naphthoquinones and vanillin

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes one of the most grievous pandemic infectious diseases, tuberculosis (TB), with long-term morbidity and high mortality. The emergence of drug-resistant Mtb strains, and the co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus, challenges the current WHO-TB stewardship programs. The first-line anti-TB drugs, isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF), have become extensively obsolete in TB control from chromosomal mutations during the last decades. However, based on clinical trial statistics, the production of well-tolerated anti-TB drug(s) is miserably low. Alternately, semi-synthesis or structural modifications of first-line obsolete antitubercular drugs remain as the versatile approach for getting some potential medicines. The use of any suitable phytochemicals with INH in a hybrid formulation could be an ideal approach for the development of potent anti-TB drug(s). The primary objective of this review was to highlight and analyze available INH-phytochemical hybrid research works. The utilization of phytochemicals through chemical conjugation is a new trend toward the development of safer/non-toxic anti-TB drugs.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Benzaldehydes; Drug Development; Glycosides; Humans; Indoles; Isoniazid; Molecular Structure; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Naphthoquinones; Phytochemicals; Steroids; Structure-Activity Relationship; Terpenes; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant

To study the chemical constituents from the flower Juglans regia.. All compounds were isolated and purified by normal column chromatograph and polyamide chromatograph, the chemical strucures were mainly elucidated by ESI-MS and NMR spectra.. Seven compounds were identified as follows: 4,5,8-trihydroxy-alpha-tetralone 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside(1),4,5-dihydroxy-alpha-tetralone4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside(2), 5-hydroxy-4-methoxytetralone (3), 5-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone (4), rutin (5), vanillin (6), tetracosanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (7).. All compounds are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Topics: Benzaldehydes; Flowers; Glucosides; Juglans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Naphthoquinones; Rutin

In the course of our screening program for inhibitors of hepatic glucose production in rat hepatoma H4IIE-C3 cells, which were used as model liver cells, five naphtoquinone derivatives-javanicin, solaniol, 9-O-methylfusarubin, 5,10-dihydroxy-1,7-dimethoxy-3-methyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-c]pyran-6,9-dione, 9-O-methylbostrycoidin-and vanillin were selected from our natural product library. These naphtoquinone derivatives inhibited hepatic glucose production at IC(50) values of 3.8-29 microM, but showed cytotoxicity against hepatic cells after incubation for 48 h. However, vanillin showed an IC(50) value of 32 microM without exhibiting cytotoxicity at 50 microM. Therefore, we examined 12 vanillin derivatives to investigate their inhibitory activities against glucose production. Among these analogs, 4-hydro-3-methoxyacetophenone and 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde exhibited stronger inhibition than the other compounds at IC(50) values of 25 and 24 microM, respectively, with no cytotoxicity at a concentration of 50 microM. Hence, 4-hydro-3-methoxyacetophenone and 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde may be useful as a lead compound of anti-type 2 diabetic drugs.

Topics: Animals; Benzaldehydes; Cell Line, Tumor; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Glucose; Hypoglycemic Agents; Liver; Naphthoquinones; Rats