menaquinone-6 and annatto

The role of the gut microbiome in bone health has received significant attention in the past decade. We investigated the effects of green tea polyphenols (GTP) and annatto-extracted tocotrienols (AT) on bone properties and gut microbiome in obese mice. Male mice were assigned to a two (no AT vs. 400 mg/kg diet AT) × two (no GTP vs. 0.5% w/v GTP) factorial design, namely control, G, T, and G+T group respectively, for 14 weeks. The 4th lumbar vertebra (LV-4) and femur were harvested for bone microstructural analysis using μ-CT. Microbiome analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of cecal feces was performed. AT increased bone volume at distal femur. GTP increased serum procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide concentration, bone volume at the distal femur and the LV-4, and trabecular number at distal femur; whereas GTP decreased trabecular separation at distal femur. Interactions between GTP and AT were observed in serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen level (control>G=T=G+T) as well as the cortical bone area (control

Topics: Animals; Bixaceae; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Carotenoids; Clostridiales; Collagen Type I; DNA; Femur; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Obese; Microbiota; Peptide Fragments; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Tea; Tocotrienols; Vitamin K 2; X-Ray Microtomography