uptake and degradation of both [125I]TC-albumin and [125I]TC-AOM. An inhibitor of lysosomal proteinases, leupeptin, strongly suppressed the degradation of both probes and moderately reduced the uptake of [125I]TC-AOM, whereas the uptake of [125I]TC-albumin was unaffected. In contrast, an inhibitor of

Topics: Animals; Asialoglycoprotein Receptor; Asialoglycoproteins; Autophagy; Cell Separation; Cellobiose; Endocytosis; Iodine Radioisotopes; Leupeptins; Liver; Male; Okadaic Acid; Orosomucoid; Pinocytosis; Propylamines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Cell Surface; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Subcellular Fractions; Tyramine; Vinblastine

Calcium-evoked secretion generally requires the presence of millimolar concentrations of Mg-ATP. We investigated the role of Mg-ATP in the secretion of serotonin from electropermeabilized bovine platelets. The secretion of serotonin was lost within 5 minutes when the Mg-ATP concentration was diluted to less than 0.1 mM, but was maintained when ATP-gamma S (adenosine 5'-O-3-thiotriphosphate) was used instead of ATP. Okadaic acid, a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase, could also maintain the exocytotic activity even when ATP was diluted. Decrease in the secretory activity was paralleled by a decrease in phosphorylation level of four proteins after dilution of ATP, but the activity was maintained when the thiophosphorylation level of these proteins was maintained. Two of these proteins were digested by a protease, calpain, which has been shown to lead to a loss in the exocytotic activity. Electron microscopic studies showed that calcium did not induce the formation of distinct bridge-like structures between the granule membrane and the plasma membrane in Mg-ATP-diluted cells, previously shown as the structure transiently formed prior to fusion of the two membranes. Anchorage of the secretory dense granules to the plasma membrane and the presence of the amorphous structures between the granules and the plasma membrane were unchanged by dilution of ATP. These results indicate that ATP is not required for the anchorage itself, but is required to prime anchored granules for calcium-triggered secretion. Maintenance of the phosphorylated state of proteins by ATP enables the calcium trigger to form the bridge-like structures preceding membrane fusion events.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Blood Platelets; Calcium; Calpain; Cattle; Cell Membrane; Culture Media; Cytoplasmic Granules; Exocytosis; Leupeptins; Magnesium; Okadaic Acid; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; Phosphorylation; Proteins; Serotonin