naphthoquinones and hydroquinone

Topics: Aldehydes; Anthraquinones; Benzoquinones; Hot Temperature; Hydroquinones; Naphthoquinones; Oxidation-Reduction; Tea

Electrofermentation actively regulates the bacterial redox state, which is essential for bioconversion and has been highlighted as an effective method for further improvements of the productivity of either reduced or oxidized platform chemicals. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) is an industrial value-added chemical that can be produced from glycerol fermentation. The bioconversion of 1,3-PDO from glycerol requires additional reducing energy under anoxic conditions. The cathode-based conversion of glycerol to 1,3-PDO with various electron shuttles (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, neutral red, and hydroquinone) using Klebsiella pneumoniae L17 was investigated. The externally poised potential of -0.9 V vs. Ag/AgCl to the cathode increased 1,3-PDO (35.5±3.1 mm) production if 100 μm neutral red was used compared with non-bioelectrochemical system fermentation (23.7±2.4 mm). Stoichiometric metabolic flux and transcriptional analysis indicated a shift in the carbon flux toward the glycerol reductive pathway. The homologous overexpression of glycerol dehydratase (DhaB) and 1,3-PDO oxidoreductase (DhaT) enzymes synergistically enhanced 1,3-PDO conversion (39.3±0.8 mm) under cathode-driven fermentation. Interestingly, a small current uptake (0.23 mmol of electrons) caused significant metabolic flux changes with a concomitant increase in 1,3-PDO production. This suggests that both an increase in 1,3-PDO production and regulation of the cellular metabolic pathway are feasible by electrode-driven control in cathodic electrofermentation.

Topics: Electrochemical Techniques; Electrodes; Electron Transport; Fermentation; Glycerol; Hydro-Lyases; Hydroquinones; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Naphthoquinones; Neutral Red; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Propylene Glycols; Signal Transduction

Topics: Aminopyridines; Anthraquinones; Azo Compounds; Coloring Agents; Cresols; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dinitrochlorobenzene; Eugenol; Gene Expression; HaCaT Cells; Hair Dyes; Heme Oxygenase-1; Humans; Hydroquinones; In Vitro Techniques; Keratinocytes; Naphthoquinones; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Phenylenediamines; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Pyrogallol; Resorcinols; RNA, Messenger; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Cosmetic products are subject to the European Cosmetics Regulation: They shall not harm human health when used under "normal or reasonably foreseeable conditions". Hazardous cosmetic products are reported by the EU Member States to the EU Commission and are listed in the database of the European Rapid Alert System RAPEX.. The reports from Germany on dangerous cosmetic products from the years 2005-3/2017 in the European RAPEX database were systematically analyzed.. During the study period, 157 dangerous cosmetic products were reported from Germany. The most common product categories were bleaching creams (24.2%) because of the content of hydroquinone, mercury or corticosteroids, creams/lotions/gels (10.8%) mainly due to microbiological contamination, henna products (10.2%) because of sensitizing concentrations of paraphenylene diamine, and nail adhesives (8.9%) because of high levels of methyl methacrylate.. Hazardous cosmetic products appear to be rare in view of the high market volume of cosmetics, even though the total number of official investigations the RAPEX reports based on is not known. Dermatologists should inform the competent monitoring authorities in case of a suspected harm to health caused by dangerous cosmetic products so that the products can be examined and, if necessary, withdrawn from the market.

Topics: Adhesives; Bleaching Agents; Cosmetics; Databases, Factual; Germany; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Hydroquinones; Mercury; Methylmethacrylate; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Skin Cream

Quinones and hydroquinones are among the most common cellular cofactors, redox mediators, and natural products. Here, we report on the reduction of 2-hydroxynaphthoquinones to the stable 1,4-diketo tautomeric form of hydronaphthoquinones and their further reduction by fungal tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase. The very high diastereomeric and enantiomeric excess, together with the high yield of cis-3,4-dihydroxy-1-tetralone, exclude an intermediary hydronaphthoquinone. Labeling experiments with NADPH and NADPD corroborated the formation of an unexpected 1,4-diketo tautomeric form of 2-hydroxyhydronaphthoquinone as a stable intermediate. Similar 1,4-diketo tautomers of hydronaphthoquinones were established as products of the NADPH-dependent enzymatic reduction of other 1,4-naphthoquinones, and as substrates for different members of the superfamily of short-chain dehydrogenases. We propose an essential role of hydroquinone diketo tautomers in biosynthesis and detoxification processes.

Topics: Catalysis; Hydroquinones; Naphthoquinones; Quinones; Stereoisomerism

This study investigated the transformation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) by goethite, hematite, magnetite, and kaolinite treated with bisulfide to form coatings of iron monosulfide (FeS) and other Fe(II) species. These coatings contribute to abiotic natural attenuation in anaerobic environments. Batch kinetic experiments were performed under anoxic conditions at pH 8.0. Surface-area-normalized pseudo-first-order rate constants for CT transformation did not differ significantly for the three HS- treated iron oxides, but the rate of CT transformation by bisulfide-treated kaolinite was significantly lower, most likely due to kaolinite's lower iron content. The yield of chloroform (CF) from CT transformation was typically approximately 1%. There was negligible or only slight adsorption of several natural organic matter (NOM) model compounds to the surface of HS- treated goethite, and these compounds had no influence on CT transformation rate constants or CF yields. Juglone, on the other hand, adsorbed to a greater extent, and also significantly influenced the CF yield, increasing it by a factor of approximately 20 for HS- treated hematite. We speculate that juglone or its HS- addition product adsorbed to the mineral surface and acted as a hydrogen atom donor that reacted with the trichloromethyl radical intermediate, increasing the CF yield.

Topics: Adsorption; Carbon Tetrachloride; Carboxylic Acids; Catechols; Chloroform; Ferric Compounds; Ferrosoferric Oxide; Hydroquinones; Hydroxybenzoates; Iron Compounds; Kaolin; Minerals; Naphthoquinones; Oxidation-Reduction; Sulfides; Water Pollutants, Chemical

The ActVA-ActVB system from Streptomyces coelicolor isatwo-component flavin-dependent monooxygenase that belongs to an emerging class of enzymes involved in various oxidation reactions in microorganisms. The ActVB component is a NADH:flavin oxidoreductase that provides a reduced FMN to the second component, ActVA the proper monooxygenase. In this work, we demonstrate that the ActVA-ActVB system catalyzes the aromatic monohydroxylation of dihydrokalafungin by molecular oxygen. In the presence of reduced FMN and molecular oxygen, the ActVA active site accommodates and stabilizes an electrophilic flavin FMN-OOH hydroperoxide intermediate species as the oxidant. Surprisingly, we demonstrate that the quinone form of dihydrokalafungin is not oxidized by the ActVA-ActVB system, whereas the corresponding hydroquinone is an excellent substrate. The enantiomer of dihydrokalafungin, nanaomycin A, as well as the enantiomer of kalafungin, nanaomycin D, are also substrates in their hydroquinone forms. The previously postulated product of the ActVA-ActVB system, the antibiotic actinorhodin, was not found to be formed during the oxidation reaction.

Topics: Anthraquinones; Flavins; FMN Reductase; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroquinones; Hydroxylation; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Naphthoquinones; Oxidants; Quinones; Streptomyces coelicolor; Substrate Specificity

Incorporation of 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP into endogenous proteins, added histone and the copolymers Glu 80 Tyr 20 by rat liver plasma membranes was markedly increased by several naphthoquinones, including menadione. This stimulation was most marked with Glu 80 Tyr 20, has an absolute requirement for either dithiothreitol or reduced glutathione, and was inhibited by superoxide dismutase, catalase, and desferrioxamine to varying degrees depending on the quinones used. Their effectiveness in stimulating the apparent tyrosine-specific protein phosphorylation correlated with the rates of DTT-dependent redox cycling measured by oxygen consumption. Increased protein phosphorylation was also seen with particulate fractions isolated from hepatocytes incubated with quinones. A free radical-mediated mechanism is suggested for the quinone stimulation of protein phosphorylation.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Benzoquinones; Cell Membrane; Deferoxamine; Free Radicals; Hydroquinones; Liver; Naphthoquinones; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Quinones; Rats; Structure-Activity Relationship; Superoxide Dismutase; Vitamin K

Topics: Asteraceae; Glycosides; Hydroquinones; Naphthoquinones; Phenols; Plants, Medicinal; Pyrolaceae

Topics: Hydroquinones; Liver; Mitochondria; Naphthoquinones; Oxidative Phosphorylation; Retinoids; Ubiquinone; Vitamin K

Topics: Hydroquinones; Ketones; Naphthoquinones; Oxidation-Reduction; Phosphates

Topics: Biomedical Research; Diphosphates; Humans; Hydroquinones; Naphthoquinones; Quinones; Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; Radiopharmaceuticals; Radiotherapy