nitroarginine and 8-phenyltheophylline

We previously reported that combined blockade of adenosine receptors and ATP-sensitive K+ channels (K+(ATP) channels) blunted but did not abolish the response of coronary blood flow to exercise. This study tested the hypothesis that the residual increase in coronary flow in response to exercise after adenosine receptor and K+(ATP) channel blockade is dependent on endogenous NO. Dogs were studied at rest and during a four-stage treadmill exercise protocol under control conditions, during K+(ATP) channel blockade with glibenclamide (50 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) i.c.) in the presence of adenosine receptor blockade with 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT, 5 mg/kg i.v.), and after the addition of the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (LNNA, 1.5 mg/kg i.c.). During control conditions, coronary blood flow was 49 +/- 3 mL/min at rest and increased to 92 +/- 8 mL/min at peak exercise. LNNA alone or in combination with 8-PT did not alter resting coronary flow and did not impair the normal increase in flow during exercise, indicating that when K+(ATP) channels are intact, neither NO nor adenosine-dependent mechanisms are obligatory for maintaining coronary blood flow. Combined K+(ATP) channel and adenosine blockade decreased resting coronary flow to 27 +/- 3 mL/min (P<.05), but exercise still increased flow to 45 +/- 5 mL/min (P<.05). The subsequent addition of LNNA further decreased resting coronary flow to 20 +/- 2 mL/min and markedly blunted exercise-induced coronary vasodilation (coronary vascular conductance, 0.20 +/- 0.03 mL x min(-1) x mm Hg(-1) at rest versus 0.24 +/- 0.04 mL x min(-1) x mm Hg(-1) during the heaviest level of exercise; P=.22), so that coronary flow both at rest and during exercise was below the control resting level. The findings suggest that K+(ATP) channels are critical for maintaining coronary vasodilation at rest and during exercise but that when K+(ATP) channels are blocked, both adenosine and NO act to increase coronary blood flow during exercise. In the presence of combined K+(ATP) channel blockade and adenosine receptor blockade, NO was able to produce approximately one quarter of the coronary vasodilation that occurred in response to exercise when all vasodilator systems were intact.

Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Coronary Disease; Coronary Vessels; Dogs; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glyburide; Hemodynamics; Hyperemia; Nitric Oxide; Nitroarginine; Physical Exertion; Potassium Channels; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Theophylline; Vasodilation

The role of ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)(+)) channels, nitric oxide, and adenosine in coronary exercise hyperemia was investigated. Dogs (n = 10) were chronically instrumented with catheters in the aorta and coronary sinus and instrumented with a flow transducer on the circumflex coronary artery. Cardiac interstitial adenosine concentration was estimated from arterial and coronary venous plasma concentrations using a previously tested mathematical model. Experiments were conducted at rest and during graded treadmill exercise with and without combined inhibition of K(ATP)(+) channels (glibenclamide, 1 mg/kg iv), nitric oxide synthesis (N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine, 35 mg/kg iv), and adenosine receptors (8-phenyltheophylline, 3 mg/kg iv). During control exercise, myocardial oxygen consumption increased ~2.9-fold, coronary blood flow increased ~2.6-fold, and coronary venous oxygen tension decreased from 19.9 +/- 0.4 to 13.7 +/- 0.6 mmHg. Triple blockade did not significantly change the myocardial oxygen consumption or coronary blood flow response during exercise but lowered the resting coronary venous oxygen tension to 10.0 +/- 0.4 mmHg and during exercise to 6.2 +/- 0.5 mmHg. Cardiac adenosine levels did not increase sufficiently to overcome the adenosine receptor blockade. These results indicate that combined inhibition of K(ATP)(+) channels, nitric oxide synthesis, and adenosine receptors lowers the balance between total oxygen supply and consumption at rest but that these factors are not required for local metabolic coronary vasodilation during exercise.

Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Coronary Circulation; Coronary Vessels; Dogs; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glyburide; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; Myocardium; Nitric Oxide; Nitroarginine; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Exertion; Potassium Channel Blockers; Potassium Channels; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rest; Theophylline; Vasodilation

Various organs, including heart, kidneys, liver or brain, respond to brief exposures to ischemia with an increased resistance to severe ischemia/reperfusion and this phenomenon is called "preconditioning". No study so far has been undertaken to check whether such short, repeated gastric ischemic episodes protect gastric mucosa against severe damage caused by subsequent prolonged ischemia/reperfusion and, if so, what could be the mechanism of this phenomenon. The ischemic preconditioning was induced by short episodes of gastric ischemia (occlusion of celiac artery from one to five times, for 5 min each) applied 30 min before prolonged (30 min) ischemia followed by 3 h of reperfusion or 30 min before topical application of strong mucosal irritants, such as 100% ethanol, 25% NaCl or 80 mM taurocholate. Exposure to regular 30-min ischemia, followed by 3-h reperfusion, produced numerous severe gastric lesions and significant fall in the gastric blood flow and prostaglandin E(2) generation. Short (5-min) ischemic episodes (1-5 times) by itself failed to cause any gastric lesions, but significantly attenuated those produced by ischemia/reperfusion. This protection was accompanied by a reversal of the fall in the gastric blood flow and prostaglandin E(2) generation and resembled that induced by classic gastric mild irritants. These protective and hyperemic effects of standard preconditioning were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with cyclooxygenase-2 and cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitors, such as indomethacin, Vioxx, resveratrol and nitric oxide (NO)-synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA). The protective and hyperemic effects of standard preconditioning were restored by addition of 16,16 dm prostaglandin E(2) or L-arginine, a substrate for NO synthase, respectively. Gastroprotective and hyperemic actions of standard ischemic preconditioning were abolished by pretreatment with capsaicin-inactivating sensory nerves, but restored by the administration of exogenous CGRP to capsaicin-treated animals. Gene and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-1, but not cyclooxygenase-2, were detected in intact gastric mucosa and in that exposed to ischemia/reperfusion with or without ischemic preconditioning, whereas cyclooxygenase-2 was overexpressed only in preconditioned mucosa. We conclude that: (1) gastric ischemic preconditioning represents one of the most powerful protective interventions against the mucosal damage induced by severe ischemia/reperfusion as well

Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Blotting, Western; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Capsaicin; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Denervation; Digestive System; Dinoprostone; Enzyme Inhibitors; Gastric Mucosa; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Indomethacin; Ischemic Preconditioning; Isoenzymes; Lactones; Male; Membrane Proteins; Neurons, Afferent; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitroarginine; Peptide Fragments; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Prostaglandins; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Regional Blood Flow; Reperfusion Injury; Resveratrol; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Stilbenes; Sulfones; Theophylline; Time Factors

The functional role of coronary vascular ATP-sensitive potassium (K+ATP) channels in the regulation of coronary blood flow (CBF) has not been determined in chronic heart failure (CHF). To test the hypothesis that K+ATP channels contribute to myocardial perfusion in HF, we examined the effects of intracoronary infusion of glibenclamide, an inhibitor of K+ATP channels, on basal CBF in control and CHF dogs. CHF was produced in mongrel dogs by pacing the right ventricle for 4 weeks. Under anesthesia, CBF in the left anterior descending coronary artery, other hemodynamic and metabolic parameters, or regional myocardial blood flow were measured. Basal CBF was less in CHF dogs than in controls. Glibenclamide at the graded doses (5, 15 and 50 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) decreased CBF in both control and CHF dogs. The percentage decrease in CBF with glibenclamide at 50 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) was greater (p<0.01) in CHF dogs than in controls. The greater decrease in CBF with glibenclamide at 50microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) was associated with myocardial ischemia. Glibenclamide decreased myocardial blood flow in each sublayer of the myocardium in the 2 groups. These results suggest that the basal activity of coronary vascular K+ATP channels is increased in CHF dogs but not in controls. This may contribute to the maintenance of myocardial perfusion in CHF.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Coronary Circulation; Coronary Vessels; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glyburide; Heart Failure; Myocardial Ischemia; Nitroarginine; Pacemaker, Artificial; Potassium Channel Blockers; Potassium Channels; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Theophylline

Diadenosine tetraphosphate (AP4A) can be released from activated platelets and the present study examined its effect on coronary arterial microvessels. The role of purinoceptors in the coronary microcirculation in vivo was also investigated. In open chest dogs, coronary arterioles were observed using a microscope with a floating objective. In Protocol 1, AP4A (1, 10, 100 and 1,000 micromol/L) was superfused onto the heart surface before and during the superfusion of 10 micromol/L of 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT), a P1 purinoceptor blocker. In Protocol 2, AP4A (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 nmol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was infused into the left anterior descending coronary artery before and during the superfusion of 10 micromol/L of 8-PT. In addition to 8-PT, 30 micromol/L of pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl 2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS), a P2X purinoceptor blocker in Protocol 3, or 300 micromol/L of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (LNNA) in Protocol 4, was continuously superfused, and 4 doses of AP4A were cumulatively superfused as in Protocol 1. In Protocol 5, 10 micromol/L of alpha,beta-methylene ATP, an agonist of P2X purinoceptors, was superfused for 60 min. Superfused AP4A dilated arterioles in a dose-dependent manner. The magnitude of dilatation was greater in smaller arterioles (small vessel < or = 150 microm: 24.5+/-2.2% vs large vessel > 150 microm: 10.6+/-1.5% at a dose of 1,000 micromol/L, p<0.001). On the other hand, intraluminally applied AP4A also dilated arterioles, but no size dependency was shown. In the presence of 8-PT, vasodilatory responses to superfused and intraluminally applied AP4A were attenuated and the lower doses of AP4A constricted arterioles. This vasoconstrictor effect was not affected by PPADS. The vasodilatory effect of the higher doses of AP4A was almost abolished in the presence of LNNA. Alpha,beta-methylene ATP had no effect on coronary microvascular diameters. AP4A has bidirectional effects on coronary arterial microvessels: vasodilatory effects mediated by P1 purinoceptors and NO, which might be mediated by P2Y purinoceptors, and a vasoconstrictor effect, which is not mediated by P2X purinoceptors.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Arterioles; Coronary Circulation; Coronary Vessels; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Dogs; Female; Fluorescein Angiography; Male; Microcirculation; Nitric Oxide; Nitroarginine; Nitroprusside; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Receptors, Purinergic P2; Theophylline; Vasoconstriction; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasodilation; Vasodilator Agents

In the fetal lamb, oxygen-induced pulmonary vasodilation is attenuated by the combined use of purinergic receptor P1 and P2y antagonists, which block the effect of adenosine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), respectively, and by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine [an inhibitor of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO) synthesis]. In the newborn lamb, oxygen-induced pulmonary vasodilation is not blocked by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine. We investigated the role of ATP and adenosine in oxygen-induced pulmonary vasodilation in eight newborn lambs with pulmonary hypertension induced by the thromboxane mimic, U46619. The hemodynamic effects of hyperoxia, ATP, adenosine, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and acetylcholine (ACh) were compared before and after purinergic receptor blockade with Cibacron blue (CB, a P2y-receptor antagonist) and 8-phenyltheophylline (8PT, a P1-receptor antagonist) individually, together, and on a separate day, after infusion of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine. During pulmonary hypertension, combined pretreatment with 8PT and CB attenuated the decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure caused by hyperoxia (11.3 vs. 35.2%), ATP (10.6 vs. 32.2%), and adenosine (1.9 vs. 33.7%) without change in the effect of ACh or SNP (p < 0.05). N(omega)-Nitro-L-arginine attenuated the pulmonary vasodilation caused by ATP and ACh but not by hyperoxia, adenosine, or SNP. In the newborn lamb, the pulmonary vasodilating effect of both oxygen and ATP are attenuated by combined P1 and P2y purinergic-receptor antagonists. Postnatally, oxygen-induced pulmonary vasodilation appears to be mediated by ATP through purinergic receptors.

Topics: 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; Adenosine; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Endothelium, Vascular; Enzyme Inhibitors; Hemodynamics; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Nitric Oxide; Nitroarginine; Oxygen; Prostaglandin Endoperoxides, Synthetic; Pulmonary Artery; Purinergic Antagonists; Sheep; Theophylline; Thromboxane A2; Triazines; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasodilation; Vasodilator Agents

In the isolated perfused guinea pig heart coronary occlusion lasting 1-5 s is followed by reactive hyperaemia which is inhibited by 91-100% after pretreatment with a NO synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine (100 microM). Neither indomethacin (5 microM) nor 8-phenyltheophylline (10 microM) influences these responses. Therefore, the brief cardiac reactive hyperaemia seems to be predominantly if not entirely mediated by nitric oxide (NO).

Topics: Acetylcholine; Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; Animals; Arginine; Blood Pressure; Coronary Vessels; Female; Guinea Pigs; Hyperemia; In Vitro Techniques; Indomethacin; Male; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitroarginine; Theophylline; Ventricular Function, Left; Ventricular Pressure

To test the hypothesis that the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) contributes to coronary vasodilation induced by myocardial ischemia, we examined the effect of NG-nitro-L-arginine (a potent and selective inhibitor of EDRF release) on the coronary reactive hyperemic response in the open-chest dogs. Intracoronary infusion of NG-nitro-L-arginine at a coronary plasma concentration of 5 x 10(-5) M had no effect on hemodynamics and myocardial oxygen metabolism, but attenuated repayment of the flow debt by an average of 20.4% and 20.0% following coronary occlusion for 10 sec and 20 sec, respectively. Concomitant infusion of NG-nitro-L-arginine at the same concentration and 8-phenyltheophylline (a potent adenosine receptor blocker) at a coronary plasma concentration of 10(-5) M further attenuated flow debt repayment following 10 sec and 20 sec of coronary occlusion by 47.7 and 59.4%, respectively. These results indicate that EDRF plays a significant role in the coronary reactive hyperemic response and may cause vasodilation independently of adenosine-mediated vasodilation following coronary occlusion.

Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Arginine; Coronary Vessels; Dogs; Myocardial Ischemia; Nitric Oxide; Nitroarginine; Oxygen Consumption; Prostaglandins; Theophylline; Vasodilation

1. The mechanisms underlying hypoxic dilatation of coronary arteries were studied in isolated guinea-pig hearts perfused with physiological salt solution at 37 degrees C. The hearts were perfused at a constant rate of 3-10 ml min-1; coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and isovolumetric left ventricular pressure (LVP) were measured with piezoresistive transducers. 2. Addition of the K+ channel opener cromakalim (500 nM) to the perfusate caused a maximal vasodilatation in beating hearts, i.e. a decrease in CPP of about 50%. Switching from normal perfusate (partial pressure of O2 (PO2), 650-700 mmHg) to hypoxic perfusate (PO2, 9-10 mmHg) caused a similar vasodilatation. Both of these effects were prevented by 2 microM-glibenclamide, a blocker of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Hypoxic vasodilatation was accompanied by a marked decrease in LVP, which was reduced by 56 +/- 22% (mean +/- S.D.) in the presence of glibenclamide. 3. In hearts arrested by increasing the K+ concentration of the perfusate to 15 mM, the addition of the adenosine-uptake inhibitor dipyridamole evoked a maximal vasodilatation and this was inhibited by 76 +/- 7% in the presence of glibenclamide. 4. The adenosine antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT; 5 microM) inhibited the vasodilatation induced by dipyridamole by 88 +/- 10%. In contrast, hypoxic vasodilatation was unaffected by 5 microM 8-PT. This suggests that hypoxic dilatation of coronary arteries is not mediated by release of adenosine from cardiomyocytes. 5. In order to test whether release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) contributed to hypoxic vasodilatation we blocked EDRF synthesis with N omega-nitro-L-arginine (NNA). When applied at a perfusion rate of 10 ml min-1 to arrested hearts, 10 microM-NNA increased CPP by 35% and prolonged the delay between application of hypoxic solution and half-maximal vasodilatation from 52 +/- 9 to 129 +/- 29 s. 6. Under control conditions the relation between perfusion rate and the CPP measured in the steady state was linear. In the presence of 10 microM-NNA coronary resistance was increased more than twofold at low perfusion rates; at perfusion rates between 4 and 10 ml min-1 coronary resistance decreased progressively. This change in the pressure-flow relationship may be responsible for the alterations in the time course of hypoxic vasodilatation induced by NNA. 7. In order to test whether changes in energy metabolism in coronary smooth muscle cells were responsible for hypoxic va

Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Arginine; Coronary Vessels; Deoxyglucose; Glycolysis; Guinea Pigs; Hypoxia; Nitric Oxide; Nitroarginine; Perfusion; Potassium Channels; Receptors, Purinergic; Theophylline; Vascular Resistance; Vasodilation