naphthoquinones and aniline

The oxidative addition of anilines (2) with 1,4-naphthoquinone (3) to give N-aryl-2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinones (1) was found to be catalyzed by copper(II) acetate. In the absence of the catalyst, the reactions are slower and give lower yields with the formation of many colateral products. In the presence of 10 mol % hydrated copper(II) acetate, the reactions are generally more efficient in that they are cleaner, higher yielding, and faster.

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Catalysis; Molecular Structure; Naphthoquinones; Organometallic Compounds; Oxidation-Reduction; Stereoisomerism

In vivo genotoxicity tests play a pivotal role in genotoxicity testing batteries. They are used both to determine if potential genotoxicity observed in vitro is realised in vivo and to detect any genotoxic carcinogens that are poorly detected in vitro. It is recognised that individual in vivo genotoxicity tests have limited sensitivity but good specificity. Thus, a positive result from the established in vivo assays is taken as strong evidence for genotoxic carcinogenicity of the compound tested. However, there is a growing body of evidence that compound-related disturbances in the physiology of the rodents used in these assays can result in increases in micronucleated cells in the bone marrow that are not related to the intrinsic genotoxicity of the compound under test. For rodent bone marrow or peripheral blood micronucleus tests, these disturbances include changes in core body temperature (hypothermia and hyperthermia) and increases in erythropoiesis following prior toxicity to erythroblasts or by direct stimulation of cell division in these cells. This paper reviews relevant data from the literature and also previously unpublished data obtained from a questionnaire devised by the IWGT working group. Regulatory implications of these findings are discussed and flow diagrams have been provided to aid in interpretation and decision-making when such changes in physiology are suspected.

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animals; Body Temperature; Bone Marrow Cells; Erythropoietin; Guidelines as Topic; Hyperthermia, Induced; Micronucleus Tests; Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens; Naphthoquinones; Phenol; Phenylhydrazines; Pyridines; Reserpine; Rodentia; Sensitivity and Specificity; Triazoles

A liquid chromatographic method for the determination of aniline in cyclamate sweeteners based on a pre-column derivatization with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate (NQS) is proposed. Aniline traces were extracted from the cyclamate samples using dichloromethane. After solvent evaporation, the dry residue was derivatized with NQS at pH 9.5 and 85 degrees C for 1 min. The aniline derivative, which was extracted from the reacting mixture, was redissolved in the eluent solution and injected into the chromatographic system. The separation of aniline derivative from other amine impurities was carried out in a C18 column using a 2% acetic acid-methanol (40:60, v/v) mobile phase. Results from the analysis of aniline in the sweetener samples with the proposed method were compared with those from the standard method. A good concordance between the two methods was observed.

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cyclamates; Indicators and Reagents; Methylene Chloride; Naphthoquinones; Sensitivity and Specificity

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Biphenyl Compounds; Coloring Agents; Naphthoquinones; Potassium; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Coloring Agents; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Inflammation; Naphthoquinones; Protamines; Vitamin K