lithium-chloride and cesium-chloride

Several alkali chlorides were compared for their use in reverse transcription (RT) and PCR of different types of nucleic acid templates. On a test region of biological DNA incapable of forming G quadruplex (G4) structures, Taq DNA polymerase showed similar PCR performance with 50 mM KCl, CsCl, LiCl, and NaCl. In contrast, on a synthetic model polydeoxyribonucleotide prone to G4 formation, good PCR amplification was obtained with 50 mM CsCl, but little or none with LiCl or KCl. Similarly, in RT of a G4-prone model polyribonucleotide, MMLV reverse transcriptase produced a good yield with 50 mM CsCl, mediocre yields with LiCl or without added alkali chloride, and a poor yield with 50 mM KCl. The full RT-PCR assay starting from the G4-prone polyribonucleotide, showed good results with CsCl in both stages, poor results with LiCl, and no product formation with KCl. The model polynucleotides showed fast G quadruplex formation under PCR or RT conditions with 50 mM KCl, but not with CsCl or LiCl. The results argue for the use of CsCl instead of KCl for RT and PCR of G4-prone sequences. No advantage was observed when using the 7-deaza type nucleotide analog c

Topics: Cesium; Chlorides; DNA; G-Quadruplexes; Lithium Chloride; Polynucleotides; Potassium Chloride; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reverse Transcription; Sodium Chloride

Ions and water structuring at charged-solid/electrolyte interfaces and forces arising from interfacial structuring in solutions above 100 mM concentrations dominate structure and functionality in many physiological, geological, and technological systems. In these concentrations, electrolyte structuring occurs within the range of molecular dimensions. Here, we quantitatively measure and describe electric double layer (EDL) and adhesive interactions at mica-interfaces in aqueous CsCl and LiCl solutions with concentrations ranging from 50 mM to 3 M. Complementarily, using atomic force microscopy and surface forces apparatus experiments we characterize concentration-dependent stark differences in the inner and outer EDL force profiles, and discuss differences between the used methods. From 50 mM to 1 M concentrations, interactions forces measured in CsCl-solutions exhibit strong hydration repulsions, but no diffuse EDL-repulsions beyond the Stern layer. In confinement the weakly hydrated Cs(+) ions condensate into the mica-lattice screening the entire surface charge within the Stern layer. In contrast, strongly hydrated Li(+) ions only partially compensate the surface charge within the Stern layer, leading to the formation of a diffuse outer double layer with DLVO behavior. Both LiCl and CsCl solutions exhibit oscillatory ion-hydration forces at surface separations from 2.2 nm to 4-8 Å. Below 4-8 Å the force profiles are dominated in both cases by forces originating from water and/or ion confinement at the solid/electrolyte/solid interface. Adhesive minima and their location vary strongly with the electrolyte and its concentration due to specific ion correlations across the interface, while dispersion forces between the surfaces are overpowered. Highly concentrated 3 M solutions exhibit solidification of the inner EDL structure and an unexpected formation of additional diffuse EDL forces with an increasing range, as recently measured in ionic liquids. Our results may have important implications for understanding and modeling of interaction forces present in static and dynamic systems under physiological and high salt conditions.

Topics: Aluminum Silicates; Cesium; Chlorides; Electrolytes; Lithium Chloride; Surface Properties

We study the ion-specific salting-out process of benzene in aqueous alkali chloride solutions using Kirkwood-Buff (KB) theory of solutions and molecular dynamics simulations with different empirical force field models for the ions and benzene. Despite inaccuracies in the force fields, the simulations indicate that the decrease of the Setchenow salting-out coefficient for the series NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl is determined by direct benzene-cation correlations, with the larger cations showing weak interactions with benzene. Although ion-specific aqueous solubilities of benzene may be affected by indirect ion-ion, ion-water, and water-water correlations, too, these correlations are found to be unimportant, with little to no effect on the Setchenow salting-out coefficients of the various salts. We further considered LiCl, which is experimentally known to be a weaker salting-out agent than NaCl and KCl and, therefore, ranks at an unusual position within the Hofmeister cation series. The simulations indicate that hydrated Li(+) ions can take part of the benzene hydration shell while the other cations are repelled by it. This causes weaker Li(+) exclusion around the solute and a resulting, weaker salting-out propensity of LiCl compared to that of the other salts. Removing benzene-water and benzene-salt electrostatic interactions in the simulations does not affect this mechanism, which may therefore also explain the smaller effect of LiCl, as compared to that of NaCl or KCl, on aqueous solvation and hydrophobic interaction of nonpolar molecules.

Topics: Benzene; Cations; Cesium; Chlorides; Lithium Chloride; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Potassium Chloride; Rubidium; Sodium Chloride; Solubility; Thermodynamics; Water

The comprehensive understanding of the composition, behaviour and reactivity of a catalyst used inside industrial plants is an extremely hard task that is rarely achieved. It requires the use of different spectroscopic techniques, applied under in situ or in operando conditions, and combined with the investigation of the catalyst activity. Often the operating experimental conditions are different from technique to technique and the different results must be compared with care. In the present contribution, we combined in situ XANES/EXAFS, IR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO, CO chemisorption and catalytic tests performed using a pulse reactor in depletive mode. This multitechnical approach resulted in the understanding of the role that dopants (LiCl, KCl, CsCl, MgCl(2) LaCl(3)) have in the nature, relative fraction, reducibility and dispersion of Cu-phases on CuCl(2)/gamma-Al(2)O(3) catalysts for oxychlorination reaction, a key step of the PVC chemistry. In the undoped catalyst two Cu phases coexist: Cu-aluminate and supported CuCl(2), being the latter the only active one [J. Catal., 2000, 189, 91]. EXAFS and XANES highlighted that all dopants contribute more or less efficiently in increasing the fraction of the active copper species, that reaches a value of almost 100% in the case of MgCl(2) or LaCl(3). EXAFS directly, and IR indirectly, proved that the addition of KCl or CsCl (and less efficiently of LiCl) results in the formation of mixed CuK(x)Cl(2+x) or CuCs(x)Cl(2+x) phases, so altering the chemical nature of the active phase. XANES spectroscopy indicates that addition of MgCl(2) or LaCl(3) does not affect the reducibility by ethylene (under static conditions) of the active CuCl(2) phase and that the reducibilility of the new copper-dopant mixed chloride are in the order CuCl(2) > CuLi(x)Cl(2+x) > CuK(x)Cl(2+x) > CuCs(x)Cl(2+x). However, when reduction is done inside a pulse reactor, a more informative picture comes out. The last technique is able to differentiate all samples, and their ability to be reduced by ethylene resulted in the order: La- > Mg- > Li-doped > undoped > K- > Cs-doped catalyst. To understand this apparent discrepancy the dispersion of the active phase, measured by CO chemisorption, was needed: it has been found that addition of LiCl increases enormously the dispersion of the active phase, LaCl(3) significantly and MgCl(2) barely, while addition of both KCl and CsCl results in a decrease of the surface area of the active phase. The mec

Topics: Aluminum Oxide; Catalysis; Cesium; Chlorides; Copper; Ethylenes; Lithium Chloride; Magnesium Chloride; Oxidation-Reduction; Potassium Chloride; X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

The structure of aqueous LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CsCl, KF, and NaI solutions is calculated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the frequently employed Dang force-field in SPC/E water. By using liquid state theory, we integrate the structure to obtain the electrolytes' osmotic coefficient phi and systematically investigate force-field quality and structural consequences to ion-specific bulk thermodynamics. The osmotic coefficients phi(chi) calculated from the exact compressibility route for the cation-Cl(-) force-fields match experiments for concentrations rho approximately < 2M, while NaI and KF parameters fail. Comparison of phi(chi) with phi(v) from the virial route, which relies on the pair potential approximation, shows that many-body effects become important for all salts above rho approximately 0.5M. They can be efficiently corrected, however, by employing a salt-type and rho-dependent dielectric constant epsilon(rho), generalizing previous observations on NaCl only. For physiological concentrations, rho approximately < 0.5M, the specific osmotic behavior is found to be determined by the short-ranged cation-anion pair potential only and is strongly related to the second virial coefficient of the latter. Presented methods and findings, based on simple integrations over the electrolyte structure, enable efficient MD force-field refinement by direct benchmarking to the sensitive electrolyte thermodynamics, instead to noncollective, single ion properties.

Topics: Cesium; Chlorides; Electrolytes; Fluorides; Lithium Chloride; Potassium Chloride; Potassium Compounds; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Iodide; Solutions; Thermodynamics

The physiological role of Candida albicans Cnh1, a member of the Na+/H+ antiporter family, was characterized. Though CaCnh1p had broad substrate specificity and mediated efflux of at least four alkali metal cations upon heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, its presence in C. albicans cells was important especially for potassium homeostasis. In C. albicans, CaCnh1p tagged with GFP was localized in the plasma membrane of cells growing as both yeasts and hyphae. Deletion of CNH1 alleles did not affect tolerance to NaCl, LiCl or CsCl, but resulted in increased sensitivity to high external concentrations of KCl and RbCl. The potassium and rubidium tolerance of a cnh1 homozygous mutant was fully restored by reintegration of CNH1 into the genome. The higher sensitivity of the cnh1/cnh1 mutant to external KCl was caused by a lower K+ efflux from these cells. Together, the functional characterization of the CaCnh1 antiporter in C. albicans revealed that this antiporter plays a significant role in C. albicans physiology. It ensures potassium and rubidium tolerance and participates in the regulation of intracellular potassium content of C. albicans cells.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida albicans; Cell Membrane; Cesium; Chlorides; Cloning, Molecular; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Fungal Proteins; Gene Deletion; Gene Expression; Genetic Complementation Test; Homeostasis; Hyphae; Lithium Chloride; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Rubidium; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sodium Chloride; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; Substrate Specificity; Yeasts

Ion current through single outer membrane protein F (OmpF) trimers was recorded and compared to molecular dynamics simulation. Unidirectional insertion was revealed from the asymmetry in channel conductance. Single trimer conductance showed particularly high values at low symmetrical salt solution. The conductance values of various alkali metal ion solutions were proportional to the monovalent cation mobility values in the bulk phase, LiCl

Topics: Aspartic Acid; Cation Transport Proteins; Cations, Monovalent; Cesium; Chlorides; Computational Biology; Electric Conductivity; Lipid Bilayers; Lithium Chloride; Models, Molecular; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Porins; Potassium Chloride; Rubidium; Sodium Chloride; Thermodynamics

A molecular beacon approach was developed to directly determine the association constant of RNA-DNA hybrid formation. The molecular beacon was composed of a 15-nt loop structure containing the antisense sequence that can hybridize with the AUG translational start site of the HER2/neu gene, which is overexpressed in a significant proportion of breast, ovarian, and lung tumors. The equilibrium association constant (Ka) of DNA binding to the RNA oligonucleotide was 6.4 +/- 0.14 x 10(7) M(-1) in the presence of 150 mM NaCl at 22 degrees C. The free energy change (AG) associated with RNA-DNA hybrid formation was -10.7 kcal/mole. The melting temperature (Tm) of RNA-DNA hybrid was 64.4 degrees C +/- 1 degree C in the presence of 150 mM NaCl. The RNA-DNA hybrid was more stable than the corresponding DNA-DNA duplex in 150 mM NaCl, as judged by both Ka and Tm data. We also determined the Ka, deltaG, and Tm values of RNA-DNA and DNA-DNA duplex formation in the presence of three monovalent cations, Li+, K+, and Cs+. The feasibility of this method was also investigated using a phosphorothioate molecular beacon. The information generated through this new approach for thermodynamic measurements might be useful for the design of oligonucleotides for antisense therapeutics.

Topics: Cesium; Chlorides; DNA, Antisense; Genes, erbB-2; Genetic Markers; Kinetics; Lithium Chloride; Potassium Chloride; RNA, Messenger; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Thermodynamics

The partitioning of bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin in different two-phase aqueous polymer systems is investigated using a thermodynamic approach. Systems used were polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of molecular weights 1000 to 10,000 Da and Dextran T500 (500,000 Da). Ovalbumin transfer to the top phase is exothermic, which suggests an electrostatic interaction between the hydroxyl groups of PEG and the hydrophilic side chain of the protein, whereas the bovine serum albumin partition is an endothermic process that is entropically driven, which coincides with its high surface hydrophobicity. The effect of PEG molecular weight on enthalpy and heat capacity changes, associated with the partition of both proteins, is examined on the basis of a preferential interaction of low-molecular-weight PEG with the protein surface.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Centrifugation; Cesium; Chickens; Chlorides; Dextrans; Diffusion; Lithium Chloride; Molecular Weight; Ovalbumin; Polyethylene Glycols; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Solutions; Solvents; Static Electricity; Temperature; Thermodynamics; Water

1. The lipid bilayer technique was used to characterize the biophysical and pharmacological properties of several ion channels formed by incorporating amyloid beta protein fragment (AbetaP) 1-40 into lipid membranes. Based on the conductance, kinetics, selectivity, and pharmacological properties, the following AbetaP[1-40]-formed ion channels have been identified: (i) The AbetaP[1-40]-formed "bursting" fast cation channel was characterized by (a) a single channel conductance of 63 pS (250/50 mM KCl cis/trans) at +140 mV. 17 pS (250/50 mM KCl cis/trans) at -160 mV, and the nonlinear current-voltage relationship drawn to a third-order polynomial, (b) selectivity sequence PK > PNa > PLi = 1.0:0.60:0.47, (c) Po of 0.22 at 0 mV and 0.55 at +120 mV, and (d) Zn2+-induced reduction in current amplitude, a typical property of a slow block mechanism. (ii) The AbetaP[1-40]-formed "spiky" fast cation channel was characterized by (a) a similar kinetics to the "bursting" fast channel with exception for the absence of the long intraburst closures, (b) single channel conductance of 63 pS (250/50 KCl) at +140 mV 17 pS (250/50 KCl) at -160 mV, the current-voltage relationship nonlinear drawn to a third-order polynomial fit, and (c) selectivity sequence PRb > (iii) The AbetaP[1-40]-formed medium conductance channel was charcterized by (a) 275 pS (250/50 mM KCl cis/trans) at +140 mV and 19 pS (250/50 mM KCl cis/trans) at -160 mV and (b) inactivation at Vms more negative than -120 and more positive than +120 mV. (iv) The AbetaP[1-40]-formed inactivating large conductance channel was characterized by (a) fast and slow modes of opening to seven multilevel conductances ranging between 0-589 pS (in 250/50 mM KCI) at +140 mV and 0-704 pS (in 250/50 mM KCl) at -160 mV. (b) The fast mode which had a conductance of <250 pS was voltage dependent. The inactivation was described by a bell-shaped curve with a peak lag time of 7.2 s at +36 mV. The slow mode which had a conductance of >250 pS was also voltage dependent. The inactivation was described by a bell-shaped curve with a peak lag time of 7.0 s at -76 mV, (c) the value of PK/Pcholine for the fast mode was 3.9 and selectivity sequence PK > PCs > PNa > PLi = 1.0:0.94:0.87:0.59. The value of PK/Pcholine for the slow mode was 2.7 and selectivity sequence PK > FNa > PLi > PCs = 1.0:0.59:0.49:0.21, and (d) asymmetric blockade with 10 mM Zn2+-induced reduction in the large conductance state of the slow mode mediated via slow block mechani

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Cations; Cesium; Chlorides; Humans; Ion Channel Gating; Ion Channels; Kinetics; Lipid Bilayers; Lithium Chloride; Membrane Potentials; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Peptide Fragments; Potassium Chloride; Rubidium; Signal Transduction; Sodium Chloride; Structure-Activity Relationship; Zinc Compounds

The effect of the matrix on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) cationization was investigated using an equimolar mixture of CsCl and LiCl as cationizing agents. It was observed that for both carboxylic acid and non-carboxylic acid matrices used, PEG cationization by a given alkali metal ion depends on the matrix used. For example, cesiated PEG ion intensities were much stronger than those of the corresponding lithiated PEG ions when equimolar concentrations of Cs(+) and Li(+) were present and IAA (indolacrylic acid) was the matrix. However, an opposite result was obtained when the same experimental conditions were utilized, but with HABA (2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid) in place of IAA as the matrix.

Topics: Acrylates; Alkalies; Cesium; Chlorides; Lithium Chloride; Metals; Polyethylene Glycols; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

A large genetic screen for sos (for salt overly sensitive) mutants was performed in an attempt to isolate mutations in any gene with an sos phenotype. Our search yielded 28 new alleles of sos1, nine mutant alleles of a newly identified locus, SOS2, and one allele of a third salt tolerance locus, SOS3. The sos2 mutations, which are recessive, were mapped to the lower arm of chromosome V, approximately 2.3 centimorgans away from the marker PHYC. Growth measurements demonstrated that sos2 mutants are specifically hypersensitive to inhibition by Na+ or Li+ and not hypersensitive to general osmotic stresses. Interestingly, the SOS2 locus is also necessary for K+ nutrition because sos2 mutants were unable to grow on a culture medium with a low level of K+. The expression of several salt-inducible genes was superinduced in sos2 plants. The salt tolerance of sos1, sos2, and sos3 mutants correlated with their K+ tissue content but not their Na+ tissue content. Double mutant analysis indicated that the SOS genes function in the same pathway. Based on these results, a genetic model for salt tolerance mechanisms in Arabidopsis is presented in which SOS1, SOS2, and SOS3 are postulated to encode regulatory components controlling plant K+ nutrition that in turn is essential for salt tolerance.

Topics: Alleles; Arabidopsis; Cesium; Chlorides; Chromosome Mapping; Crosses, Genetic; Ethyl Methanesulfonate; Fast Neutrons; Genes, Plant; Lithium Chloride; Mutagenesis; Osmolar Concentration; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Sodium Chloride

A role for charge-based interactions in protein stability at the monomer or dimer level is well known. We show here that such interactions can also be important for the higher-order structures of microtubule assembly. Alkali metal chlorides increase the rate of polymerization of pure tubulin driven by either taxol or dimethyl sulfoxide. The effect is cation selective, exhibiting a sequence Na+ > K+ > Li+ > Cs+, with optimal concentrations for Na+ at approximately 160 mM. Hofmeister anion effects are additive with these rate stimulations. Sodium is less potent than guanidinium ion stimulation reported previously, but produces a larger fraction of normal microtubules. Alkali metal cations lower the critical concentration by a factor of approximately 2, produce cold reversible polymers whose formation is sensitive to podophyllotoxin inhibition, increase the fraction of polymers present as microtubules from approximately 0.9 to 0.99, and reverse or prevent urea-induced depolymerization of microtubules. In the presence of microtubule-associated proteins, the promotion of polymerization is no longer cation selective. In the polymerization of tubulin S, in which the acidic C termini of both monomers have been cleaved, the cation enhancement is markedly decreased, although selective persists. Because the selectivity sequence is similar to that of the coil/helix transition of polyglutamic acid, we suggest that a major part, although not all, of the cation selective enhancement of polymerization results from shielding of the glutamate-rich C termini of the tubulin monomers.

Topics: Animals; Biopolymers; Cations; Cesium; Chlorides; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Guanidine; Guanidines; Lithium Chloride; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Microtubules; Paclitaxel; Peptide Fragments; Podophyllotoxin; Potassium Chloride; Rats; Sodium Chloride; Static Electricity; Tubulin

Topics: Blotting, Northern; Buffers; Cesium; Chemical Precipitation; Chlorides; DNA, Complementary; Gene Library; Guanidine; Guanidines; Lithium Chloride; Plants; RNA, Plant

Extraction of RNA has been described for rat and rabbit glomeruli but not for mouse glomeruli. Due to their small size, mouse glomeruli cannot be isolated by relatively simple sieving techniques. Based on recently reported methods for the isolation of mouse glomeruli, we developed an RNA isolation technique by performing comparative methodological studies. Two standard RNA extraction methods were compared. In addition in separate experiments the influence was studied of protease inhibitors and freezing and thawing of whole kidney prior to glomeruli isolation, on the yield and degradation of RNA. Therefore kidneys were perfused with 10 ml 0.01 M PBS containing 1.25% Fe3O4 through the aorta. Kidneys were decapsulated and passed through a 75-microns metal screen. After pelletting and washing, tubes were placed against a magnet and pelleted glomeruli were washed three times. In a second experiment protease inhibitors were added to the PBS. As a third method, kidneys were frozen before the isolation of glomeruli. From isolated glomeruli RNA was extracted using either caesium chloride or lithium chloride method. The yields of RNA (OD 260) were highest using the lithium chloride method. Hybridization of Northern blots of extracted RNA with cDNA probes showed the best results when RNA was extracted using the lithium chloride method, while the caesium chloride method led to considerable degradation of RNA. Freezing of kidney tissue prior to RNA extraction led to the virtual absence of any signal. We then applied this method successfully in an in-vivo model of experimental lupus nephritis. This is the first description of an optimal protocol for the extraction of RNA from mouse glomeruli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Cesium; Chlorides; Collagen; DNA, Complementary; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; Kidney Glomerulus; Lithium Chloride; Lupus Nephritis; Male; Methods; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred DBA; RNA

A rapid procedure for the isolation of intact total cellular RNA from cultured cells is described. This method combines the simultaneous disruption of cells and extraction of nucleic acids in a single step with the use of phenol and a buffer containing 100 mM LiCl. Total cellular RNA can be isolated in approximately 2 hours. The yield and quality of the RNA is comparable to the more widely employed methods requiring extensive preparatory steps such as extraction using guanidinium thiocyanate and subsequent CsCl gradient centrifugation. The RNA isolated using our procedure contains transcripts up to 10 kb in length and is suitable for Northern analysis. This procedure also yields high-molecular-weight DNA, which is a suitable substrate for restriction endonucleases.

Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Animals; Blotting, Northern; Blotting, Southern; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Cesium; Chlorides; Culture Techniques; DNA; DNA Restriction Enzymes; Guanidines; Lithium; Lithium Chloride; Muscles; Phenols; Pheochromocytoma; Rats; RNA; Thiocyanates; Tumor Cells, Cultured

The phase behaviour of liposomes of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyl-sn-1'-glycerol (1'-DMPG) and the corresponding sn-3' stereoisomer (3'-DMPG) were studied by DSC as a function of NaCl concentration. The melting of the metastable gel phase to the liquid-crystalline phase was similar for both lipids. However, in the presence of salt and at 6 degrees C (T less than Tp) the gel phase of both stereoisomers of DMPG was shown to be metastable and a new phase nominated here as the highly crystalline phase was formed as the stable state. However, significant differences in the formation and melting of the highly crystalline phase were evident between the two polar headgroup stereoisomers. For 3'-DMPG in the presence of 300 mM NaCl the melting enthalpy of this phase is approx. 82 kJ/mol and the transition temperature about 11 degrees higher (at 33.6 degrees C) than for the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition (25 kJ/mol at 23.0 degrees C). In the presence of 0.15-1.2 M NaCl at 6 to 10 degrees C the formation of the highly crystalline phase of 3'-DMPG is complete within 2 to 5 days, increasing [NaCl] facilitates the rate. For a 1:1 mixture of 1'- and 3'-DMPG the formation of the highly crystalline phase requires several weeks and melts at about 20 degrees higher than the gel phase (at approx. 40 degrees C). For 1'-DMPG partial conversion into the highly crystalline phase requires several months. For 3'-DMPG several intermediate phases appeared as endothermic peaks between the main phase transition temperature and the melting temperature of the highly crystalline phase. In contrast, for 1'-DMPG and the 1:1 mixture the subgel phase appears to be the only metastable intermediate phase. Different monovalent cations differ in their effect on the metastable behaviour.

Topics: Cesium; Chlorides; Light; Lipid Bilayers; Liposomes; Lithium; Lithium Chloride; Phosphatidylglycerols; Potassium Chloride; Scattering, Radiation; Sodium Chloride; Stereoisomerism; Thermodynamics

The effect of maternal exposure to LiCl, CsCl or both salts in the weaning and developing offspring mice was studied on selected organ weights, hepatic and cardiac dehydrogenase enzymes. The concentration of alkali metal used in maternal drinking fluid during pregnancy and breast-feeding did not produce taste aversion and therefore approximate equal consumption was assured. Maternal exposure to either alkali metal reduced brain and testis weights of the developing offspring mice compared to controls. This suggests a delayed toxic effect on the CNS and endocrine organs. Coadministration of both salts negated this effect. The maternal neonatal Li-mediated increases of weanling spleen weight and the reduction of testis weight of developing offspring mice by Li or Cs were not evident when both alkali metals were given in combination. The combined maternal exposure to both Li and Cs salts also negated the induction of offspring mouse liver alcohol dehydrogenase produced by either alkali metal alone. Likewise, the induction of developing mouse heart lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme (LDH5) by maternal exposure to LiCl was no more apparent by the combined Li and Cs treatment. These data suggest a Li+-Cs+ interaction in the offspring mouse due to maternal exposure to these alkali metals during pregnancy and breast-feeding periods. The results also suggest that both alkali metals most probably have been delivered to the suckling pups and some of their toxic effect was retarded.

Topics: Alcohol Dehydrogenase; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Cesium; Chlorides; Female; Isoenzymes; Kidney; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lithium; Lithium Chloride; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Organ Size; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Sex Factors; Spleen; Testis

Topics: Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cesium; Chlorides; Female; Lithium; Lithium Chloride; Liver; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Incubation of cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells in Na+-free sucrose medium or in Na+-free Cs+ medium enhanced the synthesis of 14C-catecholamines from [14C]tyrosine about two- to threefold or sixfold, respectively. The increment of 14C-catecholamine synthesis produced by Na+-free medium was partially dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in the medium. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP also stimulated the synthesis of 14C-catecholamines in adrenal medullary cells, and the effects of Na+ removal and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (5 mM) on the synthesis were almost additive. The intracellular pH measured by using a weak acid 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione was 7.14 in control cells and when Na+ was replaced by sucrose or Cs+, it shifted down to 6.56 or 5.66, respectively. The fall in intracellular pH and the stimulation of 14C-catecholamine synthesis were similarly dependent on the concentration of Na+ in the medium. The optimal pH of soluble tyrosine hydroxylase was 5.5-6.0 both in control cells and in cells incubated in Na+-free medium. These results suggest that removal of extracellular Na+ increases the synthesis of catecholamines, at least in part, by shifting the intracellular pH toward the optimal pH of tyrosine hydroxylase.

Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Bucladesine; Calcium; Carbachol; Catecholamines; Cattle; Cells, Cultured; Cesium; Chlorides; Culture Media; Dopamine; Epinephrine; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lithium; Lithium Chloride; Norepinephrine; Sodium; Sucrose; Tyrosine; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

The effect of short-term injection of chlorpromazine alone or combined with either LiCl or CsCl (1 mEq/kg/day) in organ toxicity was studied in the albino male mouse. Chlorpromazine was administered by gradual dose build-up regimens from 5 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg which was attained over a 40-day period followed by abrupt drug withdrawal for a subsequent 25-day observation period. Histological evaluation of 10 tissues selected indicates that the liver was the target organ. The Li-treatment resulted in variable liver lobular size with loss of cell definition and the kidney showed focal lymphatic aggregates related to vascular channel. Chlorpromazine-treated mice displayed variation in liver nuclei size and in cell structure definition. Combined injection of LiCl with the phenothiazine drug resulted in alteration in size of liver nuclei with a slight midlobular distribution. Minimal changes in lobular liver cells were noted subsequent to the Cs-treatment. This is compared to some dilation of liver central veins and few variations in hepatocyte size after combined injection of CsCl with chlorpromazine. There was a reduction in body weight of animals treated with the LiCl and chlorpromazine combination compared to that of mice receiving the chlorpromazine alone or in combination with CsCl. A rebound in body weight loss occurred during drug withdrawal in mice pretreated with chlorpromazine alone or combined with CsCl but not in mice coadministered LiCl with chlorpromazine. Mortality score indicates a profound lethal effect during administration of LiCl with the high dosage of the chlorpromazine used which was persistent during drug withdrawal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Cesium; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chlorides; Chlorpromazine; Drug Synergism; Lithium; Lithium Chloride; Liver; Male; Mice; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

In a series of three experiments using rats, the chlorides of lithium, rubidium and caesium were compared with sodium chloride in respect of their effects on behavioural stereotypy. Two apparatuses were used, a modified hold-board and an open field. Caesium was found to increase the occurrence of environmentally-linked behaviour in both types of apparatus. Lithium had effects in the opposite direction. Rubidium had effects like caesium in the modified hold-board test, but like lithium in the open field. The findings are discussed in terms of possible effects on central information processing mechanisms.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cesium; Chlorides; Exploratory Behavior; Humans; Lithium; Lithium Chloride; Locomotion; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rubidium; Sodium Chloride; Stereotyped Behavior

The chloride salts of lithium (Li+) and cesium (Cs+) were evaluated for their ability to influence the growth of Sarcoma I implants in A/J mice. The administration of daily doses of either 1 or 3 mEq/kg CsCl to these mice reduced the incidence and size of tumor implants. This effect was not apparent in animals receiving a smaller dose (0.5 mEq/kg) of the same drug. At the time of sacrifice the serum level of Cs+ in this latter group was approximately half that recorded in animals receiving the higher doses of CsCl. No effect on tumor incidence or rate of growth was observed in animals receiving different doses of LiCl. Because of the similarities that existed between cesium and potassium, it was postulated that the effect of cesium was due to alterations in the intracellular composition of the tumor cells. Also, the possible role of cytotoxic agents in potentiating the inhibitory effect of cesium on tumors was discussed.

Topics: Animals; Cesium; Chlorides; Lithium; Lithium Chloride; Male; Metals, Alkali; Mice; Mice, Inbred A; Sarcoma, Experimental