muramidase and sodium-propionate

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are mainly produced by microbiota through the fermentation of carbohydrates in the intestine. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are the most abundant SCFA metabolites and have been shown to be important in the maintenance of host health. In this study, head kidney macrophages (HKMs) were isolated and cultured from turbots. We found that the antibacterial activity of HKMs was increased after these cells were incubated with sodium butyrate, sodium propionate or sodium acetate. Interestingly, our results showed that all three SCFAs enhanced the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) in HKMs, and further study confirmed that butyrate augmented the oxygen consumption of these cells. Moreover, HIF-1

Topics: Animals; Butyric Acid; Cells, Cultured; Edwardsiella tarda; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Flatfishes; Gene Expression Regulation; Head Kidney; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Histone Deacetylases; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages; Mice; Muramidase; Nitric Oxide; Oxygen Consumption; Propionates; RAW 264.7 Cells; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sodium Acetate

The present study explores the effect of dietary sodium propionate on mucosal immune response and expression of antioxidant enzyme genes in zebra fish (Danio rerio). Six hundred healthy zebra fish (0.42 ± 0.06 g) supplied, randomly stocked in 12 aquariums and fed on basal diets supplemented with different levels of sodium propionate [0 (control), 5, 10 and 20 g kg

Topics: Animals; Catalase; Fish Proteins; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Immunity, Mucosal; Interleukin-1beta; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Liver; Muramidase; Propionates; Sodium, Dietary; Superoxide Dismutase; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Zebrafish