monocrotophos and dicrotophos

This paper examines the interaction between dissolved natural organic matter and pesticide residues, both of which are found in raw water sources, using three dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM) fluorescence spectroscopy. It was observed that pesticide residue at 0.1 mg L(-1) formed a complex with humic-like fluorophores that are commonly found in raw water samples. Applying 3DEEM fluorescence to investigate the humic fractions, it was found that identification of changes in water sources was possible, and, importantly, the presence of a number of pesticides was able to be determined. In addition, the formation of this complex, and the influence of soluble cations and anions upon it, was shown to impact the efficiency of analytical extraction procedures for pesticides; however, 3DEEM fluorescence could be an approach to account for such losses.

Topics: Atrazine; Benzopyrans; Humic Substances; Monocrotophos; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Simazine; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Tannins; Triazines; Water Pollutants, Chemical

Four organophosphorus insecticides and the active metabolites of two phosphorothionate insecticides were tested for their toxic and teratogenic effects on embryos of Xenopus laevis. All compounds caused dose-dependent developmental defects, such as abnormal pigmentation, abnormal gut development, notochordal defects and reduced growth. Malathion, malaoxon, parathion, and paraoxon produced severe defects, while monocrotophos and dicrotophos produced considerably milder defects. All compounds reduced NAD+ levels to a similar extent, regardless of the severity of the defects induced. Thus some commonly used organophosphorus insecticides and their metabolites are teratogenic to Xenopus embryos, but reduced NAD+ level does not appear to be important in causing the developmental defects.

Topics: Animals; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Insecticides; Malathion; Monocrotophos; Organophosphorus Compounds; Paraoxon; Parathion; Teratogens; Xenopus laevis

Topics: Alkenes; Alkylation; Amines; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Colorimetry; Ethers; Hydrolysis; Methods; Monocrotophos; Organophosphorus Compounds; Phosphamidon; Vinyl Compounds