monensin and halofuginone

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Chromatography, Liquid; Coccidiosis; Eggs; Food Analysis; Humans; Lactones; Lasalocid; Liquid-Liquid Extraction; Monensin; Nigericin; Piperidines; Poultry; Pyrans; Quinazolinones; Robenidine; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration

In vitro culture of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in HCT-8 cells was combined with immunofluorescent labelling and digital image analysis to quantify the development of the parasite by detecting and measuring the labelled area in the respective cell cultures. The number of inoculated oocysts and the labelled area correlated reliably and significantly (R (2), 0.98-0.99). The effects of various concentrations of halofuginone bromide (0.00039 to 50 microM) and monensin (0.00225 to 0.144 microM) on in vitro parasite development were determined in further trials in cultures inoculated each with 10(5) oocysts. Monensin reduced the detected area in a dose-dependant manner. In comparison to the untreated controls, the area positive for C. parvum in the cultures treated with 0.144 to 0.009 microM monensin reached a maximum of 17%, and inhibition of 40% was observed at 0.0045 microM. Halofuginone bromide also efficiently inhibited parasite in vitro reproduction, albeit at higher concentrations. At 12.5 microM or more, inhibition was at least 90%; 0.05 microM still yielded 80% inhibition, whereas at concentrations below 0.00625 microM, labelled areas abruptly increased. Both drugs appeared efficient under in vitro conditions; the applied system is suited to screen drugs for their anti-cryptosporidial capacity.

Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Coccidiostats; Cryptosporidium; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Monensin; Piperidines; Quinazolinones

Seven anticoccidial drugs commonly used in poultry (diclazuri), monensin, salinomycin, halofuginone, nicarbazin, robenidine, amprolium, and lasalocid) were tested for residual activity after withdrawal. In each test, the products were given at the recommended level to cages of 10 broiler chickens. Oral inoculation with coccidia was given after withdrawal of medication. Birds pretreated with 1 ppm of diclazuril and inoculated with Eimeria tenella after drug withdrawal had normal weight gain and very low lesion scores. Residual activity depleted gradually over several days, as shown by higher lesion scores when medication was withdrawn for up to 3 days before inoculation. Similar results were observed when young birds were inoculated with a mixture of E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina, and also when birds were given diclazuril to market weight (6 weeks of age) and inoculated with a mixture of six species of Eiméria (The above species plus E. brunetti, E. mitis, and E. necatrix) after withdrawal of medication for 2 days. In contrast, there was no evidence of residual anticoccidial activity with nicarbazin, halofuginone, lasalocid, amprolium, salinomycin or monensin. Overall, the residual activity was unique to diclazuril.

Topics: Amprolium; Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Eimeria tenella; Feces; Female; Lasalocid; Male; Monensin; Nicarbazin; Nitriles; Piperidines; Poultry Diseases; Pyrans; Quinazolines; Quinazolinones; Random Allocation; Triazines

Coccidia were isolated from a commercial broiler farm with a history of suspected drug resistance. The sensitivity profiles of the Eimeria spp. isolates against the anticoccidial drugs nicarbazin (NIC), narasin (NAR), halofuginone (HAL), salinomycin (SAL), meticlorpindol plus methylbenzoquate (MET), and monensin (MON) at the recommended dose levels were followed in three battery trials (B1, B2, B3) corresponding to a field study over three periods of commercial broiler keeping (F1, F2, F3). Shuttle programs were performed in F1 (NIC/MON) and in F2 (MET/MON) while only SAL was used in F3. Eimeria acervulina and E. tenella were isolated from indicator birds in F1 while only E. acervulina could be found during F2 and F3. In trial B1 the isolate from F1 was identified as resistant against HAL and partly resistant against NIC and MON, the two drugs that were used in F1. Following the replacement of NIC in the starter feed by MET the respective isolate from F2 showed no resistance against ionophores (trial B2) while partial resistance against HAL was still present. Since SAL was the most efficient drug in B1 and B2 only this drug was applied in F3. Apart from a resistance against HAL no resistance against any of the other tested anticoccidials was found in the isolate from F3. SAL controlled coccidiosis efficiently in the field and best productivity was recorded in F3. This study shows that battery trials have a good predictive value in respect to the efficacy of anticoccidials under the conditions of commercial broiler production.

Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Chickens; Clopidol; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Drug Resistance; Eimeria; Feces; Food Industry; Ionophores; Monensin; Nicarbazin; Piperidines; Poultry Diseases; Predictive Value of Tests; Pyrans; Quinazolines; Quinazolinones; Quinolones

Ten Eimeria field isolates from North Germany were studied in battery tests for sensitivity to selected anticoccidials. A high percentage of the Eimeria field isolates (9 out of 10) showed resistance to anticoccidials, mostly multiple resistance. Partial or complete resistance to maduramicin was found in 7 field isolates, to monensin in 6, to salinomycin in 5, to nicarbazin in 8, to halofuginone in 7, to robenidine and toltrazuril in 1, and to diclazuril in 2 field isolates. Multiple resistance had developed in 7 of the 10 isolates. Cross-resistance between maduramicin, monensin, and salinomycin occurred in 5 Eimeria isolates. One isolate showed cross-resistance between diclazuril and toltrazuril. From the resistant isolates 15 pure E. acerculina and 5 pure E. brunetti strains were obtained by single oocyst infections. Seven of the E. acerculina and 4 of the E. brunetti strains showed resistance or partial resistance that was also present in the original isolate. Ten of 11 resistant strains were multiply resistant.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Eimeria; Germany; Lactones; Male; Monensin; Nicarbazin; Nitriles; Piperidines; Poultry Diseases; Pyrans; Quinazolines; Quinazolinones; Robenidine; Triazines

Broilers were grown to 42 days of age on diets supplemented with salinomycin (60 mg/kg), monensin (99 mg/kg), or halofuginone (3 mg/kg) and continued on unmedicated diets to 49 days of age. There were no significant (P greater than .05) differences among anticoccidials in final body weight, feed conversion, or mortality rates. Samples of birds were processed for dressing percentage and parts yield. Both males and females fed salinomycin had significantly higher breast meat yield as a percentage of postchill weight than those fed halofuginone but not those fed monensin; differences were not significant for breast meat yield of males or females fed monensin or halofuginone. Males fed halofuginone had significantly heavier leg quarters than those fed salinomycin but not those fed monensin. Females fed salinomycin had significantly higher water uptake during chill than those fed monensin or halofuginone. Results of the present study indicate that the anticoccidial used in growing broilers may influence some carcass yield parameters.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Coccidiostats; Eating; Female; Male; Monensin; Muscle Development; Muscles; Piperidines; Pyrans; Quinazolines; Quinazolinones; Random Allocation

In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted in an effort to elucidate the mechanism of suppression by halofuginone of skin strength in broilers. In the in vivo study, halofuginone was included at concentrations of 0, 1.5, 3, and 6 mg/kg of diet, corresponding to 0, 50, 100, and 200%, respectively, of the amount recommended for use as a coccidiostat. Each dietary treatment was given to 260 female broiler day-old chickens. Skin tearing was evaluated at the processing plant. Skin collagen and Kjeldahl-nitrogen were determined chemically. At the age of 7 wk, BW and feed efficiency were affected only in birds consuming the diet containing the highest concentration of the drug. Skin tearing increased but skin collagen concentration decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Fibroblasts were obtained by collagenase digestion from chicken skin and cultured. The cultured cells were incubated with various concentrations of halofuginone, monensin, and nicarbazin, and [3H]proline incorporation was evaluated in collagenase-digestible (representing mostly collagen) and nondigestible proteins exported by the cells into the medium. Halofuginone, at a concentration as low as 10(-11) M, inhibited incorporation of [3H]proline into collagenase-digestible proteins, but did not affect incorporation of [3H]proline into collagenase-nondigestible proteins. Even at concentrations as high as 10(-9) M, neither monensin nor nicarbazin affected collagenase-digestible proteins. The in vitro results suggest that halofuginone specifically inhibits collagen synthesis by skin fibroblasts. Results of both in vivo and in vitro trials suggest that the increase of skin tearing during processing, induced by halofuginone, is caused by direct suppression of skin collagen synthesis.

Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Chickens; Coccidiostats; Collagen; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Fibroblasts; Monensin; Nicarbazin; Piperidines; Quinazolines; Quinazolinones; Random Allocation; Skin; Weight Gain

Efficacy of virginiamycin (22 mg/kg) in combination with no drug, amprolium, carbarsone, halofuginone, or monensin, was studied. Male and female turkeys were raised to market age in five experiments conducted from 1983 to 1987. Body weights and feed:gain responses to virginiamycin for males and females were positive and significant (P less than .05). Virginiamycin resulted in mean 5.2 and 6.3% body weight responses and 3.3 and 2.2% feed:gain responses for males at 19 or 20 wk of age and for females at 16 or 17 wk of age, respectively. Mortality rates were low in all studies, and were not influenced by virginiamycin. In a processing study, virginiamycin in combination with halofuginone did not affect shrinkage, yield, or market grade. Feed was utilized by males and females 3.9 and 3.0%, respectively, more efficiently than expected with dietary virginiamycin, compared with results predicted by a simulation modeling technique. Profitability was considerably greater with dietary virginiamycin using actual data than with simulated feed consumption data.

Topics: Amebicides; Amprolium; Animal Feed; Animals; Arsanilic Acid; Drug Interactions; Eating; Energy Metabolism; Female; Male; Monensin; Mortality; Piperidines; Quinazolines; Quinazolinones; Sex Characteristics; Turkeys; Virginiamycin; Weight Gain

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding various anticoccidial products to turkeys to 8 wk and then growing to market age (16 wk for hens and 20 wk for toms). Anticoccidials evaluated in the first trial included amprolium at 187.5 mg/kg for 0 to 4 wk and 125 mg/kg for 4 to 8 wk; butynorate at 375 mg/kg for 0 to 8 wk; monensin at both 60 (MON-60) and 100 mg/kg for 0 to 8 wk; zoalene at 187.5 mg/kg for 0 to 4 wk and 125 mg/kg for 4 to 8 wk; and halofuginone at 3 mg/kg for 0 to 8 wk. In the second trial, MON-60 was replaced by a combination of sulfadimethoxine (62.5 mg/kg) plus ormetoprim (37.5 mg/kg) for 0 to 8 wk. In each trial each treatment was fed to four pens of 16 hens and four pens of 12 toms. Several of the anticoccidials significantly influenced the weight of both hens and toms by producing lower weights at the end of the 8-wk feeding period than birds in other treatments. However, after removal of the anticoccidials, compensatory gains were observed in almost every instance. Significant effects of previous anticoccidial feeding were noted on body weight of hens at 16 wk but not on weights of toms at 20 wk.

Topics: Amprolium; Animal Feed; Animals; Coccidiostats; Dietary Fats; Dinitolmide; Eating; Female; Male; Monensin; Organotin Compounds; Piperidines; Pyrimidines; Quinazolines; Quinazolinones; Random Allocation; Sulfadimethoxine; Turkeys; Weight Gain

Two trials were conducted to compare the efficacy of currently approved anticoccidials for turkeys against challenge using a field isolate of mixed Eimeria species; E. adenoides, E. gallopavonis, and E. meleagrimitis. Poults in wire-floored cages were fed unmedicated diets from day-old to 3 wk of age. Diets were supplemented with either amprolium (AMP, 125 mg/kg), butynorate (BUT, 375 mg/kg), monensin (MON-60, 60 mg/kg; MON-100, 100 mg/kg), halofuginone (HAL; 3 mg/kg), zoalene (ZOA; 125 mg/kg), or sulfadimethoxine plus ormetoprim (SUL + ORM, 62.5 mg/kg and 37.5 mg/kg, respectively). After 2 days on the test diets, poults were individually weighed and inoculated with sporulated coccidial oocysts from the field isolate. Total fecal collections were obtained for Days 0 to 5 and 6 to 10 to estimate oocyst output. At 10 days postinoculation, the birds were individually weighed and killed to determine severity of intestinal lesions. The HAL and MON were most effective and AMP, ZOA, and SUL + ORM were least effective in maintaining weight and in reducing the severity of intestinal lesions. All the coccidiostats tested reduced oocyst passage, but poults fed HAL produced fewer oocysts. The results demonstrated differences in efficacy among anticoccidials with the more recently approved drugs providing the best protection against coccidiosis.

Topics: Amprolium; Animals; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Dinitolmide; Feces; Intestines; Male; Monensin; Organotin Compounds; Piperidines; Poultry Diseases; Pyrimidines; Quinazolines; Quinazolinones; Sulfadimethoxine; Turkeys; Weight Gain

The activities of five anticoccidials were compared against Eimeria species in/of chickens, in controlled in vivo and in vitro laboratory studies. Two more recent and potent market entries (maduramicin and halofuginone) were compared with three older polyether antibiotic anticoccidials (monensin, lasalocid and salinomycin). Halofuginone, lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin and salinomycin were evaluated at 3, 125, 5, 120 and 66 ppm, respectively, of active drug in the diets. At these levels, all five drugs demonstrated significant activity against Eimeria tenella, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. brunetti and E. acervulina (in vivo). Monensin was least effective against E. tenella, and one of the lesser efficacious drugs against E. necatrix, maduramicin, was least effective against E. maxima. In studies of single Eimeria species infections, comparable weight gains were noted for the drugs. In the mixed Eimeria species infections, however, birds treated with maduramicin had significantly higher weight gains than did birds medicated with monensin. Unlike in vivo potencies, titration in vitro indicated that monensin was most potent (active at 10(-6) mcg ml-1), and maduramicin and lasalocid least potent (inactive at less than or equal to 10(-3) mcg ml-1).

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Weight; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Eimeria; Female; Ionophores; Lactones; Lasalocid; Male; Monensin; Piperidines; Poultry Diseases; Pyrans; Quinazolines; Quinazolinones

Chemoprophylaxis of Cryptosporidium baileyi infections was attempted by feeding 4 groups of chicks diets containing 3 mg of halofuginone/kg of feed, 60 mg of salinomycin/kg, 75 mg of lasalocid/kg, or 110 mg of monensin/kg. Rations were fed 5 days before oral or intratracheal inoculation with oocysts and were continued for 20 days. None of the drugs prevented C baileyi infections. Clinical signs of respiratory tract disease and gross lesions of airsacculitis were observed in intratracheally inoculated birds in all treatment groups and nonmedicated controls. Orally inoculated birds did not develop clinical signs of infection. Pathogenic bacteria were not isolated from the respiratory tract systems of any chicks. Halofuginone delayed the establishment of infections of the bursa of Fabricius and cloaca, but not of the trachea.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Coccidiostats; Cryptosporidiosis; Lasalocid; Monensin; Piperidines; Poultry Diseases; Pyrans; Quinazolines; Quinazolinones

Monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, nicarbazin, halofuginone, or arprinocid were fed to 1-week-old male broiler chicks at recommended levels and 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 times the recommended level, for 3 weeks. Pair-feeding experiments also were conducted to investigate the extent that growth depression with medicated diets could be attributed to the drop in feed consumption. At the recommended level of drugs, growth and feed conversion were not significantly affected. At elevated drug levels, performance was impaired; the adverse effects of drugs became more pronounced with increasing the concentrations in the diets. Weight gain was significantly depressed at 1.5X with arprinocid, halofuginone, and salinomycin, at 1 to 2X with monensin, at 2X with lasalocid, and at 2.5X with nicarbazin. Feed conversion, however, was adversely affected by 2X with halofuginone or 2.5X with salinomycin, nicarbazin, arprinocid, monensin, or lasalocid. The results of the pair-feeding experiments with 2 to 3 times drug levels indicated that most of the growth depression with medicated diets could be attributed to reduced feed consumption, but all drugs except arprinocid caused some additional growth depression.

Topics: Adenine; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Coccidiostats; Growth; Lasalocid; Male; Monensin; Nicarbazin; Piperidines; Quinazolines; Quinazolinones

Three experiments were designed to test the efficacy of salinomycin and stenorol against infection by various Eimeria species on cage reared broiler type chicks. Efficacy was based on a coccidial index. Sixty parts per million salinomycin alone or in combination with 50 ppm 3 nitro significantly improved the index over basal treatments or when 3 nitro was used alone. The differences in index values recorded for coban and salinomycin were not significant. Stenorol significantly improved the index and appeared to be a most effective anticoccidial product. Broiler chickens reared in floor pens to 8 weeks showed a significant reduction in weight gain when the diet contained salinomycin +3 nitro or coban. Stenorol at 3, 6, or 9 ppm reduced body weight, with linear regression for this effect being highly significant (P less than .01). No coccidiosis was observed.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Ionophores; Male; Monensin; Piperidines; Poultry Diseases; Pyrans; Quinazolines; Quinazolinones; Roxarsone

The activities of monensin, lasalocid and halofuginone against Eimeria tenella, E. brunetti and E. necatrix have been studied under laboratory conditions. Complete control of experimental infections in the chick, separable from toxicity, was not obtained with monensin, but was achieved with the other two compounds at levels of 150 and 6 ppm in the food respectively. All three compounds appear to inhibit coccidial development very early in the life-cycle, and to have a fairly rapid lethal effect, monensin and lasalocid more so than the febrifugine derivative. In vivo observations have been supplemented with in vitro studies. Some discussion of the difficulties of relating laboratory experiments to field performance is given.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Eimeria; Feces; Lasalocid; Monensin; Piperidines; Poultry Diseases; Quinazolines; Quinazolinones