naphthoquinones and 4-benzoylpyridine

Carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1 or SDR21C1) is a ubiquitously-expressed, cytosolic, monomeric, and NADPH-dependent enzyme. CBR1 participates in apoptosis, carcinogenesis and drug resistance, and has a protective role in oxidative stress, cancer and neurodegeneration. S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) represents the newest addition to its diverse substrate spectrum, which includes a wide range of xenobiotics and endogenous substances. GSNO has also been shown to covalently modify and inhibit CBR1. The aim of the present study was to quantify and characterize the resulting modifications. Of five candidate cysteines for modification by 2 mM GSNO (positions 26, 122, 150, 226, 227), the last four were analyzed using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry and then quantified using the Selected Reaction Monitoring Approach on hyphenated HPLC with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The analysis confirmed GSNO concentration-dependent S-glutathionylation of cysteines at positions 122, 150, 226, 227 which was 2-700 times higher compared to wild-type CBR1 (WT-CBR1). Moreover, a disulfide bond between neighboring Cys-226 and Cys-227 was detected. We suggest a role of these two cysteines as a redox-sensitive cysteine pair. The catalytic properties of wild-type and enzyme modified with 2 mM GSNO were also investigated by steady state kinetic experiments with various substrates. GSNO treatment of CBR1 resulted in a 2-5-fold decrease in kcat with menadione, 4-benzoylpyridine, 2,3-hexanedione, daunorubicin and 1,4-naphthoquinone. In contrast, the same treatment increased kcat for substrates containing a 1,2-diketo group in a ring structure (1,2-naphthoquinone, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, isatin). Except for 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, all changes in kcat were at least in part compensated for by a similar change in Km, overall yielding no drastic changes in catalytic efficiency. The findings indicate that GSNO-induced covalent modification of cysteine residues affects the kinetic mechanism of CBR1 both in terms of substrate binding and turnover rate, probably by covalent modification of Cys-226 and/or Cys-227.

Topics: Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Amino Acid Sequence; Cysteine; Daunorubicin; Hexanones; Humans; Kinetics; Molecular Sequence Data; Naphthoquinones; Oxidation-Reduction; Pyridines; S-Nitrosoglutathione; Vitamin K 3

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the possible mechanism of superoxide formation through redox cycling of plumbagin (PLG) in pig heart. Of four 1,4-naphthoquinones tested in this study, PLG was most efficiently reduced in the cytosolic fraction of pig heart. On the other hand, lawsone (LAS) was little reduced. Thus, whether or not PLG and LAS induce the formation of superoxide anion radical in pig heart cytosol was examined, by using the methods of cytochrome c reduction and chemiluminescence. PLG significantly induced the formation of superoxide anion radical, even though LAS had no ability to mediate superoxide formation. PLG was a significant inhibitor for the stereoselective reduction of 4-benzoylpyridine (4-BP) catalyzed by tetrameric carbonyl reductase (TCBR) in pig heart cytosol. Furthermore, PLG was confirmed to competitively inhibit the 4-BP reduction, and the optimal pH for the PLG reduction was around 6.0 similar to that for the 4-BP reduction. These results suggest that PLG mediates superoxide formation through its redox cycling involved in the two-electron reduction catalyzed by TCBR, and induces oxidative stress in pig heart.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Cytochromes c; Myocardium; Naphthoquinones; Oxidation-Reduction; Pyridines; Superoxides; Swine