monoperoxysulfate and potassium-persulfate

With the increasing spread of invasive marine species and their detrimental effects on aquaculture operations globally, mitigation strategies need to be optimized to mitigate economic impacts. The efficacy of a potassium monopersulphonate triple salt based disinfectant used in the aquaculture industry (Virkon® Aquatic at 0.5-5%) was evaluated against the solitary tunicate Ciona intestinalis, as well as the susceptibility of three different age groups of C. intestinalis to the treatment and the effect of the disinfectant on mussel mortality. Younger C. intestinalis were most affected by all treatments, and almost all immersion applications significantly decreased the biomass of C. intestinalis compared to untreated plates. Disinfectant solutions of ≥ 1% reduced biomass below pre-treatment levels. Mussel mortality was low, especially for solutions <3%. C. intestinalis should be treated 4 weeks post-settlement to maximize antifouling treatment effects. Immersion in 3% disinfectant for 30 s reduced the biomass of C. intestinalis by up to 89% and would be feasible in field applications using existing treatment equipment.

Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Bivalvia; Ciona intestinalis; Disinfectants; Peroxides; Pest Control; Potassium Compounds; Sulfates; Sulfuric Acids

In this paper, the degradation of azo dye Acid Orange 7 (AO7) by three common peroxides (persulfate (PS), peroxymonosulfate (PMS) or hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))) under various activation conditions, i.e., heat (25-80 degrees C), UV light (254 nm), or anions (SO(4)(2-), NO(3)(-), CO(3)(2-), HCO(3)(-), HPO(4)(2-), and Cl(-)), was investigated. The order of AO7 degradation efficiencies by heat activation is PS>>PMS>H(2)O(2). PS oxidation activated by heat (>50 degrees C) is an effective degradation technology, while PMS and H(2)O(2) are hardly activated. When assisted by UV, peroxides could all be activated and degrade AO7 quickly. The order is PS>H(2)O(2)>PMS. We activated peroxides, for the first time, by using some anions and compared the subsequently degradation efficiencies of AO7. It was found that PMS could be activated by some anions, but PS and H(2)O(2) cannot. The activation efficiencies of PMS by SO(4)(2-) and NO(3)(-) are negligible, whereas remarkable by HCO(3)(-), HPO(4)(2-), Cl(-) and CO(3)(2-). For HCO(3)(-), HPO(4)(2-) and Cl(-), the activation efficiencies become higher with the increase of anion concentration. For CO(3)(2-), however, the activation efficiency is higher at lower concentration.

Topics: Anions; Azo Compounds; Benzenesulfonates; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Indicators and Reagents; Industrial Waste; Oxidants; Peroxides; Potassium Compounds; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfates; Sulfuric Acids; Temperature; Ultraviolet Rays; Waste Disposal, Fluid