maleylpyruvate and mycothiol

Mycothiol (MSH) is the major low molecular mass thiols in many Gram-positive bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium glutamicum. The physiological roles of MSH are believed to be equivalent to those of GSH in Gram-negative bacteria, but current knowledge of MSH is limited to detoxification of alkalating chemicals and protection from host cell defense/killing systems. Recently, an MSH-dependent maleylpyruvate isomerase (MDMPI) was discovered from C. glutamicum, and this isomerase represents one example of many putative MSH-dependent enzymes that take MSH as cofactor. In this report, fourteen mutants of MDMPI were generated. The wild type and mutant (H52A) MDMPIs were crystallized and their structures were solved at 1.75 and 2.05 A resolution, respectively. The crystal structures reveal that this enzyme contains a divalent metal-binding domain and a C-terminal domain possessing a novel folding pattern (alphabetaalphabetabetaalpha fold). The divalent metal-binding site is composed of residues His52, Glu144, and His148 and is located at the bottom of a surface pocket. Combining the structural and site-directed mutagenesis studies, it is proposed that this surface pocket including the metal ion and MSH moiety formed the putative catalytic center.

Topics: Amino Acid Substitution; Bacterial Proteins; Binding Sites; Catalytic Domain; cis-trans-Isomerases; Coenzymes; Corynebacterium glutamicum; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cysteine; Glycopeptides; Inositol; Isomerases; Mutation, Missense; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pimelic Acids; Protein Folding; Protein Structure, Secondary; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Structure-Activity Relationship

Data mining of the Corynebacterium glutamicum genome identified 4 genes analogous to the mshA, mshB, mshC, and mshD genes that are involved in biosynthesis of mycothiol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Individual deletion of these genes was carried out in this study. Mutants mshC- and mshD- lost the ability to produce mycothiol, but mutant mshB- produced mycothiol as the wild type did. The phenotypes of mutants mshC- and mshD- were the same as the wild type when grown in LB or BHIS media, but mutants mshC- and mshD- were not able to grow in mineral medium with gentisate or 3-hydroxybenzoate as carbon sources. C. glutamicum assimilated gentisate and 3-hydroxybenzoate via a glutathione-independent gentisate pathway. In this study it was found that the maleylpyruvate isomerase, which catalyzes the conversion of maleylpyruvate into fumarylpyruvate in the glutathione-independent gentisate pathway, needed mycothiol as a cofactor. This mycothiol-dependent maleylpyruvate isomerase gene (ncgl2918) was cloned, actively expressed, and purified from Escherichia coli. The purified mycothiol-dependent isomerase is a monomer of 34 kDa. The apparent Km and Vmax values for maleylpyruvate were determined to be 148.4 +/- 11.9 microM and 1520 +/- 57.4 micromol/min/mg, respectively (mycothiol concentration, 2.5 microM). Previous studies had shown that mycothiol played roles in detoxification of oxidative chemicals and antibiotics in streptomycetes and mycobacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that mycothiol is essential for growth of C. glutamicum with gentisate or 3-hydroxybenzoate as carbon sources and the first characterization of a mycothiol-dependent maleylpyruvate isomerase.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Carbon; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; cis-trans-Isomerases; Corynebacterium glutamicum; Cysteine; Disaccharides; DNA Primers; Escherichia coli; Gene Deletion; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Gentisates; Glycopeptides; Hydroxybenzoates; Inositol; Ions; Kinetics; Mass Spectrometry; Models, Chemical; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Weight; Mutation; Phenotype; Pimelic Acids; Plasmids; Pyrazoles; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Time Factors