nickel and factor f430

nickel has been researched along with factor f430 in 48 studies

Research

Studies (48)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	21 (43.75)	18.7374
1990's	8 (16.67)	18.2507
2000's	15 (31.25)	29.6817
2010's	2 (4.17)	24.3611
2020's	2 (4.17)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
Hamilton, CL; Ma, L; Renner, MW; Scott, RA	1
Bobik, TA; DiMarco, AA; Wolfe, RS	1
Friedmann, HC; Klein, A; Thauer, RK	1
Oscar, TP; Spears, JW	1
Ankel-Fuchs, D; Cheesman, MR; Thauer, RK; Thompson, AJ	1
Hogenkamp, HP; Krone, UE; Laufer, K; Thauer, RK	1
Hamilton, CL; Kaplan, WA; Scott, RA; Shelnutt, JA; Shiemke, AK	1
Scott, RA; Shelnutt, JA; Shiemke, AK	1
Hamilton, CL; Johnson, MK; Scott, RA	1
Hamilton, CL; Scott, RA; Shiemke, AK	1
Hermans, JM; Keltjens, JT; Rijsdijk, GJ; van der Drift, C; Vogels, GD	1
Hartzell, PL; Wolfe, RS	1
Hüster, R; Kobelt, A; Pfaltz, A; Thauer, RK	1
Leeper, FJ	1
Gilles, HH; Hüster, R; Thauer, RK	1
Ankel-Fuchs, D; Diakun, GP; Piggott, B; Thauer, RK; Tinton, HJ	1
Keltjens, JT	1
Caerteling, CG; Keltjens, JT; van Kooten, AM; Vogels, GD; Whitman, WB; Wolfe, RS	1
Gilles, H; Thauer, RK	1
Ellefson, WL; Whitman, WB; Wolfe, RS	1
Jarrell, KF; Sprott, GD	1
Diekert, G; Gilles, HH; Jaenchen, R; Thauer, RK	1
Diekert, G; Konheiser, U; Piechulla, K; Thauer, RK	1
Whitman, WB; Wolfe, RS	1
Diekert, G; Klee, B; Thauer, RK	1
Bonacker, LG; Thauer, RK	1
Zimmer, M	1
Goubeaud, M; Schreiner, G; Thauer, RK	1
Ermler, U; Goubeaud, M; Grabarse, W; Shima, S; Thauer, RK	1
Davydov, R; Hoffman, BM; Horng, YC; Ragsdale, SW; Telser, J	1
Ghosh, A; Steene, E	1
Ghosh, A; Ryeng, H; Wondimagegn, T	1
Duin, EC; Grabarse, W; Kahnt, J; Mahlert, F; Thauer, RK	1
Bauer, C; Duin, EC; Jaun, B; Mahlert, F; Thauer, RK	1
Todd, LN; Zimmer, M	1
Bauer, C; Duin, EC; Finazzo, C; Goenrich, M; Harmer, J; Jaun, B; Mahlert, F; Schweiger, A; Thauer, RK; Van Doorslaer, S	1
Pelmenschikov, V; Siegbahn, PE	1
Jaun, B; Piskorski, R	1
Brunold, TC; Craft, JL; Horng, YC; Ragsdale, SW	2
Clay, MD; Duin, EC; Goenrich, M; Jaun, B; Johnson, MK; Mahlert, F; Piskorski, R; Signor, L; Thauer, RK	1
Mbofana, C; Zimmer, M	1
Bocian, DF; Brunold, TC; Craft, JL; Dey, M; George, SJ; Horng, YC; Kunz, RC; Ragsdale, SW; Tang, Q; Van Heuvelen, KM	1
Duin, EC; McKee, ML	1
Blomberg, MR; Chen, SL; Siegbahn, PE	1
Mansoorabadi, SO; Ngo, PD; Owens, VL; Yang, XP; Zheng, K	1
Chen, SL; Wu, J	1
Conradie, J; Ghosh, A	1

Reviews

6 review(s) available for nickel and factor f430

Article	Year
Unusual coenzymes of methanogenesis. Annual review of biochemistry, 1990, Volume: 59 Topics: Cobamides; Coenzymes; Euryarchaeota; Furans; Mesna; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Methane; Molecular Structure; Nickel; Phosphothreonine; Pterins; Riboflavin	1990
Structure and function of the nickel porphinoid, coenzyme F430 and of its enzyme, methyl coenzyme M reductase. FEMS microbiology reviews, 1990, Volume: 7, Issue:3-4 Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Molecular Sequence Data; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Structure-Activity Relationship	1990
The biosynthesis of porphyrins, chlorophylls, and vitamin B12. Natural product reports, 1985, Volume: 2, Issue:6 Topics: 5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase; Aminolevulinic Acid; Animals; Bile Pigments; Bilirubin; Biliverdine; Chlorophyll; Chlorophyllides; Cytochromes; Ferrochelatase; Heme; Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Nickel; Nucleotides; Oxidoreductases; Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; Plants; Porphobilinogen Synthase; Porphyrins; Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase; Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase; Uroporphyrinogen III Synthetase; Vitamin B 12	1985
Coenzymes of methanogenesis from hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 1984, Volume: 50, Issue:4 Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Coenzymes; Electron Transport; Euryarchaeota; Furans; Hydrogen; Mesna; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Methane; Models, Biological; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction	1984
High-valent transition metal centers and noninnocent ligands in metalloporphyrins and related molecules: a broad overview based on quantum chemical calculations. Journal of biological inorganic chemistry : JBIC : a publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2001, Volume: 6, Issue:7 Topics: Cations; Copper; Iron; Ligands; Manganese; Metalloporphyrins; Models, Chemical; Nickel; Peroxidase; Porphyrins; Quantum Theory	2001
Deconstructing F(430): quantum chemical perspectives of biological methanogenesis. Current opinion in chemical biology, 2001, Volume: 5, Issue:6 Topics: Metalloporphyrins; Methane; Models, Molecular; Nickel; Oxidoreductases; Quantum Theory	2001

Other Studies

42 other study(ies) available for nickel and factor f430

Article	Year
Ni(II) and Ni(I) forms of pentaalkylamide derivatives of cofactor F430 of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1991, Jul-08, Volume: 1074, Issue:2 Topics: Amides; Electrochemistry; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Euryarchaeota; Mass Spectrometry; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Models, Molecular; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Solubility; Spectrophotometry	1991
Incorporation of nickel into ruminal factor F430 as affected by monensin and formate. Journal of animal science, 1990, Volume: 68, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Chromatography, Gel; Coenzymes; Fermentation; Formates; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Monensin; Nickel; Rumen; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet	1990
The magnetic properties of the nickel cofactor F430 in the enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. The Biochemical journal, 1989, Jun-01, Volume: 260, Issue:2 Topics: Circular Dichroism; Coenzymes; Magnetics; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Methylococcaceae; Nickel; Oxidoreductases	1989
Coenzyme F430 as a possible catalyst for the reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated C1 hydrocarbons in methanogenic bacteria. Biochemistry, 1989, Dec-26, Volume: 28, Issue:26 Topics: Carbon Tetrachloride; Disulfides; Euryarchaeota; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Methane; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Protons; Titanium	1989
Structural and spectroscopic characterization of exogenous ligand binding to isolated factor F430 and its configurational isomers. The Journal of biological chemistry, 1989, May-05, Volume: 264, Issue:13 Topics: Cyanides; Euryarchaeota; Fourier Analysis; Ligands; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Molecular Structure; Nickel; Oxidoreductases; Spectrum Analysis; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Stereoisomerism	1989
Coordination chemistry of F430. Axial ligation equilibrium between square-planar and bis-aquo species in aqueous solution. The Journal of biological chemistry, 1989, Jul-05, Volume: 264, Issue:19 Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Circular Dichroism; Coenzymes; Euryarchaeota; Hot Temperature; Isomerism; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Molecular Structure; Multienzyme Complexes; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Protein Conformation; Solutions; Solvents; Spectrum Analysis; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thermodynamics; Water; X-Rays	1989
The magnetic and electronic properties of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (strain delta H) methyl coenzyme M reductase and its nickel tetrapyrrole cofactor F430. A low temperature magnetic circular dichroism study. The Journal of biological chemistry, 1989, Jul-15, Volume: 264, Issue:20 Topics: Circular Dichroism; Electromagnetic Phenomena; Euryarchaeota; Glycerol; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Nickel; Oxidoreductases; Protein Conformation; Spectrum Analysis; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Temperature	1989
Structural heterogeneity and purification of protein-free F430 from the cytoplasm of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. The Journal of biological chemistry, 1988, Apr-25, Volume: 263, Issue:12 Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Coenzymes; Cytoplasm; Euryarchaeota; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Molecular Conformation; Nickel; Spectrophotometry; Spectrum Analysis; X-Rays	1988
Interconversion of F430 derivatives of methanogenic bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 1988, Volume: 54, Issue:3 Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coenzymes; Dithionite; Euryarchaeota; Heating; Hydrogen; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Riboflavin; Spectrophotometry; Stereoisomerism; Zinc	1988
Requirement of the nickel tetrapyrrole F430 for in vitro methanogenesis: reconstitution of methylreductase component C from its dissociated subunits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1986, Volume: 83, Issue:18 Topics: Euryarchaeota; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Molecular Weight; Nickel; Oxidoreductases	1986
Biosynthesis of coenzyme F430 in methanogenic bacteria. Identification of 15,17(3)-seco-F430-17(3)-acid as an intermediate. European journal of biochemistry, 1987, Dec-30, Volume: 170, Issue:1-2 Topics: Coenzymes; Euryarchaeota; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Nickel; Species Specificity; Spectrophotometry	1987
Is coenzyme M bound to factor F430 in methanogenic bacteria? Experiments with Methanobrevibacter ruminantium. European journal of biochemistry, 1985, Apr-01, Volume: 148, Issue:1 Topics: Binding Sites; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Euryarchaeota; Mercaptoethanol; Mesna; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Nickel; Oxidoreductases; Temperature	1985
An extended-X-ray-absorption-fine-structure (e.x.a.f.s.) study of coenzyme F430 from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. The Biochemical journal, 1985, Nov-15, Volume: 232, Issue:1 Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Euryarchaeota; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Nickel; Spectrum Analysis; X-Rays	1985
Presence of coenzyme M derivatives in the prosthetic group (coenzyme MF430) of methylcoenzyme M reductase from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 1982, Sep-30, Volume: 108, Issue:2 Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Euryarchaeota; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mercaptoethanol; Mesna; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Nickel; Oxidoreductases	1982
Uroporphyrinogen III, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the nickel-containing factor F430 in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. European journal of biochemistry, 1983, Sep-01, Volume: 135, Issue:1 Topics: Aminolevulinic Acid; Euryarchaeota; Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Nickel; Porphobilinogen Synthase; Porphyrinogens; Uroporphyrinogen III Synthetase; Uroporphyrinogens	1983
Nickel-containing factor F430: chromophore of the methylreductase of Methanobacterium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1982, Volume: 79, Issue:12 Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Euryarchaeota; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Nickel; Oxidoreductases	1982
Nickel transport in Methanobacterium bryantii. Journal of bacteriology, 1982, Volume: 151, Issue:3 Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Biological Transport; Cell Membrane; Culture Media; Euryarchaeota; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ionophores; Kinetics; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Nickel; Temperature	1982
Incorporation of 8 succinate per mol nickel into factors F430 by Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Archives of microbiology, 1980, Volume: 128, Issue:2 Topics: Amino Acids; Bacterial Proteins; Carbohydrates; Euryarchaeota; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Molecular Weight; Nickel; Phosphorus; Spectrum Analysis; Succinates	1980
Nickel requirement and factor F430 content of methanogenic bacteria. Journal of bacteriology, 1981, Volume: 148, Issue:2 Topics: Euryarchaeota; Hot Temperature; Metalloporphyrins; Metalloproteins; Nickel	1981
Presence of nickel in factor F430 from Methanobacterium bryantii. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 1980, Feb-27, Volume: 92, Issue:4 Topics: Cations, Divalent; Euryarchaeota; Metalloporphyrins; Neutron Activation Analysis; Nickel; Spectrophotometry, Atomic	1980
Nickel, a component of factor F430 from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Archives of microbiology, 1980, Volume: 124, Issue:1 Topics: Cell Fractionation; Euryarchaeota; Flavins; Metalloporphyrins; Molecular Weight; Nickel; Subcellular Fractions	1980
Biosynthesis of coenzyme F430, a nickel porphinoid involved in methanogenesis. Ciba Foundation symposium, 1994, Volume: 180 Topics: Biological Evolution; Coenzymes; Euryarchaeota; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Metalloporphyrins; Nickel; Oxidoreductases; Substrate Specificity	1994
Empirical force field analysis of the revised structure of coenzyme F430. Epimerization and geometry of the corphinoid tetrapyrrole. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics, 1993, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Calorimetry; Metalloporphyrins; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Structure; Nickel	1993
Purified methyl-coenzyme-M reductase is activated when the enzyme-bound coenzyme F430 is reduced to the nickel(I) oxidation state by titanium(III) citrate. European journal of biochemistry, 1997, Jan-15, Volume: 243, Issue:1-2 Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Enzyme Activation; Isoenzymes; Metalloporphyrins; Methanobacterium; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Titanium	1997
Crystal structure of methyl-coenzyme M reductase: the key enzyme of biological methane formation. Science (New York, N.Y.), 1997, Nov-21, Volume: 278, Issue:5342 Topics: Binding Sites; Catalysis; Coenzymes; Crystallography, X-Ray; Disulfides; Hydrogen; Hydrogen Bonding; Ligands; Mesna; Metalloporphyrins; Methane; Methanobacterium; Models, Molecular; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Phosphothreonine; Protein Conformation; Protein Folding; Protein Structure, Secondary	1997
Cryoreduction of methyl-coenzyme M reductase: EPR characterization of forms, MCR(ox1) and MCR (red1). Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2001, Jun-27, Volume: 123, Issue:25 Topics: Binding Sites; Coenzymes; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Metalloporphyrins; Methanobacteriales; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases	2001
The nickel enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase from methanogenic archaea: in vitro interconversions among the EPR detectable MCR-red1 and MCR-red2 states. Journal of biological inorganic chemistry : JBIC : a publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2002, Volume: 7, Issue:1-2 Topics: Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Stability; Hydrogen; Mesna; Metalloporphyrins; Methanobacterium; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Spectrum Analysis; Titanium	2002
The nickel enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase from methanogenic archaea: In vitro induction of the nickel-based MCR-ox EPR signals from MCR-red2. Journal of biological inorganic chemistry : JBIC : a publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2002, Volume: 7, Issue:4-5 Topics: Chloroform; Citric Acid; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Euryarchaeota; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Light; Metalloporphyrins; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Oxygen; Phosphothreonine; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfides; Sulfites	2002
Moderating influence of proteins on nonplanar tetrapyrrole deformations: coenzyme F430 in methyl-coenzyme-M reductase. Inorganic chemistry, 2002, Dec-16, Volume: 41, Issue:25 Topics: Binding Sites; Catalysis; Coenzymes; Crystallography, X-Ray; Isoenzymes; Metalloporphyrins; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Structure; Nickel; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Proteins; Thermodynamics	2002
Coenzyme B induced coordination of coenzyme M via its thiol group to Ni(I) of F430 in active methyl-coenzyme M reductase. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2003, Apr-30, Volume: 125, Issue:17 Topics: Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Mesna; Metalloporphyrins; Nickel; Oxidoreductases; Phosphothreonine; Sulfhydryl Compounds	2003
Catalysis by methyl-coenzyme M reductase: a theoretical study for heterodisulfide product formation. Journal of biological inorganic chemistry : JBIC : a publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2003, Volume: 8, Issue:6 Topics: Catalysis; Mesna; Metalloporphyrins; Methane; Models, Chemical; Models, Molecular; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Phosphothreonine; Sulfides	2003
Direct determination of the number of electrons needed to reduce coenzyme F430 pentamethyl ester to the Ni(I) species exhibiting the electron paramagnetic resonance and ultraviolet-visible spectra characteristic for the MCR(red1) state of methyl-coenzyme Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2003, Oct-29, Volume: 125, Issue:43 Topics: Electrochemistry; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Metalloporphyrins; Methylene Blue; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Titrimetry	2003
Spectroscopic and computational characterization of the nickel-containing F430 cofactor of methyl-coenzyme M reductase. Journal of biological inorganic chemistry : JBIC : a publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2004, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Computational Biology; Metalloporphyrins; Methane; Methanobacteriaceae; Molecular Structure; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Spectrum Analysis	2004
Nickel oxidation states of F(430) cofactor in methyl-coenzyme M reductase. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2004, Apr-07, Volume: 126, Issue:13 Topics: Archaea; Circular Dichroism; Metalloporphyrins; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases	2004
Spectroscopic investigation of the nickel-containing porphinoid cofactor F(430). Comparison of the free cofactor in the (+)1, (+)2 and (+)3 oxidation states with the cofactor bound to methyl-coenzyme M reductase in the silent, red and ox forms. Journal of biological inorganic chemistry : JBIC : a publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2004, Volume: 9, Issue:5 Topics: Archaea; Catalysis; Ligands; Metalloporphyrins; Methane; Molecular Structure; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Spectrum Analysis	2004
Effect of the methyl-coenzyme-m reductase protein matrix on the hole-size and nonplanar deformations of coenzyme F430. Inorganic chemistry, 2006, Mar-20, Volume: 45, Issue:6 Topics: Crystallography, X-Ray; Dimerization; Metalloporphyrins; Nickel; Oxidoreductases; Protein Conformation	2006
Spectroscopic and computational studies of reduction of the metal versus the tetrapyrrole ring of coenzyme F430 from methyl-coenzyme M reductase. Biochemistry, 2006, Oct-03, Volume: 45, Issue:39 Topics: Archaeal Proteins; Computer Simulation; Metalloporphyrins; Methanobacteriaceae; Models, Chemical; Nickel; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Titanium	2006
A new mechanism for methane production from methyl-coenzyme M reductase as derived from density functional calculations. The journal of physical chemistry. B, 2008, Feb-28, Volume: 112, Issue:8 Topics: Binding Sites; Computer Simulation; Crystallography, X-Ray; Ligands; Metalloporphyrins; Methane; Models, Chemical; Models, Molecular; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Quantum Theory	2008
An investigation of possible competing mechanisms for Ni-containing methyl-coenzyme M reductase. Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP, 2014, Jul-21, Volume: 16, Issue:27 Topics: Coenzymes; Computer Simulation; Enzyme Activation; Metalloporphyrins; Methane; Models, Chemical; Models, Molecular; Nickel; Substrate Specificity	2014
The biosynthetic pathway of coenzyme F430 in methanogenic and methanotrophic archaea. Science (New York, N.Y.), 2016, 10-21, Volume: 354, Issue:6310 Topics: Amides; Archaeal Proteins; Biosynthetic Pathways; Genes, Archaeal; Genetic Loci; Genomics; Metalloporphyrins; Methane; Methanosarcina; Nickel; Oxidoreductases; Uroporphyrins	2016
Handling methane: a Ni(i) F Chemical communications (Cambridge, England), 2021, Jan-14, Volume: 57, Issue:4 Topics: Archaeal Proteins; Catalytic Domain; Crystallography, X-Ray; Density Functional Theory; Metalloporphyrins; Methane; Methanobacteriaceae; Models, Chemical; Molecular Structure; Nickel; Oxidoreductases; Protein Binding; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thermodynamics; Vitamin B 12	2021
B Journal of inorganic biochemistry, 2023, Volume: 243 Topics: Cobalt; Ligands; Metals; Nickel; Oxidation-Reduction	2023