myosmine and solanesol

The 16-City Study analyzed for gas-phase environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) constituents (nicotine, 3-ethenyl pyridine [3-EP], and myosmine) and for particulate-phase constituents (respirable particulate matter [RSP], ultraviolet-absorbing particulate matter [UVPM], fluorescing particulate matter [FPM], scopoletin, and solanesol). In this second of three articles, we discuss the merits of each constituent as a marker for ETS and report pair-wise comparisons of the markers. Neither nicotine nor UVPM were good predictors for RSP. However, nicotine and UVPM were good qualitative predictors of each other. Nicotine was correlated with other gas-phase constituents. Comparisons between UVPM and other particulate-phase constituents were performed. Its relation with FPM was excellent, with UVPM approximately 1 1/2 times FPM. The correlation between UVPM and solanesol was good, but the relationship between the two was not linear. The relation between UVPM and scopoletin was not good, largely because of noise in the scopoletin measures around its limit of detection. We considered the relation between nicotine and saliva continine, a metabolite of nicotine. The two were highly correlated on the group level. That is, for each cell (smoking home and work, smoking home but nonsmoking work, and so forth), there was high correlation between average continine and 24-hour time-weighted average (TWA) nicotine concentrations. However, on the individual level, the correlations, although significant, were not biologically meaningful. A consideration of cotinine and nicotine or 3-EP on a subset of the study whose only exposure to ETS was exclusively at work or exclusively at home showed that home exposure was a more important source of ETS than work exposure.

Topics: Age Factors; Air Pollutants; Air Pollutants, Occupational; Alkaloids; Biomarkers; Cotinine; Environmental Exposure; Fluorescence; Forecasting; Humans; Linear Models; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Occupational Exposure; Pyridines; Regression Analysis; Saliva; Scopoletin; Sensitivity and Specificity; Smoking; Terpenes; Time Factors; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Ultraviolet Rays

The ultimate goal of the research reported in this series of three articles is to derive distributions of doses of selected environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)-related chemicals for nonsmoking workers. This analysis uses data from the 16-City Study collected with personal monitors over the course of one workday in workplaces where smoking occurred. In this article, we describe distributions of ETS chemical concentrations and the characteristics of those distributions (e.g., whether the distribution was log normal for a given constituent) for the workplace exposure. Next, we present population parameters relevant for estimating dose distributions and the methods used for estimating those dose distributions. Finally, we derive distributions of doses of selected ETS-related constituents obtained in the workplace for people in smoking work environments. Estimating dose distributions provided information beyond the usual point estimate of dose and showed that the preponderance of individuals exposed to ETS in the workplace were exposed at the low end of the dose distribution curve. The results of this analysis include estimations of hourly maxima and time-weighted average (TWA) doses of nicotine from workplace exposures to ETS (extrapolated from 1 day to 1 week) and doses derived from modeled lung burdens of ultraviolet-absorbing particulate matter (UVPM) and solanesol resulting from workplace exposures to ETS (extrapolated from 1 day to 1 year).

Topics: Absorption; Adult; Air Pollutants; Air Pollutants, Occupational; Algorithms; Alkaloids; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Linear Models; Lung; Male; Models, Biological; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Occupational Exposure; Probability; Pyridines; Scopoletin; Sex Factors; Smoking; Terpenes; Time Factors; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Ultraviolet Rays; Workplace

The potential health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a controversial subject, especially in the United States. Most studies on this subject have relied on reports of exposure from interviews or from questionnaires administered to the subjects. Other studies have derived data from actual measurements of markers of ETS in areas where tobacco products, especially cigarettes, are "being smoked" and the exposure of the subjects have been extrapolated from the values obtained. In this study, measurements of airborne ETS markers were made in approximately 1000 non-smokers in the US, who wore personal air sampling systems "at work" and "away from work". Participants in this study stated that they had not used tobacco products, nicotine patches, or nicotine gum for at least 6 months. It was found that the largest concentrations of ETS markers were encountered "away from work" and that, in general, the amount of ETS to which the subjects were exposed was markedly lower than those estimated in previous studies. Additionally, it appears that there is an important difference between the exposure to ETS perceived by participants and the actual exposures measured in this study.

Topics: Adult; Alkaloids; Female; Humans; Male; Nicotine; Occupational Exposure; Social Class; Terpenes; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States