naphthoquinones and 4-phenylenediamine

Temporary henna-based tattoos, particularly popular among western tourists holidaying in exotic places, can expose to the risk to develop allergic reactions. Although hypersensitivity to henna is extremely rare, para-phenylenediamine, which is sometimes added to henna to obtain a dark, blackish color, is a frequent contact sensitizer. The purpose of this article is to review the literature about allergic reactions to temporary henna tattoos and outline the causes, clinical aspects and complications of this practice that should not be regarded as innocuous and risk-free.

Topics: Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Emergency Nursing; Female; Hair Dyes; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Aminopyridines; Anthraquinones; Azo Compounds; Coloring Agents; Cresols; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dinitrochlorobenzene; Eugenol; Gene Expression; HaCaT Cells; Hair Dyes; Heme Oxygenase-1; Humans; Hydroquinones; In Vitro Techniques; Keratinocytes; Naphthoquinones; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Phenylenediamines; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Pyrogallol; Resorcinols; RNA, Messenger; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Topics: Blister; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Methylprednisolone; Middle Aged; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines

Para-phenylenediamine, a dye frequently added to henna tattoos to create the black color, is a potent contact allergen. Severe contact dermatitis may arise within days even after the first application. Our objective was to develop a method for rapid and complete removal of para-phenylenediamine-containing black henna tattoos from the skin, an important problem many physicians are confronted with, but for which no simple method exists.. A database search revealed polyethylene glycol 400, described in removal of ortho-phenylenediamine from contaminated skin. We therefore investigated its use in removal of the structurally related ortholog para-phenylenediamine present in black henna tattoos.. A protocol was established involving repeated cycles of rinsing of the skin with polyethylene glycol 400 solution. In 5 patients, one of whom had already developed a severe blistering contact dermatitis and another a mild erosive dermatitis, black henna tattoos were successfully removed. Removal was completed in a single session of 1 hour or less, depending on tattoo size, with a maximum of 6 rinse cycles.. We provide a simple and safe method for rapid and effective removal of black henna tattoos. This procedure requires no special equipment and can be applied in virtually any setting.

Topics: Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Adult; Allergens; Cymbopogon; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; False Negative Reactions; Female; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Oils, Volatile; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Pruritus; Skin; Tattooing

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by henna-based hair-colouring products has been associated with adulteration of henna with p-phenylenediamine (PPD).. To develop a testing approach based on in vitro techniques that address key events within the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway in order to evaluate the allergenic potential of hair-colouring products.. The following in vitro assays were used to test the sensitizing capacity of hair dye ingredients: the micro-direct peptide reactivity assay (mDPRA); the HaCaT keratinocyte-associated interleukin (IL)-18 assay; the U937 cell line activation test (U-SENS)/IL-8 levels; the blood monocyte-derived dendritic cell test; and genomic allergen rapid detection (GARD skin). Those techniques with better human concordance were selected to evaluate the allergenic potential of 10 hair-colouring products.. In contrast to the information on the label, chromatographic analyses identified PPD in all products. The main henna biomarker, lawsone, was not detected in one of the 10 products. Among the techniques evaluated by testing hair dye ingredients, the mDPRA, the IL-18 assay, GARD skin and the U-SENS correlated better with human classification (concordances of 91.7%-100%) and were superior to the animal testing (concordance of 78.5%). Thus, these assays were used to evaluate hair-colouring products, which were classified as skin sensitizers by the use of different two-of-three approaches.. Our findings highlight the toxicological consequences of, and risks associated with, the undisclosed use of PPD in henna-based "natural" "real-life" products.

Topics: B7-2 Antigen; Biological Assay; Cell Line, Tumor; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dendritic Cells; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Hair Dyes; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Interleukin-18; Interleukin-8; Keratinocytes; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines

Cosmetic products are subject to the European Cosmetics Regulation: They shall not harm human health when used under "normal or reasonably foreseeable conditions". Hazardous cosmetic products are reported by the EU Member States to the EU Commission and are listed in the database of the European Rapid Alert System RAPEX.. The reports from Germany on dangerous cosmetic products from the years 2005-3/2017 in the European RAPEX database were systematically analyzed.. During the study period, 157 dangerous cosmetic products were reported from Germany. The most common product categories were bleaching creams (24.2%) because of the content of hydroquinone, mercury or corticosteroids, creams/lotions/gels (10.8%) mainly due to microbiological contamination, henna products (10.2%) because of sensitizing concentrations of paraphenylene diamine, and nail adhesives (8.9%) because of high levels of methyl methacrylate.. Hazardous cosmetic products appear to be rare in view of the high market volume of cosmetics, even though the total number of official investigations the RAPEX reports based on is not known. Dermatologists should inform the competent monitoring authorities in case of a suspected harm to health caused by dangerous cosmetic products so that the products can be examined and, if necessary, withdrawn from the market.

Topics: Adhesives; Bleaching Agents; Cosmetics; Databases, Factual; Germany; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Hydroquinones; Mercury; Methylmethacrylate; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Skin Cream

Henna has a very low allergic potential, and severe allergenic contact dermatitis is mainly caused by p-phenylenediamine (PPD), which is added to temporary black 'henna tattoos', and potentially also by some heavy metals.. To determine the presence of, and quantify, Lawsone, PPD and heavy metal contaminants (cobalt, nickel, lead, and chromium) in commercial temporary black henna tattoo mixtures (n = 25) sold in Turkey.. Lawsone and PPD concentrations were analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography, and heavy metal quantification was performed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.. PPD was found in all 25 black henna tattoo samples purchased from tattoo shops; levels varied between 3.37% and 51.6%. Lawsone was detected (0.002-88.2%) in 21 of the 25 temporary black henna tattoo samples analysed. Heavy metal contaminant levels were 0.44-3.11 ppm for Co, 1.13-2.20 ppm for Ni, 1.59-17.7 ppm for Pb, and 35.0-76.9 ppm for Cr.. Our results suggest that commercial temporary black henna mixtures containing PPD levels up to 51.6% pose a risk of contact sensitization and severe allergic contact dermatitis among users. It is important to identify both the additives and metallic contaminants of black henna tattoo products; the significance of metal contaminants has still to be assessed.

Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromium; Cobalt; Coloring Agents; Cosmetics; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Lead; Metals, Heavy; Naphthoquinones; Nickel; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing; Turkey

Para-phenylenediamine is widely used as a chemical in hair dyes and in combination with henna. This dye is used to paint the body for decorative reasons, to speed the processing time of henna and to intensify the results. Para-phenylenediamine is widely used in the Middle East, North Africa and India. Several reports have been published of the fatal ingestion of hair dye containing para-phenylenediamine. Here, we describe the case of a 14-year-old girl who ingested the compound but whose prompt treatment prevented her death. Ingestion of para-phenylenediamine produces a typical triad of angioneurotic oedema, rhabdomyolysis and acute tubular necrosis. Awareness of signs of these associated conditions in our patient, together with a comprehensive history, facilitated appropriate treatment to be instituted. We document the steps we took to enable her complete physical recovery.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Angioedema; Chlorpheniramine; Female; Fluid Therapy; Furosemide; Hair Dyes; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Respiration, Artificial; Rhabdomyolysis; Suicide, Attempted; Tracheostomy

Topics: Art; Asia; Ceremonial Behavior; Drug Eruptions; Female; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Allergens; Child; Coloring Agents; Cosmetics; Dermatitis, Contact; Exanthema; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Henna (Lawsonia inermis) is applied to stain keratin, present in hair, skin and fingernails, a red-orange or rust colour. Producers of temporary tattoos mix the aromatic amine compound, para-phenylenediamine (PPD) into natural henna to create 'black henna' that rapidly stains the skin black. However, PPD may cause severe delayed hypersensitivity reactions following skin contact. This study proposes a rapid direct-analysis method to detect and identify PPD using an atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP) coupled to a Q-ToF mass spectrometer (MS). Since laborious, multistep methods of analysis to determine PPD are undesirable, due to the instability of the compound in solution, a screening method involving no sample preparation steps was developed. Experiments were carried out to optimise the corona current, sample cone voltage, source temperature, and desolvation gas temperature to determine ideal ASAP-Q-ToF-MS analysing conditions. Eleven of the 109 henna samples, originating from various countries, tested positive for PPD when henna products were screened using ASAP-MS, without any form of sample preparation other than grinding. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-ToF-MS) was subsequently used to confirm the results from ASAP and to determine the concentrations of PPD in henna products. The allergen was detected in the same eleven samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.05-4.21% (w/w). It can be concluded that the sensitivity of the ASAP-MS technique is sufficient (limit of detection=0.025% w/w) to allow screening of henna samples for the presence of PPD. This relatively new technique can be applied to commercial products without extraction, sample treatment or chromatographic separation.

Topics: Allergens; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coloring Agents; Irritants; Mass Spectrometry; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Skin

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Diagnosis, Differential; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Skin Cream; Tattooing; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Child; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Drug Eruptions; Erythema Multiforme; Female; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Administration, Cutaneous; Coloring Agents; Female; Hair Dyes; Humans; Middle Aged; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Renal Dialysis

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Drug Therapy, Combination; Forearm; Glucocorticoids; Histamine Antagonists; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing; Treatment Outcome

Allergic contact dermatitis from nonpermanent black henna tattoos has been frequently reported, particularly in children. Contamination or adulteration of the dyes with para-phenylendiamine has been identified as major cause of active sensitization and elicitation of severe allergic contact dermatitis. Sequelae include permanent sensitization, hyper- or hypopigmentation, scarring, keloids, and hypertrichosis. We report a rare case of irritant dermatitis to an unknown ingredient in a black henna tattoo with consecutive hypopigmentation. Sensitization to para-phenylendiamine and other para-compounds was excluded by patch test evaluation. This is relevant for future exposure to consumer products such as hair dyes or in occupational settings. Generally, black henna tattoos, particularly if done with dyes of unknown composition, should be strongly discouraged.

Topics: Child; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Hypopigmentation; Immunization; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: 2-Naphthylamine; Allergens; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dermatitis, Occupational; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing; Young Adult

Topics: Child; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Very few studies are available in which the components of henna products used by tattoo artists have been analysed.. The aim of this study was to quantify the amounts of lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, the active ingredient in henna) and p-phenylenediamine (PPD) in products used by tattoo artists and in commercial henna preparations used as hair dyes or to create temporary tattoos.. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to detect and quantify lawsone and PPD concentrations in three products used by henna tattoo artists, 11 commercially available henna preparations, and a batch of henna leaves (Lawsonia inermis).. The henna leaves contained 1.85-1.87% lawsone. Only one of the three preparations used by tattoo artists contained lawsone (0.21-0.35%), and all three were adulterated with PPD (1-64%). Of the 11 commercial henna preparations analysed, nine contained lawsone (1-2%) and two contained PPD (2% and 12%).. Products purporting to be henna, but that in fact contain no henna, are being offered. Moreover, these products may contain PPD, which is associated with health risks, especially severe allergic reactions.

Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coloring Agents; Consumer Product Safety; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Hair Dyes; Humans; Lawsonia Plant; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Plant Leaves; Spain; Tattooing; Thorax

The increased frequency of case reports of allergic contact dermatitis from non-permanent black henna tattoos in recent years shows the popularity of this form of body painting.. Seven patients presented with allergic contact dermatitis after initial hair or eyelash dyeing. They all had a history of a previous reaction from a black henna tattoo. All were patch tested with the European standard patch test series and the standard supplemental series, as well as special series for dyes and hairdressers.. All seven patients showed a positive reaction in patch testing with para-phenylenediamine (PPD) (0.3 % and/or 1.0 % in pet.). Five patients also had positive reactions to other dyes such as aminophenol, para-toluene diamine, disperse orange and yellow and four patients reacted to benzocaine. These were interpreted as cross-reactions. The time from sensitization by the black henna tattoo to the onset of allergic contact dermatitis after hair dyeing was an average of 6.2 years.. The most common cause of allergic contact dermatitis after black henna tattoos is PPD. Both the long skin contact and the high concentrations of PPD increase the risk of sensitization. Allergic contact dermatitis may be followed by post-inflammatory hyper- or hypopigmentation, scarring and lifelong sensitization, which can have occupational impact, especially for hair dressers and cosmeticians.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Hair Dyes; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Child; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dermatitis, Occupational; Humans; Middle Aged; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Prevalence; Young Adult

A rapid method for the determination of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) in cosmetic products, such as henna tattoos has been developed and evaluated. This analytical procedure involved extracting a 10mg test portion of cosmetic product in 10 mL of ethyl acetate, followed by determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC/MS-SIM). 1,4-Phenylenediamine-2,3,5,6-d(4) was selected as an internal standard that was added at the beginning of the extraction procedure and used to correct for recovery and matrix effects. The linearity ranged from 1.0 to 1275 μg/mL with a coefficient of determination (r(2)) greater than 0.999. LOQ and LOD were 1.0 and 0.10 μg/mL, respectively. The recovery in a tattoo product containing PPD was 94% and that for a tattoo product containing no PPD reached 105%. Extraction efficiency of 98% was obtained. This method has been successfully applied to henna temporary tattoo and other henna-related cosmetic products for the determination and quantitation of PPD.

Topics: Cosmetics; Drug Stability; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Least-Squares Analysis; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity

Topics: Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Young Adult

Temporary henna tattooing has been very popular during recent years. Henna (Lawsonia inermis) is a plant from the Lythraceae family. For henna tattooing, henna dye is used. It is a dark green powder, made from the leaves of the plant, used for hair dyeing and body tattooing. Very often, para-phenylenediamine (PPD) is added to henna dye to make color blacker and to speed up dyeing. PPD may be a very potent contact sensitizer. We report a 9-year-old boy with allergic contact dermatitis due to temporary henna tattooing. Patch testing showed a positive reaction to PPD. After the treatment with topical corticosteroid and oral antihistamines, the lesion cleared with discrete residual hypopigmentation.

Topics: Allergens; Child; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

We describe a case of a 10 year old boy who developed an contact dermatitis to black henna tattoo. Sixteen days later he was brought to the emergency department because of an presumed superinfection by S. aureus. The infection was successfully treated with dicloxacillin and the allergic reaction with bethametasone ointment and tablets. The use of pure henna is legal but has been proven to be harmful in animal experiments. Para-phenylendiamine (PPD) has been mixed with henna to achieve a darker colour and to decrease the treatment time and is well known to cause allergic reactions.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Anti-Allergic Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Betamethasone; Child; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dicloxacillin; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Ointments; Phenylenediamines; Staphylococcal Skin Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tablets; Tattooing; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Adult; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Hand Dermatoses; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Adult; Coloring Agents; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

We report on a 14-year-old boy who was presented to the emergency department with an acute swelling of the face and scalp 3 days after using a new hair dye. The patient had applied a black henna tattoo 1 year earlier. Patch testing revealed an allergy to the potent skin sensitizer paraphenylenediamine, a common ingredient of hair dyes and also found in black henna tattoo. It is important for emergency physicians to be aware of the possibility of a delayed type-IV hypersensitivity reaction from black henna tattoos manifesting as an acute contact dermatitis. These patients may have gross facial swelling but should not be treated for angioedema.

Topics: Adolescent; Coloring Agents; Edema; Face; Hair Dyes; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines

Topics: Child; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Alopecia; History, 19th Century; Humans; Inflammation; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Plant Extracts; Skin

In the last years there have been increasing reports of adverse cutaneous reactions to temporary black henna tattoos. Black henna does not exist naturally, it is obtained from original henna after the addition of other compounds, among them paraphenylenediamine (PPD), that darken it and facilitate the process of tattoing. Paraphenylenediamine is an aromatic compound that presents cross reactions with other components that have a benzene ring in their molecular structure. Many of these products may be present in the daily life of any person.. We reviewed patients that have shown erythema, inflammation and/or vesiculation in a previously tattooed area. The patients have undergone a temporary tattoo in street stalls during the summer period (2004-2005). A total of five patients were included, there were four men and one woman with a mean age of 13 years (3-34) and a mean latency period of 9.4 days (5-14). Black ink and plastic stencils were used to perform the tattoo. None of the patients has had previous contact with hair dyes or tattoos and none of them referred a personal history of atopic dermatitis. Patch testing was carried out using the standard set of the Spanish Group for Research in Contact Dermatitis [GEIDC] (TRUE TEST, Pharmacia. Hillerod. Denmark), with readings at 48 and 96 hours.. Sensitization to PPD is confirmed in three patients, one of them was also sensitized to formaldehyde. Hypopigmented scars persist in three patients.. Black henna pseudotattoos are a source of sensitization to PPD with potential severe consequences in a medium to long term. Currently there is no specific legislation with respect to the practice of this type of tattoos in our country.

Topics: Adult; Benzoquinones; Biotransformation; Child; Child, Preschool; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Humans; Hypopigmentation; Ink; Male; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Prodrugs; Tattooing

Topics: Adult; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Latex Hypersensitivity; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Adult; Blister; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Henna (Lawsonia inermis, family Lythraceae) is a shrub cultivated in India, Sri Lanka and North Africa and contains the active dye lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone). Henna dye is obtained from the dried leaves, which are powdered and mixed with oil or water and are used to prepare hair and body dyes. Temporary henna tattoos are readily available worldwide, last on the skin for several weeks and offer a self-limited, convenient alternative to a permanent tattoo. The addition of para-phenylenediamine (PPD), which is widely recognised as a sensitizer, increases the risk of allergic contact dermatitis from henna tattoo mixtures, and a number of cases have been reported. We examined 15 henna samples available in Korea for the presence of PPD and heavy metals such as nickel, cobalt, chromium, lead and mercury using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), mercury analyser and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. PPD, nickel and cobalt were detected in 3, 11 and 4 samples, respectively.

Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cobalt; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Nickel; Phenylenediamines; Spectrophotometry, Atomic; Tattooing

Topics: Acute Disease; Allergens; Child; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Henna is used as a hair dye and to make temporary tattoos on the skin. It is usually mixed with p-phenylendiamine (PPD) to increase colour intensity and to reduce the time of fixation on the skin proteins. PPD can cross react with azoic dyes which are used as textile dyes. We studied a patient with skin eczema in the area of a henna temporary tattoo. The epicutaneous tests performed with the standard Trolab and Chemotecnique hair dressing and textile batteries, showed positive results to PPD, p-toluendiamine, 5-4aminophenol, Yellow 3, Orange Red and Red 1, and negative results to three types of henna. The eczema in this patient was due to sensitisation to PPD on a henna tattoo with cross reaction to azoic dyes. The recent fashion of applying temporal tattoos in occidental countries may produce an increase in the frequency of contact dermatitis due to henna mixtures with cross- reaction to related compounds and possibly producing permanent skin changes.

Topics: Adult; Coloring Agents; Cross Reactions; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Allergens; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Diagnosis, Differential; Facial Dermatoses; Female; Hair Dyes; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Severity of Illness Index; Tattooing

Contact dermatitis following the application of temporary paint-on henna tattoos indicates a potentially serious problem of active sensitization. We describe 2 cases involving sisters who travelled to Bali together and acquired a temporary black henna tattoo to the lower back region. Both sisters subsequently developed a contact dermatitis at the tattoo site, the dermatitis disseminating in one sister. There was persistent hyperpigmentation at the tattoo site in both sisters several months after the application. Patch testing revealed a positive reaction to para-phenylenediamine (PPD) in both sisters. One sister also showed reactions to other hair dyes and to multiple organic dyes. Allergic contact dermatitis to PPD contained in temporary henna tattoos is an increasing problem worldwide, with cross-reaction to related compounds and permanent skin changes, a frequent consequence of sensitization to this significant allergen.

Topics: Adolescent; Clothing; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Hair Preparations; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing; Time Factors

Temporary henna tattoos are a popular fashion accessory in recent years. The tattoo dye consists of henna extract from the plant Lawsonia, and p-phenylenediamine to create a darker shade to the tattoo. Increasingly, emergency departments are seeing children with atopic reactions to these tattoos. The p-phenylenediamine component can cause a spongiotic dermatitis with lympho-histiocytic infiltrates. I present two cases of reactions to temporary tattoos in children attending the emergency department. The acute management of these cases and the possible future consequences of sensitization to p-phenylenediamine are discussed.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Coloring Agents; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Risk Factors; Tattooing; Time Factors

Topics: Back; Child; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing; Thiram

Topics: Aged; Benzocaine; Coloring Agents; Cross Reactions; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Sulfonamides; Tattooing

While allergic reactions to henna painting are extremely rare, we have witnessed an increasing number of reports of cutaneous reactions after henna tattooing, also called temporary tattooing. The reason for this lies in the contemporary composition of the paint, which contains paraphenylenediamine (PPD). We present six patients who developed allergic contact dermatitis after skin painting with "black henna", and who showed hypersensitivity to PPD. We discuss the issue of the short sensitization period of our patients and the reported ones.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Skin Tests; Tattooing

The use of temporary natural henna painting for body adornment and hair dyeing is very common in several countries of the Indian subcontinent, Middle East, and North Africa, and the fad is spreading in other parts of the world. Several cases of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) contaminated, temporary traditional/natural henna induced sensitization and acute allergic reaction have been reported, along with occasional serious long term and rare fatal consequences. We report here a 17-year-old girl with blisters over her hands of five-days duration that appeared within 72 hours of applying a temporary henna paint to her hands during a social occasion. Similar lesions were noted on her face. She had previously applied black henna only once, a year earlier without developing any lesions. Clinical diagnosis of acute allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was made. After a short course of oral corticosteroids, topical mometasone furaote 1.0% cream, and oral antihistamines, the lesions healed completely over the next four weeks leaving post-inflammatory hypopigmentation. Patch testing done with standard European battery, PPD 1% in petrolatum, and commercially available natural henna powder revealed a 3+ reaction to PPD at 48 hours. No reaction was seen at the natural henna site. Awareness of the condition among physicians and the public and regulation regarding warnings of the risks of using such products is urgently warranted.

Topics: Adolescent; Allergens; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Diagnosis, Differential; Facial Dermatoses; Female; Hand Dermatoses; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines

A woman developed widespread contact dermatitis after temporary tattooing with henna, caused by paraphenylenediamine (PPD) which had been added to the henna as an enhancer. The patient recovered after treatment; a week later an acute generalized rebound occurred after she wore dark clothing (black chador). Patch tests revealed type-IV allergy to PPD, along with multiple sensitisations to other textile dyes (disperse orange 3, para-aminoazobenzole, Bismark brown R). Temporary henna tattoos are not always harmless holiday souvenirs. The addition of color enhancers such as PPD into henna may lead to multiple contact allergies to other textile dyes.

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Coloring Agents; Cross Reactions; Dermatitis, Contact; Female; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Recurrence; Skin Tests; Tattooing

Skin tattooing with henna seems a safe alternative to permanent skin tattooing. Contact dermatitis due to henna is rare. Most of the reactions are due to additives, especially paraphenylenediamine, which is added to speed up the process of skin dyeing and to give a darker brown to black colour ('black' henna) instead of the otherwise reddish brown henna colour. Paraphenylenediamine is a well-known strong sensitizer, particularly due to its use as a hair dye. Three patients, two boys aged 8 and 10 years and a 30-year-old woman, developed allergic contact dermatitis after skin painting, after which hypopigmentation remained. Patch tests with paraphenylenediamine were strongly positive in all three patients. This positive reaction means that they will never be able to dye their hair and that they have an increased risk of cross-reactions with other dyes, but also with local anaesthetics, sulfonamides, para-aminoazobenzoic acid or para-aminosalicylic acid.

Topics: Adult; Child; Coloring Agents; Cross Reactions; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Humans; Hypopigmentation; Male; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Temporary black henna tattoos are very popular as body adornment. Although contact allergy to natural henna is unusual, the inclusion of hair dye, p-phenylenediamine (PPD), increases the risk of contact sensitization.. This study was performed to identify the presence and concentration of PPD in a black henna tattoo mixture to which our patient developed contact allergy.. The presence of PPD in a black henna tattoo mixture, various samples of commercially available henna powders, and several hair dye products was qualitatively and quantitatively detected using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).. This study demonstrated that PPD was present in the black henna tattoo mixture at a concentration of 15.7%, which is significantly higher than commercial hair dye preparations.. The presence of PPD in black henna tattoo mixtures in high concentration poses a health hazard and a risk of allergic contact sensitization with potential long-term consequences.

Topics: Adult; Arm; Back; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Four patients developed contact dermatitis to black henna tattoos on holiday in the Middle East and Asia. Two to ten days after skin painting an itchy, reddish swelling developed at the site of the tattoo exactly following its sharply demarcated borders. Histological investigation of the lesions revealed spongiotic dermatitis with dense lymphohistiocytic infiltrates. Patch testing in all patients showed a strong reaction to p-phenylenediamine (PPD). The other tests, including standard series and henna powder, were all negative. Healing time after application of topical class III and IV steroids was prolonged. These reports show an impressive side effect of temporary tattoos with possible long-term damage. Rather than henna, the causative agent in the pastes used for temporary tattoos appears to be PPD, a widely used dye that is added to the pastes in high concentrations to produce a darker shade. The growing incidence of this complication requires close observation, while practitioners should be aware of this sensitisation and of possible subsequent allergic reactions, especially after hair colouring with dyes based on PPD.

Topics: Adult; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Female; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Erythema Multiforme; Female; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Vitiligo

Topics: Child; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Middle Aged; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Male; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Pruritus; Tattooing

Skin painting (pseudotattooing) with henna is traditionally performed mainly in Muslim or Hindu persons. Recently, transient artists have begun using black henna mixtures to temporarily paint the skin. Emergence of allergic contact dermatitis after application indicates the presence of a skin sensitizer in such preparations and poses future risks.. Four patients developed allergic contact dermatitis after skin painting with black henna performed in France, Egypt, and the United States. The delay of symptoms suggested previous sensitization in 1 patient and active sensitization in 3 patients. Of 3 patients who underwent patch testing, the results were positive for p-phenylenediamine in 3 patients and for p-toluylenediamine in 1 patient. These sensitizers are found in hair dye preparations.. The mixtures used by the artists possibly contained natural henna, a rare and weak skin sensitizer, and likely contained chemical coloring agents, diaminobenzenes, such as p-phenylenediamine and/or diaminotoluenes. The long duration of skin contact, the high concentrations of sensitizing materials, and the lack of a neutralizing agent dramatically increase the risk of skin sensitization, which is why such substances are prohibited for direct skin application. Because of the worldwide vogue of skin painting, future cases of sensitization to p-phenylenediamine and diaminobenzenes or diaminotoluenes are expected.

Topics: Adult; Allergens; Child; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Adult; Female; Foot; Hair Dyes; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Poisoning; Pulmonary Edema; Saudi Arabia

Poisoning by a mixture of henna dye and para-phenylenediamine dyes led to the hospitalization of 31 Sudanese children between 1984 and 1989. There was a characteristic clinical presentation. All children presented with an acute and severe angioneurotic oedema and 15 of the cases required emergency tracheostomy for respiratory obstruction. Acute renal failure occurred in five children who recovered after peritoneal dialysis. Mortality was high, all 13 deaths occurring within 24 hours of presentation. Hypotensive shock gave a poor prognosis. It is possible that similar cases may be occurring unrecognized where henna is traditionally used. A programme of public education and restriction of para-phenylenediamine is urgently required in The Sudan and other affected nations. Ingestion was accidental in 12 children, deliberate in 10 and homicidal in three cases. Cutaneous absorption was likely in the remaining six.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Angioedema; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Hair Dyes; Humans; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Sudan