linoleic-acid and stearic-acid

Studies have suggested that oleic and stearic acids, as well as oleic and linoleic acids, have comparable effects on the serum lipoprotein profile. If so, then substituting these three 18-carbon fatty acids for each other would result in similar effects on the serum lipoprotein profile.. The aim of this study was to compare simultaneously the effects of stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids on the serum lipoprotein profile of healthy subjects.. Forty-five subjects (27 women and 18 men) consumed in random order 3 experimental diets, each for 5 wk. The diets provided 38% of energy from fat, of which 60% was supplied by the experimental fats. The dietary compositions of the diets were the same, except for 7% of energy, which was provided by stearic, oleic, or linoleic acid. At the end of each intervention period, serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were measured. In addition, LDL, HDL, and VLDL particle sizes and particle concentrations of lipoprotein subclasses were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.. No significant diet-induced changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins were found. Mean (+/-SD) serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations were 3.79 +/- 0.91, 3.71 +/- 0.79, and 3.65 +/- 0.91 mmol/L with the high-stearic acid, high-oleic acid, and high-linoleic acid diets, respectively (P = 0.137 for diet effects). Mean (+/-SD) HDL-cholesterol concentrations were 1.45 +/- 0.43, 1.46 +/- 0.45, and 1.46 +/- 0.44 mmol/L (P = 0.866). LDL, HDL, and VLDL particle sizes and lipoprotein subclass distributions also did not differ significantly between the 3 diets.. With realistic intakes of stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids, differences between their effects on the serum lipoprotein profile are small.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Cholesterol, VLDL; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipoproteins; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Middle Aged; Oleic Acid; Particle Size; Stearic Acids

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of stearic acid-, oleic acid- and linoleic acid-rich meals on postprandial haemostasis in young healthy volunteers whose background diets had been controlled for 14 d in a residential study. Six healthy male volunteers were assigned randomly to consume diets rich in stearic acid, oleic acid or linoleic acid for 14 d. On day 15, plasma lipids and haematological variables were measured in the fasted state, and 3 and 7 h (factor VII and prothrombin activation peptide fragments, 1 and 2 only) after consumption of a test meal. Test meals provided 40 % of the subjects' daily energy requirement, with 41 % of the energy provided as fat, 17 % energy as protein and 42 % energy as carbohydrate. The mean fat content of the meal was 45 (sd 5) g. Significant alterations from fasted values were observed for activated factor VII after 7 h), factor VII antigen after 7 h), prothrombin activation peptide fragments 1 and 2 after 7 h) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 activity after 3 h) after consumption of each of the three meals. No significant differences were observed in haemostatic values (factor VII coagulant activity, factor VII antigen, tissue plasminogen activator activity prothrombin activation peptide fragment and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1) with regard to diet except for activated factor VII at 3 h; values were higher after the oleic acid- and linoleic acid-rich meals than after the stearic acid-rich meal After consumption of each of the three meals, chylomicrons contained proportionately more palmitic acid than the lipids ingested. The present study shows that there are demonstrable changes in postprandial haemostasis when young healthy volunteers with controlled dietary backgrounds are challenged with a physiological fat load. These changes are independent of the fatty acid composition of the test meals.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Blood Coagulation Factors; Blood Glucose; Chylomicrons; Dietary Fats; Factor VIIa; Fatty Acids; Hemostasis; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Oleic Acid; Postprandial Period; Stearic Acids

Obese hypertensives have increased nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and alpha-adrenergic vascular reactivity. Raising NEFAs locally with intralipid and heparin augments dorsal hand venoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine, an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist. The enhanced venoconstrictor responses were reversed by indomethacin. The findings suggest that raising NEFAs leads to the generation of cyclooxygenase (COX) product(s) that enhance vascular reactivity. To test this notion, 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) and TxB(2), the stable metabolites of prostaglandin H(2) (PGH(2)); prostacyclin (PGI(2)); and thromboxane (TxA(2)), were measured approximately 1.5 to 2 cm downstream of a dorsal hand vein infusion of intralipid and heparin (n=10) or saline and heparin (n=5) for 2 hours each. During the third hour, intralipid and heparin (experimental) and saline and heparin (control) were continued, and either saline (control) or indomethacin (intervention) were infused. Intralipid and heparin raised local 6-keto PGF(1alpha) concentrations by 350% to 500% (P<0.005), but saline and heparin did not (P=NS). TxB(2) levels did not change significantly with any infusion. Infusion of indomethacin during the third hour of intralipid and heparin lowered plasma 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) (P<0.05), whereas infusion of saline with intralipid and heparin did not (P=NS). Oleic and linoleic acids at 100 micromol/L, increased 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through a protein kinase C and extracellular, signal-regulated kinase independent pathway. However, oleic and linoleic acids increased intracellular Ca(2+) in VSMCs. The data indicate that NEFAs induce the production of COX products, perhaps via Ca(2+)-dependent activation of phospholipase A(2). The COX product(s) may contribute to increased vascular alpha-adrenergic reactivity among insulin-resistant individuals when NEFAs are elevated.

Topics: 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; Adult; Animals; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Female; Hand; Heparin; Humans; Indomethacin; Linoleic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Rats; Stearic Acids; Thromboxane B2; Time Factors; Veins

Dietary fatty acids that are more prone to oxidation than to storage may be less likely to lead to obesity.. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chain length, degree of unsaturation, and stereoisomeric effects of unsaturation on the oxidation of individual fatty acids in normal-weight men.. Fatty acid oxidation was examined in men consuming a weight-maintenance diet containing 40% of energy as fat. After consuming the diet for 1 wk, subjects were fed fatty acids labeled with (13)C in the methyl or carboxyl position (10 mg/kg body wt). The fatty acids fed in random order were laurate, palmitate, stearate, oleate, elaidate (the trans isomer of oleate), linoleate, and linolenate blended in a hot liquid meal. Breath samples were collected for the next 9 h and the oxidation of each fatty acid was assessed by examining liberated (13)CO(2) in breath.. Cumulative oxidation over the 9-h test ranged from a high of 41% of the dose for laurate to a low of 13% of the dose for stearate. Of the 18-carbon fatty acids, linolenate was the most highly oxidized and linoleate appeared to be somewhat conserved. (13)C recovery in breath from the methyl-labeled fatty acids was approximately 30% less than that from the carboxyl-labeled fatty acids.. In summary, lauric acid is highly oxidized, whereas the polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are fairly well oxidized. Oxidation of the long-chain, saturated fatty acids decreases with increasing carbon number.

Topics: Adult; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Breath Tests; Calorimetry, Indirect; Carbon Isotopes; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Humans; Lauric Acids; Linear Models; Linoleic Acid; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Consumption; Palmitic Acid; Pilot Projects; Reproducibility of Results; Stearic Acids

A fat-rich meal increases activated factor VII (FVIIa), but it is not clear whether this increase depends on the fatty acid composition of the meal. Therefore, we studied the FVIIa response to fat-rich meals with different fatty acid composition in a randomized controlled crossover trial and investigated whether this response is mediated by an increase in serum triglycerides. Elderly women (> 60 years, n=91) received on separate days four different fat-rich breakfasts (50 energy percent [en%] of fat) and a control breakfast (1.5 en% fat; crossover). The fat-rich breakfasts differed in fatty acid composition: one rich in palmitic acid (21.7 g), one in stearic acid (18.6 g), and the other two in linoleic and linolenic acid-one with a ratio 3:1 (12.5/3.9 g) and the other with a ratio of 15:1 (18.8/1.2 g). At 8 AM before the breakfast (fasting) and at 1 and 3 PM, blood samples were taken, in which FVIIa and serum triglycerides were measured. FVIIa response to the fat-rich meals ranged from 11.6 mU/mL (95% confidence interval: 8.3,14.9) on the stearic meal to 15.9 mU/mL (12.0,19.8) on the linoleic/linolenic 15:1 meal at 1 PM and from 14.9 mU/mL (10.6,19.2) to 21.1 mU/mL (16.6,25.6) for the same meals at 3 PM. The responses did not differ between the fat-rich meals. After the control breakfast, FVIIa decreased, with 6.3 mU/mL (3.9,8.7) at 1 PM and 8.7 mU/mL (6.3,11.1) at 3 PM. The triglyceride response was lower after both linoleic/linolenic rich breakfasts compared with the palmitic and stearic breakfast (P<.05) and was not associated with the FVIIa response at any of the blood sampling occasions. The results of this study show that the response of FVIIa to a fat-rich meal is independent of its fatty acid composition and is not mediated by serum triglycerides.

Topics: Aged; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Fats; Energy Intake; Factor VIIa; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Middle Aged; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

A high serum lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentration is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. Few external factors are able to markedly modify serum Lp(a) concentrations. The aim of this study was to evaluate how serum Lp(a) concentrations of infants between 7 and 24 mo of age change in a cholesterol-lowering dietary intervention, and to assess the influence of apolipoprotein (apo) E phenotypes on serum Lp(a) concentrations. The intervention children (n=394) had serum cholesterol, non-high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, and cholesterol corrected for Lp(a)-cholesterol values (P for all <0.001) lower than those of the control children (n=390), but median serum Lp(a) concentrations at the age of 24 mo were not different from those of control children. Serum Lp(a) values differed according to the apo E phenotype as the median Lp(a) values increased from E2/2 to E3/2, E4/2, E3/3, E4/3, and to E4/4 (P for the difference=0.023, Mann-Whitney U test). Our results suggest that apo E phenotype influences serum Lp(a) concentrations noticeably, but the effect of the cholesterol-lowering dietary intervention was not significant in subjects aged 24 mo.

Topics: Apolipoproteins E; Child, Preschool; Cholesterol; Diet; Dietary Fats; Energy Intake; Humans; Infant; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipoprotein(a); Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Phenotype; Prospective Studies; Stearic Acids

Patients with Crohn's disease may become zinc-deficient and, in such patients, an altered metabolism of radiolabelled long-chain fatty acids has been reported. We have investigated the possible reversal by zinc supplementation of altered long-chain fatty acid profiles of red cells in Crohn's disease. Twenty patients with long-standing Crohn's disease in clinical remission received 200 mg of zinc sulphate daily for 6 weeks. Phospholipid fatty acid profiles of washed red cells were analysed before and after zinc treatment and compared to those of 20 unsupplemented healthy controls. Plasma zinc levels in Crohn's were 72 +/- 8 micrograms/dL before zinc treatment and increased to 114 +/- 10 micrograms/dl after the therapy. Prior to zinc supplementation, the percentage of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids was significantly higher in Crohn's disease, while linoleic, arachidonic and n-3 fatty acids were reduced in Crohn's disease compared to healthy controls. Zinc supplementation abolished these pre-treatment differences in red-cell long-chain fatty acid profiles but did not affect plasma fatty acid values. Further studies are needed to clarify whether these fatty acid changes can be related to the clinical course of the disease.

Topics: Adult; Arachidonic Acid; Crohn Disease; Erythrocytes; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Stearic Acids; Sulfates; Zinc Compounds; Zinc Sulfate

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of linoleic acid (cis,cis-C18:2) with that of its hydrogenation products stearic acid (C18:0) and elaidic acid (trans-C18:1) on blood pressure levels in normotensive humans. We therefore measured the effects of these fatty acids on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 30 women and 25 men. Three strictly controlled experimental diets were supplied to every subject for 3 weeks each, in different order (multiple cross-over). The composition of the three diets was constant, except for 8% of daily energy, which was provided by either linoleic acid, stearic acid, or monounsaturated trans fatty acids. The statistical power for detecting a true difference between two diets of 3 mmHg in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was over 90%. Mean systolic/diastolic blood pressure at the end of the dietary periods was 114/69 mmHg on the linoleic acid diet, 113/70 on the stearic acid diet, and 113/69 on the trans fatty acid diet. No significant differences were observed in blood pressure levels after 3 weeks on each diet. We conclude that a major increase in the intake of linoleic acid at the expense of stearic acid or trans fatty acids has no effect on blood pressure in normotensive young women and men.

Topics: Adult; Blood Pressure; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Stearic Acids; Stereoisomerism

To assess the relationship between heparin and the associated increase in nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and their possible influence on Na,K-ATPase during hemodialysis, we studied two groups of patients: (1) 12 patients on chronic hemodialysis dialysed with heparin and (2) 6 patients dialysed without heparin. All 12 patients who received heparin anticoagulation had a 7-fold rise in NEFA on average and also had an increase in circulating inhibitors of Na,K-ATPase assayed by 3H-ouabain displacement from Na,K-ATPase and/or by effect of plasma on the uptake of 86Rb by rat aortic rings. Serial assays in 3 of the patients receiving heparin showed NEFA and inhibitory changes to be at or near maximum within 30-60 min. Of the individual NEFA, the greatest relative increases were in oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acids, and the strongest correlations were between linoleic acid and both 3H-ouabain displacement (r = 0.94) and 86Rb uptake (r = 0.86). However, a small and slower increase in NEFA also occurred in 3 of the patients dialysed without heparin. We conclude that heparin anticoagulation during dialysis leads to a rapid and marked increase in circulating NEFA, particularly the unsaturated fatty acids, with a corresponding interference with Na,K-ATPase activity. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown. The rise in NEFA during dialysis without heparin in some patients suggests that factors other than heparin may also contribute to the rise in NEFA.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Aorta; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Heparin; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Ouabain; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Rats; Renal Dialysis; Rubidium; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Stearic Acids; Time Factors

Serum lipoprotein[a] (Lp[a]) is a strong risk factor for coronary heart disease. We therefore examined the effect of dietary fatty acid composition on serum Lp[a] levels in three strictly controlled experiments with healthy normocholesterolemic men and women. In Expt. I, 58 subjects consumed a control diet high in saturated fatty acids for 17 days. For the next 36 days, 6.5% of total energy intake from saturated fatty acids was replaced by monounsaturates plus polyunsaturates (monounsaturated fatty acid diet; n = 29) or by polyunsaturates alone (polyunsaturated fatty acid diet; n = 29). Both diets caused a slight, nonsignificant, increase in median Lp[a] levels, with no difference between diets. In Expt. II, 10% of energy from the cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acids (lauric, myristic, and palmitic acid) was replaced by oleic acid or by trans-monounsaturated fatty acids. Each of the 59 participants received each diet for 3 weeks in random order. The median level of Lp[a] was 26 mg/l on the saturated fatty acid diet; it increased to 32 mg/l (P less than 0.020) on the oleic acid diet and to 45 mg/l (P less than 0.001) on the trans-fatty acid diet. The difference in Lp[a] between the trans-fatty acid and the oleic acid diets was also highly significant (P less than 0.001). Expt. III involved 56 subjects; all received 8% of energy from stearic acid, from linoleic acid, or from trans-monounsaturates, for 3 weeks each. All other nutrients were equal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Dietary Fats; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipoprotein(a); Male; Stearic Acids; Stereoisomerism

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of linoleic acid (cis,cis-C18:2(n-6)) and its hydrogenation products elaidic (trans-C18:1(n-9)) and stearic acid (C18:0) on serum lipoprotein levels in humans. Twenty-six men and 30 women, all normolipemic and apparently healthy, completed the trial. Three experimental diets were supplied to every subject for 3 weeks each, in random order (multiple cross-over). The Linoleate-diet provided 12.0% of total energy intake as linoleic acid, 2.8% as stearic acid, and 0.1% as trans fatty acids. The Stearate-diet supplied 3.9 energy % as linoleic acid, 11.8% stearic acid, and 0.3% trans fatty acids. The Trans-diet provided 3.8 energy % as linoleic acid, 3.0% stearic acid, and 7.7% as monounsaturated trans fatty acids, largely elaidic acid (trans-C18:1(n-9)). Other nutrients were constant. Fasting blood was sampled at the end of each dietary period. Mean (+/- SD) serum LDL cholesterol was 109 +/- 24 mg/dl (2.83 +/- 0.63 mmol/l) on the Linoleate-diet. It rose to 116 +/- 27 mg/dl (3.00 +/- 0.71 mmol/l) on the Stearate-diet (change, 7 mg/dl or 0.17 mmol/l, P = 0.0008) and to 119 +/- 25 mg/dl (3.07 +/- 0.65 mmol/l) on the Trans-diet (change, 9 mg/dl or 0.24 mmol/l, P less than 0.0001). High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol decreased by 2 mg/dl (0.06 mmol/l, P less than 0.0001) on the Stearate-diet and by 4 mg/dl (0.10 mmol/l, P less than 0.0001) on the Trans-diet, both relative to linoleic acid. Our findings show that 7.7% of energy (mean, 24 g/day) of trans fatty acids in the diet significantly lowered HDL cholesterol and raised LDL cholesterol relative to linoleic acid. Combination with earlier results (Mensink, R. P., and M. B. Katan. 1990. N. Engl. J. Med. 323: 439-445) suggests a linear dose-response relation. Replacement of linoleic acid by stearic acid also caused somewhat lower HDL cholesterol and higher LDL cholesterol levels. Hydrogenation of linoleic acid to either stearic or trans fatty acids produces fatty acids that may increase LDL and decrease HDL cholesterol relative to linoleic acid itself.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Apolipoproteins; Cholesterol; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Female; Glycine max; Humans; Hydrogenation; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipoproteins; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Factors; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

Intestinal absorption of ingested [1-13C]stearic, [1-13C]oleic, and [1-13C]linoleic acid was compared in six healthy men. A bolus of each [1-13C]-labeled fatty acid was ingested in random order at 72-hour intervals with the breakfast meal. Subjects consumed fixed diets during a 9-day fecal collection period. Pooled 9-day fecal samples were homogenized and total fat extracted. Fat extracts were saponified and methylated, and individual fatty acids were quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography. Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography was used to obtain fractions containing stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid for combustion to CO2 and assay of 13C enrichment over background. Prelabel period 24-hour samples were treated similarly to measure background 13C abundance. Total fatty acid and stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid excretion (+/- SEM) in the six volunteers over the 9-day period was 41.5 +/- 7.3, 10.0 +/- 1.3, 8.8 +/- 2.9, and 0.8 +/- 0.1 mg/day/kg body weight, respectively. The absorption efficiency for [1-13C]stearic, [1-13C]oleic, and [1-13C]linoleic acid was 78.0% +/- 4.5%, 97.2% +/- 1.7%, and 99.9% +/- 0.1%, respectively. The reduced absorption of [1-13C]stearic acid observed emphasizes the importance of correcting breath test oxidation data for fecal loss of 13C substrate. The potential application of our method to other areas of intermediary metabolism is discussed.

Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Feces; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Stearic Acids

Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSLs) are a family of enzymes that convert long-chain free fatty acids into their active form, acyl-CoAs. Recent knock-out mouse studies revealed that among ACSL isoenzymes, ACSL6 plays an important role in the maintenance of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing glycerophospholipids. Several transcript variants of the human ACSL6 gene have been found; the two major ACSL6 variants, ACSL6V1 and V2, encode slightly different short motifs that both contain a conserved structural domain, the fatty acid Gate domain. In the present study, we expressed recombinant human ACSL6V1 and V2 in Spodoptera frugiperda 9 (Sf9) cells using the baculovirus expression system, and then, using our novel ACSL assay system with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we examined the substrate specificities of the recombinant human ACSL6V1 and V2 proteins. The results showed that both ACSL6V1 and V2 could convert various kinds of long-chain fatty acids into their acyl-CoAs. Oleic acid was a good common substrate and eicosapolyenoic acids were poor common substrates for both variants. However, ACSL6V1 and V2 differed considerably in their preferences for octadecapolyenoic acids, such as linoleic acid, and docosapolyenoic acids, such as DHA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA): ACSL6V1 preferred octadecapolyenoic acids, whereas V2 strongly preferred docosapolyenoic acids. Moreover, our kinetic studies revealed that ACSL6V2 had a much higher affinity for DHA than ACSL6V1. Our results suggested that ACSL6V1 and V2 might exert different physiological functions and indicated that ACSL6V2 might be critical for the maintenance of membrane phospholipids bearing docosapolyenoic acids such as DHA.

Topics: Animals; Coenzyme A Ligases; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Enzyme Assays; Humans; Isoenzymes; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Phospholipids; Recombinant Proteins; Sf9 Cells; Spodoptera; Stearic Acids; Substrate Specificity; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Fatty acids-assisted superparamagnetic maghemite (γ-Fe

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Biofilms; Candida albicans; Cell Survival; HCT116 Cells; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles; Membrane Glycoproteins; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Viability; Molecular Docking Simulation; Myristic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Peptidoglycan; Phenols; Protein Structure, Secondary; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Stearic Acids

Chlorella vulgaris is a popular microalga used for biofuel production; nevertheless, it possesses a strong cell wall that hinders the extraction of molecules, especially lipids within the cell wall. For tackling this issue, we developed an efficient and cost-effective method for optimal lipid extraction. Microlaga cell disruption by acid hydrolysis was investigated comparing different temperatures and reaction times; after hydrolysis, lipids were extracted with n-hexane. The best recoveries were obtained at 140°C for 90 min. The microalgae were then analyzed by an untargeted approach based on liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry, providing the tentative identification of 28 fatty acids. First, a relative quantification on the untargeted data was performed using peak area as a surrogate of analyte abundance. Then, a targeted quantitative method was validated for the tentatively identified fatty acids, in terms of recovery (78-100%), intra- and interday relative standard deviations (<10 and <9%, respectively) and linearity (R

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Biofuels; Biomass; Calibration; Chlorella vulgaris; Chromatography, Liquid; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Hexanes; Hydrolysis; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Mass Spectrometry; Microalgae; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Reproducibility of Results; Stearic Acids; Temperature

The detection of fat taste in humans requires the delivery of hydrophobic stimuli to the oral cavity. Due to their low solubility in water, these fat taste stimuli are difficult to administer to test subjects by means of aqueous solutions or dispersions. These hydrophobic stimuli are also difficult to prepare in sufficient amounts to generate an appreciable chemosensory response.. An improved procedure for preparing thin edible strips that contain 18-carbon fatty acids as representative fat taste stimuli is described. This protocol includes the addition of low amounts of the dispersing agent xanthan gum and high drying temperature during film formation. These edible strips can be prepared in 4-5 h, are highly flexible, and evenly disperse long-chain fatty acids at micromole amounts. Due to the rapid dissolving time of these strips in the oral cavity, this delivery method generates minimal tactile responses.. Psychophysical studies with edible strips indicate that nearly all individuals detected linoleic acid, with intensity responses in the weak to moderate range. Fewer individuals perceived stearic acid, with most intensity responses in the barely detectable range. Both fatty acids caused a fatty/oily or bitter taste response in the majority of test subjects. Finally, these intensity responses allowed the development of edible circles for regional testing of the tongue.. This novel delivery method for hydrophobic stimuli should be useful for examining human fat taste perception, characterizing variations in fat taste perception, and identifying the emerging role of fat taste in human health.

Topics: Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Mouth; Stearic Acids; Taste; Taste Perception; Taste Threshold; Tongue; Young Adult

The interest in the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the umbilical cord blood (UCB) is increasing, but the stability of erythrocyte PUFA in these samples during storage and washing of the erythrocytes has not been directly evaluated. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the lapse of time on the fatty acid (FA) content from UCB sample collection and maintained at 4 °C (0-12 h) until erythrocyte separation and washing. Palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), 18:1n-7/n-9, linoleic acid (18:2n-6), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), 22:4n-6, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) together accounted for 87% of the FA profile in the umbilical vein erythrocytes. No difference was observed in the concentration of any of the FA studied, nor in the sum of saturated fatty acids (SFA), PUFA, or LC-PUFA in umbilical erythrocytes obtained at delivery and stored up to 12 h before the separation of erythrocytes. However, if a washing step was included in the processing of the erythrocytes, a decrease in the concentration of 16:0, 18:0, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 22:4n-6, total SFA, PUFA, LC-PUFA, and n-6 LC-PUFA was evidenced, compared to unwashed erythrocytes. The FA concentration in umbilical cord erythrocytes did not change between samples stored from 0 to 12 h until erythrocyte separation. Erythrocyte washing before storage decreased the concentration of significant individual and total SFA, PUFA, and LC-PUFA. These results should be considered when planning the collection of UCB samples for the study of fatty acid concentration due to the nonscheduled timing of deliveries.

Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Erythrocytes; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Fetal Blood; Gestational Age; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Pregnancy; Stearic Acids

To evaluate the effects of fatty acids on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and lipid damage. We treated BRL3A rat liver cells with, linoleic (LA), linolenic, oleic (OA), palmitic (PA), palmitoleic (POA), or stearic (SA) acid for 12 hr. The characteristics of cell lipid deposition, oxidative stress indexes, ER stress markers, nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65), lipid synthesis and transport regulators, and cholesterol metabolism regulators were analyzed. Endoplasmic chaperones like glucose-regulated protein 78, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein, NF-κB p65, hydrogen peroxide, and malonaldehyde in PA- and SA-treated cells were significantly higher than in other treated cells. Deposition of fatty acids especially LA and POA were significantly increased than in other treated cells. De novo lipogenesis regulators sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 1 (ACC1) expression were significantly increased in all fatty acid stimulation groups, and PA- and SA-treated cells showed lower p-ACC1 expression and higher scd1 expression than other fatty acid groups. Very low-density lipoprotein synthesis and apolipoprotein B100 expression in free fatty acids treated cells were significantly lower than control. PA, SA, OA, and POA had shown significantly increased cholesterol synthesis than other treated cells. PA and SA showed the lower synthesis of cytochrome P7A1 and total bile acids than other fatty acids treated cells. Excess of saturated fatty acids led to severe ER and oxidative stress. Excess unsaturated fatty acids led to increased lipid deposition in cultured hepatocytes. A balanced fatty acid intake is needed to maintain lipid homeostasis.

Topics: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Fatty Acid Synthases; Fatty Acids; Fatty Liver; Hepatocytes; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Lipogenesis; Lipoproteins, VLDL; Liver; Oleic Acid; Oxidative Stress; Palmitic Acid; Rats; Stearic Acids

In this study, the oil uptake and fatty acid composition of fried potato slices were determined. Some pre-treatments such as blanching, freezing, and blanching-freezing were applied to potato slices before frying while the untreated samples were used as a control. The frying process was carried out in sunflower and olive oils. The percentage oil uptake in slices varied from 4.26% to 10.35% when fried in sunflower oil. In the case of the control samples slices fried in olive oil contained high monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) content (5.45%), and lesser oil uptake was observed than those processed in sunflower oil, which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid (linoleic acid is 5.99%) (p < 0.05). The oil uptake was also compared in the case of potato slices fried in two different oils after pre-treatments. The maximum oil uptake was observed in the case of blanched-frozen potatoes, whereas minimum oil uptake was observed in frozen only slices for both oils. The fatty acid contents in oils extracted from fried potato slices showed that the predominant fatty acids were palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. The best results were observed in frozen potato slices fried in both sunflower and olive oils.

Topics: Cooking; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Olive Oil; Palmitic Acid; Solanum tuberosum; Stearic Acids; Sunflower Oil

This study investigated the effect of blanching pomegranate seeds (PS) on oil yield, refractive index (RI), yellowness index (YI), conjugated dienes (K232), conjugated trienes (K270), total carotenoid content (TCC), total phenolic compounds (TPC) and DPPH radical scavenging of the extracted oil. Furthermore, phytosterol and fatty acid compositions of the oil extracted under optimum blanching conditions were compared with those from the oil extracted from unblanched PS. Three different blanching temperature levels (80, 90, and 100 °C) were studied at a constant blanching time of 3 min. The blanching time was then increased to 5 min at the established optimum blanching temperature (90 °C). Blanching PS increased oil yield, K232, K270, stigmasterol, punicic acid, TPC and DPPH radical scavenging, whereas YI, β-sitosterol, palmitic acid and linoleic acid were decreased. The RI, TCC, brassicasterol, stearic acid, oleic acid and arachidic acid of the extracted oil were not significantly (

Topics: Antioxidants; Biphenyl Compounds; Carotenoids; Cholestadienols; Dietary Supplements; Eicosanoic Acids; Fatty Acids; Food Technology; Free Radical Scavengers; Linoleic Acid; Linolenic Acids; Oleic Acid; Phenol; Phenols; Phytosterols; Picrates; Plant Oils; Pomegranate; Refractometry; Seeds; Stearic Acids; Temperature

Five fatty acids comprise the bulk of the lipid content in pecans: palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. Understanding the profiles of these fatty acids and how they relate to sensory characteristics may offer an explanation for flavor and flavor defects that may exist in certain cultivars of pecans. The objective of this study was to examine and compare fatty acid profiles of three cultivars of pecans (Major, Lakota, and Chetopa), over two crop years, under raw and roasted preparation methods, and understand the fatty acids association with sensory attributes. Percentages of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids to total fatty acid content were determined using gas chromatography, and sensory profiles were generated using descriptive sensory analysis. Similar trends were seen across samples, with oleic acid comprising the majority of the total fatty acids and linolenic acid comprising the smallest percentage. There were significant differences in fatty acid content among cultivars and between pecans in the first and second crop year. Few associations were found between the fatty acids and sensory attributes, which suggest that combinations of the fatty acids contribute to certain pleasant or undesirable flavor attributes in the pecans. Subtle differences in fatty acid composition may lead to variation in flavor and flavor intensity or draw attention to or from certain attributes during consumption. Differences in crop year indicated that fatty acid content and therefore flavor are variable year to year. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study will help understand how fatty acid content of pecans varies from year to year. This should be taken into account when manufacturing products with pecans as the nutritional content of the product may change as the result.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Carya; Chromatography, Gas; Cooking; Fatty Acids; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Seeds; Stearic Acids; Taste

Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are cationic proteins involved in intracellular lipid shuttling in growth and reproduction, as well as in defense against pathogenic microbes. Even though the primary and spatial structures of some nsLTPs from different plants indicate their similar features, they exhibit distinct lipid-binding specificities signifying their various biological roles that dictate further structural study. The present study determined the complete amino acid sequence, in silico 3D structure modeling, and the antiproliferative activity of nsLTP1 from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seeds. Fennel is a member of the family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. It is used as a spice medicine and fresh vegetable. Fennel nsLTP1 was purified using the combination of gel filtration and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Its homogeneity was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The purified nsLTP1 was treated with 4-vinyl pyridine, and the modified protein was then digested with trypsin. The complete amino acid sequence of nsLTP1 established by intact protein sequence up to 28 residues, overlapping tryptic peptides, and cyanogen bromide (CNBr) peptides. Hence, it is confirmed that fennel nsLTP1 is a 9433 Da single polypeptide chain consisting of 91 amino acids with eight conserved cysteines. Moreover, the 3D structure is predicted to have four α-helices interlinked by three loops and a long C-terminal tail. The lipid-binding property of fennel nsLTP1 is examined in vitro using fluorescent 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) and validated using a molecular docking study with AutoDock Vina. Both of the binding studies confirmed the order of binding efficiency among the four studied fatty acids linoleic acid > linolenic acid > Stearic acid > Palmitic acid. A preliminary screening of fennel nsLTP1 suppressed the growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Amino Acid Sequence; Cell Proliferation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Fatty Acids; Foeniculum; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Linoleic Acid; Mass Spectrometry; MCF-7 Cells; Molecular Docking Simulation; Naphthalenesulfonates; Palmitic Acid; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical; Protein Domains; Seeds; Stearic Acids

The main pheromone compound of Chilecomadia valdiviana (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) has been recently identified as (7Z,10Z)-7,10-hexadecadienal. The biosynthesis of this pheromone compound showing attributes of both Type I and Type II lepidopteran pheromones was studied by the topical application of isotope-labeled fatty acids to the pheromone gland and subsequent analysis of the gland contents (pheromone compounds and fatty acyl compounds) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The deuterium label of D11-linoleic acid was incorporated into the pheromone compound and its putative acyl precursor (7Z,10Z)-7,10-hexadecadienoate, demonstrating that the pheromone compound is biosynthesized from linoleic acid by chain-shortening and further functional group transformation. Furthermore, the deuterium label of D3-stearic acid was also incorporated into the pheromone compound, which indicates that the pheromone can be synthesized de novo by C. valdiviana, as is the case for Type I lepidopteran pheromone compounds.

Topics: Alkadienes; Animals; Female; Linoleic Acid; Moths; Scent Glands; Sex Attractants; Stearic Acids

Many organisms produce chemical compounds, generally referred as secondary metabolites, to defend against predators and competitors (allelopathic compounds). Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the interaction between environmental factors and secondary metabolites production. However, microalgae commonly use simple metabolites having a role in primary metabolism as allelopathic compounds. The aim of this study was to determine whether classical theories of plant chemical defences could be applied to microalgae producing allelochemicals derived from the primary metabolism. Our study was designed to investigate how growth phase, algal population density, nutrient limitation and carbon assimilation affect the production and release of allelopathic free fatty acids (FFAs) among other FFAs. The model species used was Uronema confervicolum, a benthic filamentous green alga that produces two allelopathic FFAs (linoleic and α-linolenic acids) inhibiting diatom growth. FFAs have been quantified in algal biomass and in culture medium. Our results were analysed according to two classical plant defence theories: the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH) and the optimal defence theory (ODT), based on the metabolic capacities for defence production and on the need for defence, respectively. While a higher production of allelopathic compounds under increased light conditions supports the use of GDBH with this microalga, the observation of a negative feedback mechanism mostly supports ODT. Therefore, both theories were insufficient to explain all the observed effects of environmental factors on the production of these allelochemicals. This highlights the needs of new theories and models to better describe chemical interactions of microalgae.

Topics: Allelopathy; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Biomass; Carbon; Chlorophyta; Culture Media; Diatoms; Fatty Acids; Light; Linoleic Acid; Microalgae; Oligohymenophorea; Palmitic Acid; Pheromones; Plants; Secondary Metabolism; Stearic Acids

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common cancer of the female reproductive tract in developed countries. At the moment, no effective screening system is available. Here, we evaluate the diagnostic performance of a serum metabolomic signature. Two enrollments were carried out, one consisting of 168 subjects: 88 with EC and 80 healthy women, was used for building the classification models. The second (used to establish the performance of the classification algorithm) was consisted of 120 subjects: 30 with EC, 30 with ovarian cancer, 10 with benign endometrial disease, and 50 healthy controls. Two ensemble models were built, one with all EC versus controls (Model I) and one in which EC patients were aggregated according to their histotype (Model II). Serum metabolomic analysis was conducted via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while classification was done by an ensemble learning machine. Accuracy ranged from 62% to 99% for the Model I and from 67% to 100% for the Model II. Ensemble model showed an accuracy of 100% both for Model I and II. The most important metabolites in class separation were lactic acid, progesterone, homocysteine, 3-hydroxybutyrate, linoleic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, threonine, and valine. The serum metabolomics signature of endometrial cancer patients is peculiar because it differs from that of healthy controls and from that of benign endometrial disease and from other gynecological cancers (such as ovarian cancer).

Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Case-Control Studies; Diagnosis, Differential; Endometrial Neoplasms; Endometriosis; Endometrium; Female; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Homocysteine; Humans; Lactic Acid; Linoleic Acid; Machine Learning; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Middle Aged; Myristic Acid; Progesterone; Prospective Studies; Stearic Acids; Threonine; Valine

Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) are known to activate brown and beige adipocytes. However, very little is known about the effects of the number and the position of double bonds in LCFA with the same length on brown fat-specific gene expression. To determine the specificity of LCFA in the regulation of these genes in different adipocyte models, fully differentiated 10T1/2, 3T3-L1, murine, or porcine primary adipocytes (obtained from the subcutaneous fat pad of C57BL/6 mice or Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc crossbred piglets) were treated with 50 μM of the following 18-carbon fatty acids: stearic acid (STA; 18:0), oleic acid (OLA; 18:1, Δ9), linoleic acid (LNA; 18:2, Δ9,12), α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3, Δ9,12,15), γ-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3, Δ6,9,12), or pinolenic acid (PLA; 18:3, Δ5,9,12) for 24 h with or without 4-h norepinephrine (NE) treatment. Expression levels of thermoregulatory markers were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. LNA, ALA, GLA, and PLA upregulated Ucp1 expression and tended to upregulate Pgc1a expression in murine primary adipocytes, but not in 10T1/2, 3T3-L1, and porcine primary adipocytes. In murine primary adipocytes, NE induced a higher expression of Ucp1 and Pgc1a than non-NE-treated cells, and PLA augmented the NE effect. In 10T1/2 cells, NE upregulated Ucp1 and Pgc1a expression, but there was no fatty acid effect. However, 3T3-L1 cells were insensitive to both fatty acid and beta-adrenergic agonist stimulation. These results indicate that different adipocyte cell types have different levels of sensitivity to both LCFA and beta agonists in regard to induction of brown fat-specific gene expression.

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes; Animals; Carbon; Cell Differentiation; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Gene Expression Regulation; Linoleic Acid; Mice; Norepinephrine; Obesity; Oleic Acid; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; Stearic Acids; Swine; Thermogenesis; Uncoupling Protein 1

Analysis of fatty acids from the cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 revealed that this species contained high levels of myristic acid (14:0) and linoleic acid in its glycerolipids, with minor contributions from palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid, and oleic acid. The level of 14:0 relative to total fatty acids reached nearly 50%. This 14:0 fatty acid was esterified primarily to the sn-2 position of the glycerol moiety of glycerolipids. This characteristic is unique because, in most of the cyanobacterial strains, the sn-2 position is esterified exclusively with C16 fatty acids, generally 16:0. Transformation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 with the PCC8801_1274 gene for lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase) from Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 increased the level of 14:0 from 2% to 17% in total lipids and the increase in the 14:0 content was observed in all lipid classes. These findings suggest that the high content of 14:0 in Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 might be a result of the high specificity of this acyltransferase toward the 14:0-acyl-carrier protein.

Topics: Acyltransferases; Bacterial Proteins; Cyanothece; Gene Expression; Glycolipids; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Myristic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Plasmids; Species Specificity; Stearic Acids; Substrate Specificity; Synechocystis; Transformation, Bacterial; Transgenes

The epiphytic fern Pleopeltis polypodioides can tolerate repeated drying and rehydration events without conspicuous damage. To understand the biochemical principles of drought-tolerance, we analyzed the effect of dehydration and rehydration at 25 °C on hydroperoxide and lipid hydroperoxide, the activities of antioxidative (catalase and glutathione-oxidizing) enzymes and evaluated changes in fatty acid composition and saturation levels. Dehydration increased peroxide concentration and the activity of glutathione oxidases, but reduced catalase activity. During dehydration, the biosynthesis of palmitic (C16:0), linoleic (C18:2), linolenic (C18:3) and stearic acid (C18:0) increased 18, 12, 20, and 8-fold, respectively. In contrast, rehydration lowered levels of peroxides, the activity of glutathione-oxidizing enzymes, and fatty acids but increased catalase activity. The coordinated changes during de- and rehydration suggest that lipids and oxidative and antioxidative enzymes are components of the drought-resistance system.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Catalase; Dehydration; Desiccation; Ferns; Fluid Therapy; Hydrogen Peroxide; Linoleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids

This study used a rice bran oil solid fat fraction (RBOSF) to produce cocoa butter alternatives via interesterification reaction catalyzed by immobilized lipase (Lipozyme® RM IM) in hexane. Effects of reaction time (6, 12, and 18 h), temperature (55, 60, and 65°C), mole ratios of 3 substrates [RBOSF:palm olein:C18:0 donors (1:1:2, 1:2:3, and 1:2:6)] were determined. The substrate system was dissolved in 3 mL of hexane and 10% of lipase was added. Two sources of C18:0 donors, stearic acid (SAd) and ethyl stearate (ESd) were used. Pancreatic lipase - catalyzed sn-2 positional analysis was also performed on both substrates and structured lipids (interesterification products). Structured lipids (SL) were analyzed by gas - liquid chromatography (G40.35LC) for fatty acid composition. Major fatty acids of RBOSF were C18:1, oleic acid (OA, 41.15±0.01%), C18:2, linoleic acid (LA, 30.05±0.01%) and C16:0, palmitic acid (PA, 22.64±0.01%), respectively. A commercial raw cocoa butter (CB) contained C18:0, stearic acid (SA, 33.13±0.04%), OA (32.52±0.03%), and PA (28.90±0.01%), respectively. Fatty acids at sn-2 position of RBOSF were OA (46.52±0.63%) and LA (42.98±1.1%), while major fatty acid at sn-2 position of CB was OA (85.24±1.22%). The RBOSF had low SA (2.40±0.01%) compared to CB (33.13±0.04%). The content of OA (46.52±0.63%) at sn-2 position in RBOSF was half of that found in CB (85.24±1.22%). Optimal reaction was 1:2:6 mole ratio of the substrate (RBOSF:PO:SAd), at 65°C for 12 h. Fatty acid compositions of the SL were 31.72±0.99% SA, 30.91±0.53% LA, 23.18±0.32% OA, and 13.26±0.34% PA, respectively. Fatty acids at sn-2 position of the SL were 53.72±4.21% OA, 25.11±3.69% LA, 14.18±1.58% PA, and 6.99±0.02% SA, respectively. DSC curves showed the melting point of CB at 20.94°C, while those of the SL were 14.15 and 40.35°C, respectively. The melting completion temperature (T

Topics: Catalysis; Esterification; Hexanes; Linoleic Acid; Lipase; Lipids; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Rice Bran Oil; Stearates; Stearic Acids; Temperature; Time Factors; Transition Temperature

A method of on-line pyrolytic methylation-gas chromatography was developed for the analysis of fatty acid composition in cottonseed. Fatty acids in cottonseeds were converted to their corresponding fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of trimethylsulfonium hydroxide at 300℃. The major fatty acids were linoleic acid (C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), myristic acid (C14:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), arachidic acid (C20:0) and docosanoic acid (C22:0). The unsaturated fatty acid content varied from 66.30% to 72.54%, and linoleic acid content varied from 43.20% to 53.61%. The RSDs of the peak areas of the fatty acids were less than 10% (

Topics: Chromatography, Gas; Cottonseed Oil; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Methylation; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids

Soybeans are low in saturated fat and a rich source of protein, dietary fiber, and isoflavone; however, their nutritional shelf life is yet to be established. This study evaluated the change in the stability and quality of fatty acids in raw and roasted soybean flour under different storage temperatures and durations. In both types of soybean flour, the fatty-acid content was the highest in the order of linoleic acid (18-carbon chain with two double bonds; C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), linolenic acid (18:3), and stearic acid (C18:0), which represented 47%, 26%, 12%, 9%, and 4% of the total fatty-acid content, respectively. The major unsaturated fatty acids of raw soybean flour-oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid-decreased by 30.0%, 94.4%, and 97.7%, and 38.0%, 94.8%, and 98.0% when stored in polyethylene and polypropylene film, respectively, after 48 weeks of storage under high-temperature conditions. These values were later increased due to hydrolysis. This study presents the changes in composition and content of two soybean flour types and the changes in quality and stability of fatty acids in response to storage temperature and duration. This study shows the influence of storage conditions and temperature on the nutritional quality which is least affected by packing material.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animal Feed; Fatty Acids; Flour; Glycine max; Hot Temperature; Linoleic Acid; Nutritive Value; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids; Temperature

Tumor infiltrating myeloid cells play contradictory roles in the tumor development. Dendritic cells and classical activated macrophages support anti-tumor immune activity via antigen presentation and induction of pro-inflammatory immune responses. Myeloid suppressor cells (MSCs), for instance myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) or tumor associated macrophages play a critical role in tumor growth. Here, treatment with sodium oleate, an unsaturated fatty acid, induced a regulatory phenotype in the myeloid suppressor cell line MSC-2 and resulted in an increased suppression of activated T cells, paralleled by increased intracellular lipid droplets formation. Furthermore, sodium oleate potentiated nitric oxide (NO) production in MSC-2, thereby increasing their suppressive capacity. In primary polarized bone marrow cells, sodium oleate (C18:1) and linoleate (C18:2), but not stearate (C18:0) were identified as potent FFA to induce a regulatory phenotype. This effect was abrogated in MSC-2 as well as primary cells by specific inhibition of droplets formation while the inhibition of de novo FFA synthesis proved ineffective, suggesting a critical role for exogenous FFA in the functional induction of MSCs. Taken together our data introduce a new unsaturated fatty acid-dependent pathway shaping the functional phenotype of MSCs, facilitating the tumor escape from the immune system.

Topics: Animals; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Line; Coculture Techniques; Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Droplets; Lymphocyte Activation; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells; Nitric Oxide; Oleic Acid; Phenotype; Stearic Acids

Laurencia obtusa (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) has tremendous nutritional value, being high in proteins, oligosaccharides, vitamins, essential minerals, and fatty acids, and it is a rich source of amino acids and trace elements. In this study, L. obtusa was extracted and subjected to phenolic, sugar and flavonoid analyses.The fatty acid, vitamin and phytosterol contents in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were evaluated when it was incubated with L. obtusa dry biomass. The fatty acids in the lipid extract were analysed after converting them into methyl esters using gas chromatography, and vitamin concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). According to the achieved results, the total fatty acid levels and vitamin contents of the S. cerevisiae prepared with algal extract increased at different rates. Our results showed that α-tocopherol decreased in the group in which the S. cerevisiae was added the algal extract. When compared to the control group, ergesterol increased in the group in which L. obtusa extract was added. Additionally, when compared to the control group in which L. obtusa extract was added, stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2) increased in the other groups. Palmitoleic acid (16:1) increased in the L. obtusa culture medium, but palmitic acid decreased in the L. obtusa culture medium. In conclusion, it was determined that the L. obtusa extract added to the development medium of S. cerevisiae caused differences in the synthesis of some vitamins and fatty acids.

Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Complex Mixtures; Culture Media; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fermentation; Laurencia; Linoleic Acid; Minerals; Palmitic Acid; Probiotics; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Stearic Acids; Vitamins

Fatty acids (C6-C18) found in human amniotic fluid, colostrum, and maternal milk reduce behavioral indicators of experimental anxiety in adult Wistar rats. Unknown, however, is whether the anxiolytic-like effects of fatty acids provide a natural mechanism against anxiety in young offspring. The present study assessed the anxiolytic-like effect of a mixture of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, and linoleic acid in Wistar rats on postnatal day 28. Infant rats were subjected to the elevated plus maze, defensive burying test, and locomotor activity test. Diazepam was used as a reference anxiolytic drug. A group that was pretreated with picrotoxin was used to explore the participation of

Topics: Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety Disorders; Diazepam; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Humans; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Maze Learning; Motor Activity; Myristic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Rats; Receptors, GABA-A; Stearic Acids

Lipase was used to hydrolyse the lard, and four pork flavours (PFs) were prepared through Maillard reaction using different enzyme-treated lards. Volatile compounds and free fatty acids of lard, and volatile compounds of PFs were analysed by GC-MS. The results showed that the total free fatty acids (FFAs) were 89.40%, 85.80% and 89.92% lower in lard control compared with three different enzyme-treated lards (S1, S2 and S3), respectively. Analysis of volatiles of PFs indicated that the effect of lard with moderate lipase treatment on Maillard reaction was more prominent than that of others. The results of descriptive sensory analysis confirmed that PF3 from S3 had the strongest porky, meaty and odour-tenacity. The relationship between FFAs in lard and volatile compounds and sensory attributes of the PFs showed that 9c-C18:1 oleic acid, 9t-C18:1 elaidic acid, 10c-C17:1 heptadecenoic acid, 9c,12c-C18:2 linoleic, C18:0 stearic and 9c-C16:1 palmitoleic might be pork flavour precursors which were present at highest concentrations in lipase MER "Amano" pretreated lard.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Food Handling; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Hydrolysis; Least-Squares Analysis; Linoleic Acid; Lipase; Maillard Reaction; Male; Middle Aged; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Red Meat; Stearic Acids; Swine; Taste; Volatile Organic Compounds; Young Adult

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may affect colon microbiome homeostasis by exerting (specific) antimicrobial effects and/or interfering with mucosal biofilm formation at the gut mucosal interface. We used standardized batch incubations and the Mucosal-Simulator of the Human Microbial Intestinal Ecosystem (M-SHIME) to show the in vitro luminal and mucosal effects of the main PUFA in the Western diet, linoleic acid (LA). High concentrations of LA were found to decrease butyrate production and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii numbers dependent on LA biohydrogenation to vaccenic acid (VA) and stearic acid (SA). In faecal batch incubations, LA biohydrogenation and butyrate production were positively correlated and SA did not inhibit butyrate production. In the M-SHIME, addition of a mucosal environment stimulated biohydrogenation to SA and protected F. prausnitzii from inhibition by LA. This was probably due to the preference of two biohydrogenating genera Roseburia and Pseudobutyrivibrio for the mucosal niche. Co-culture batch incubations using Roseburia hominis and F. prausnitzii validated these observations. Correlations networks further uncovered the central role of Roseburia and Pseudobutyrivibrio in protecting luminal and mucosal SHIME microbiota from LA-induced stress. Our results confirm how cross-shielding interactions provide resilience to the microbiome and demonstrate the importance of biohydrogenating, mucosal bacteria for recovery from LA stress.

Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Butyrates; Colon; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Linoleic Acid; Microbiota; Stearic Acids; Young Adult

Numerous studies have examined relationships between disease biomarkers (such as blood lipids) and levels of circulating or cellular fatty acids. In such association studies, fatty acids have typically been expressed as the percentage of a particular fatty acid relative to the total fatty acids in a sample. Using two human cohorts, this study examined relationships between blood lipids (TAG, and LDL, HDL or total cholesterol) and circulating fatty acids expressed either as a percentage of total or as concentration in serum. The direction of the correlation between stearic acid, linoleic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and DHA and circulating TAG reversed when fatty acids were expressed as concentrations v. a percentage of total. Similar reversals were observed for these fatty acids when examining their associations with the ratio of total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol. This reversal pattern was replicated in serum samples from both human cohorts. The correlations between blood lipids and fatty acids expressed as a percentage of total could be mathematically modelled from the concentration data. These data reveal that the different methods of expressing fatty acids lead to dissimilar correlations between blood lipids and certain fatty acids. This study raises important questions about how such reversals in association patterns impact the interpretation of numerous association studies evaluating fatty acids and their relationships with disease biomarkers or risk.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Arachidonic Acid; Biomarkers; Black or African American; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Overweight; Risk Factors; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides; United States; White People

Biodiesel-derived crude glycerol can be fermented to produce n-butanol, which is a platform chemical for biorefining and a biofuel. One limitation to crude glycerol fermentation is the presence of long-chain fatty acids (FAs) that can partition into cellular membranes, leading to membrane fluidization and interdigitation, which can inhibit cellular function. In this work, we have examined the phase behavior of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC, C16:0) membranes and the membrane partitioning of n-butanol as a function of FA degree of unsaturation (steric, oleic, and linoleic acids) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and monolayer surface pressure studies. All three FAs at 15mol% (85mol% DPPC) prevented interdigitation by n-butanol based on the DSC results. n-Butanol partitioning and membrane expansion was greatest for DPPC/oleic acid membranes, where monounsaturated oleic acid (OA, C18:1) was miscible in gel and fluid phase DPPC. Saturated steric acid (SA, C18:0), which ordered the membranes and yielded a SA-rich phase during melting, led to a modest increase in n-butanol partitioning compared to DPPC alone. Di-unsaturated linoleic acid (LA, C18:2), which disordered the membranes and phase separated, had little affect on n-butanol partitioning into the DPPC-rich phases. The effects of OA and LA are attributed to the additional interfacial area provided by these FAs due to acyl tail 'kinks' at the carbon double bonds. These results show that exogenous FAs can partition into membranes, impacting n-butanol partitioning and acting cooperatively with n-butanol to alter membrane structure.

Topics: 1-Butanol; 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Bilayers; Membranes, Artificial; Oleic Acid; Stearic Acids; Thermodynamics

A detailed comparison of the adsorption behavior of long straight chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids at the iron oxide/oil interface has been considered using a combination of surface study techniques. Both depletion isotherms and polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) show that the extent of adsorption decreases as the number of double bonds in the alkyl chains increases. Sum frequency generation spectroscopic measurements demonstrate that there is also an increase in chain disorder within the adsorbed layer as the unsaturation increases. However, for the unsaturated analogues, a decrease in peak intensity is seen for the double bond peak upon heating, which is thought to arise from isomerization in the surface-bound layer. The PNR study of oleic acid adsorption indicates chemisorbed monolayer adsorption, with a further diffuse reversible adsorbed layer formed at higher concentrations.

Topics: Adsorption; Alkanes; Ferric Compounds; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Stearic Acids; Surface Properties; Thermodynamics

Excessive fat intake is a global health concern as women of childbearing age increasingly ingest high fat diets (HFDs). We therefore determined the maternal fatty acid (FA) profiles in metabolic organs after HFD administration during specific periods of gestation. Rats were fed a HFD for the first (HF1), second (HF2), or third (HF3) week, or for all three weeks (HFG) of gestation. Total maternal plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were monitored throughout pregnancy. At day 20 of gestation, maternal plasma, liver, adipose tissue, and placenta FA profiles were determined. In HF3 mothers, plasma myristic and stearic acid concentrations were elevated, whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reduced in both HF3 and HFG mothers. In HF3 and HFG mothers, hepatic stearic and oleic acid proportions were elevated; conversely, DHA and linoleic acid (LA) proportions were reduced. In adipose tissue, myristic acid was elevated, whereas DHA and LA proportions were reduced in all mothers. Further, adipose tissue stearic acid proportions were elevated in HF2, HF3, and HFG mothers; with oleic acid increased in HF1 and HFG mothers. In HF3 and HFG mothers, placental neutral myristic acid proportions were elevated, whereas DHA was reduced. Further, placental phospholipid DHA proportions were reduced in HF3 and HFG mothers. Maintenance on a diet, high in saturated fat, but low in DHA and LA proportions, during late or throughout gestation, perpetuated reduced DHA across metabolic organs that adapt during pregnancy. Therefore a diet, with normal DHA proportions during gestation, may be important for balancing maternal FA status.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Fats; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Myristic Acids; Oleic Acid; Phospholipids; Placenta; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stearic Acids; Time Factors

The regulation of food intake is a promising way to combat obesity. It has been implicated that various fatty acids exert different effects on food intake and body weight. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of linoleic acid (LA) and stearic acid (SA) on agouti-related protein (AgRP) expression and secretion in immortalized mouse hypothalamic N38 cells and to explore the likely underlying mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that LA inhibited, while SA stimulated AgRP expression and secretion of N38 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, LA suppressed the protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), phosphorylation levels of JNK and IKKα/β, suggesting the inhibition of TLR4-dependent inflammation pathway. However, the above mentioned inhibitory effects of LA were eliminated by TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast, SA promoted TLR4 protein expression and activated TLR4-dependent inflammation pathway, with elevated ratio of p-JNK/JNK. While TLR4 siRNA reversed the stimulatory effects of SA on AgRP expression and TLR4-dependent inflammation. Moreover, we found that TLR4 was also involved in LA-enhanced and SA-impaired leptin/insulin signal pathways in N38 cells. In conclusion, our findings indicated that LA elicited inhibitory while SA exerted stimulatory effects on AgRP expression and secretion via TLR4-dependent inflammation and leptin/insulin pathways in N38 cells. These data provided a better understanding of the mechanism underlying fatty acids-regulated food intake and suggested the potential role of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids such as LA in reducing food intake and treating obesity.

Topics: Agouti-Related Protein; Animals; Eating; Hypothalamus; I-kappa B Kinase; Inflammation; Leptin; Linoleic Acid; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Obesity; Phosphorylation; RNA, Small Interfering; Signal Transduction; Stearic Acids; Toll-Like Receptor 4

What is the central question of this study? Oleic and linoleic acids modulate fibroblast proliferation and myogenic differentiation in vitro. However, their in vivo effects on muscle regeneration have not yet been examined. We investigated the effects of either oleic or linoleic acid on a well-established model of muscle regeneration after severe laceration. What is the main finding and its importance? We found that linoleic acid increases fibrous tissue deposition and impairs muscle regeneration and recovery of contractile function, whereas oleic acid has the opposite effects in severely injured gastrocnemius muscle, suggesting that linoleic acid has a harmful effect and oleic acid a potential therapeutic effect on muscle regeneration. Oleic and linoleic acids control fibroblast proliferation and myogenic differentiation in vitro; however, there was no study in skeletal muscle in vivo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of either oleic or linoleic acid on the fibrous tissue content (collagen deposition) of muscle and recovery of contractile function in rat gastrocnemius muscle after being severely injured by laceration. Rats were supplemented with either oleic or linoleic acid for 4 weeks after laceration [0.44 g (kg body weight)

Topics: Animals; Linoleic Acid; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Skeletal; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recovery of Function; Stearic Acids

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a remarkable health problem worldwide, but its pathogenesis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to compare fat composition and secretory phospholipase-A2 (sPLA2) activity between the malignant and adjacent normal squamous tissues in patients with OSCC.. Paired samples of malignant squamous and adjacent normal-appearing tissues were collected from 27 patients with OSCC. The fatty acid composition in the obtained tissues was determined by gas liquid chromatography. Tissue enzyme activities of sPLA2 were measured using the standard assay with Diheptanoyl Thio-Phosphatidylcholine as substrate.. In the OSCC tissue, the level of stearic acid (18:0) and activity of sPLA2 were higher (P < 0.001), and the levels of oleic acid (18:1n-9) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) were lower than that in the adjacent normal-appearing squamous tissue (P < 0.001). The activity of sPLA2 in OSCC was strongly negatively correlated with the amount of 18:2n-6 (r = -0.41, P < 0.001). Negative significant associations were observed between the OSCC invasion and tissue levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHE).. The changes in the fatty acid composition and sPLA2 activity may be regarded as indicators of altered lipid metabolism occurring in vivo during squamous cell carcinogenesis.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Oleic Acid; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms; Phospholipases A2; Stearic Acids

The fatty acid composition of the underutilised Cassia abbreviata seed oil was determined using gas chromatographic methods. C. abbreviata seeds yielded 9.53% of yellowish-green oil consisting mainly of oleic acid (37.8%), palmitic acid (26.5%), linoleic acid (26.7%), stearic acid (4.1%) and elaidic acid (2.1%). The oil was solid at room temperature, had a saponification value of 376.16 mg KOH/g and an iodine value of 26.48 g I2/100g oil. The fatty acid composition and saponification value of the C. abbreviata seed oil suggest that it may find application in both cosmetic and pharmaceutical natural product formulations.

Topics: Cassia; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Seeds; Stearic Acids

Hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF) form heterodimeric complexes that mediate cell responses to hypoxia. The oxygen-dependent stability and activity of the HIF-α subunits is traditionally associated to post-translational modifications such as hydroxylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation. Here we report novel evidence showing that unsaturated fatty acids are naturally occurring, non-covalent structural ligands of HIF-3α, thus providing the initial framework for exploring its exceptional role as a lipid sensor under hypoxia.

Topics: Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Cloning, Molecular; Crystallography, X-Ray; Escherichia coli; Gene Expression; Humans; Ligands; Linoleic Acid; Models, Molecular; Monoglycerides; Neoplasms; Oleic Acid; Protein Binding; Protein Structure, Secondary; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Recombinant Proteins; Repressor Proteins; Signal Transduction; Stearic Acids; Tissue Array Analysis

Lycopene and oleoresin extraction from powder of tomato over-ripe by three agitation methods and four solvents have been evaluated. Also, tomato powder and the oleoresins were characterized biochemically. On average, the moisture content of powder was found to be 4.30, ash 8.90, proteins 11.23 and lipids 4.35 g 100 g(-1). The best oleoresin extraction yield was achieved by combining sonication and acetone at 1.43 g 100 g(-1). The greatest amount of lycopene (65.57 ± 0.33 mg 100 g(-1)) was also obtained using the same treatment. The presence of trans-lycopene was positively confirmed by HPLC and FTIR. In oleoresins, linoleic acid (C18:2n6) was the predominant with 50% of total fatty acids, whereas stearic acid (C18:0) is presented in a smaller proportion (5%). A simple and suitable method for extraction of lycopene from over-ripe tomato was optimized. In industrial applications, tomato by-products are a viable source of analytes, such as lycopene and unsaturated fatty acids.

Topics: Acetone; Biological Availability; Carotenoids; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Fruit; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Lycopene; Plant Extracts; Plant Preparations; Powders; Solanum lycopersicum; Solvents; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Stearic Acids; Water

Three cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP52 gene family members were isolated from the sophorolipid-producing yeast Starmerella bombicola (former Candida bombicola), namely, CYP52E3, CYP52M1, and CYP52N1, and their open reading frames were cloned into the pYES2 vector for expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The functions of the recombinant proteins were analyzed with a variety of alkane and fatty acid substrates using microsome proteins or a whole-cell system. CYP52M1 was found to oxidize C16 to C20 fatty acids preferentially. It converted oleic acid (C18:1) more efficiently than stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) and much more effectively than α-linolenic acid (C18:3). No products were detected when C10 to C12 fatty acids were used as the substrates. Moreover, CYP52M1 hydroxylated fatty acids at their ω- and ω-1 positions. CYP52N1 oxidized C14 to C20 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and preferentially oxidized palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. It only catalyzed ω-hydroxylation of fatty acids. Minor ω-hydroxylation activity against myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and oleic acid was shown for CYP52E3. Furthermore, the three P450s were coassayed with glucosyltransferase UGTA1. UGTA1 glycosylated all hydroxyl fatty acids generated by CYP52E3, CYP52M1, and CYP52N1. The transformation efficiency of fatty acids into glucolipids by CYP52M1/UGTA1 was much higher than those by CYP52N1/UGTA1 and CYP52E3/UGTA1. Taken together, CYP52M1 is demonstrated to be involved in the biosynthesis of sophorolipid, whereas CYP52E3 and CYP52N1 might be involved in alkane metabolism in S. bombicola but downstream of the initial oxidation steps.

Topics: Alkanes; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Fungal Proteins; Glucosyltransferases; Glycolipids; Hydroxylation; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitic Acid; Recombinant Proteins; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomycetales; Stearic Acids; Substrate Specificity

The aim of the study was individual quantitatively and qualitatively determination of fatty acids in ordinary flax seed oil (Linum usitatissimum L.), cultivated in Georgia. The neutral lipids extracts were fractionated and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (PTC-1, Waters) with refractory detector R-401. Analitical column (150,0x3,0 mm) was filled with reversphase Bondopak C18). Software OASIS-740 is used. The correction retention times of each fatty acids is compared with comformity standard. The investigation showed that in flax seed oil linoleic (31,3±2,1 mg%) and linolenic (40,2±2,9 mg%) acids were predominant and together constitute principal basic of research composition. The flax seed oil contained also palmitic and stearic acids in less quantitaty.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fatty Acids; Georgia (Republic); Linoleic Acid; Linseed Oil; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids

A novel sodium N-fatty acyl amino acid (SFAAA) surfactant was synthesized using pupa oil and pupa protein hydrolysates (PPH) from a waste product of the silk industry. The aliphatic acids from pupa oil were modified into N-fatty acyl chlorides by thionyl chloride (SOCl2). SFAAA was synthesized using acyl chlorides and PPH. GC-MS analysis showed fatty acids from pupa oil consist mainly of unsaturated linolenic and linoleic acids and saturated palmitic and stearic acids. SFAAA had a low critical micelle concentration, great efficiency in lowering surface tension and strong adsorption at an air/water interface. SFAAA had a high emulsifying power, as well as a high foaming power. The emulsifying power of PPH and SFAAA in an oil/water emulsion was better with ethyl acetate as the oil phase compared to n-hexane. The environment-friendly surfactant made entirely from silkworm pupae could promote sustainable development of the silk industry.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Amino Acids; Animals; Bombyx; Chromatography, Gas; Green Chemistry Technology; Insect Proteins; Linoleic Acid; Micelles; Palmitic Acid; Protein Hydrolysates; Pupa; Silk; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Stearic Acids; Sulfur Oxides; Surface Tension; Surface-Active Agents; Waste Products

Chamaerops humilis L. var. argentea André (C. humilis) date palm seeds are an underutilized source of vegetable oil, and no studies describing their physicochemical characteristics to indicate the potential uses of this seed or seed oil have been reported. The oil content of the seeds is about 10%, mainly composed of oleic acid (38.71%), lauric acid (21.27%), linoleic acid (15.15%), palmitic acid (9.96%), and stearic acid (7.17%). The tocol (tocopherols and tocotrienols) content is 74 mg/100 g, with δ-tocotrienol as the major contributor (31.91%), followed by α-tocotrienol (29.37%), γ-tocopherol (20.16%), and γ-tocotrienol (11.86%). Furthermore, this oil shows high thermal stability. The differential scanning calorimetery curves revealed that the melting and crystallization points are 9.33 °C and -15.23 °C, respectively.

Topics: Diet; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Humans; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phoeniceae; Plant Oils; Seeds; Stearic Acids; Tocopherols; Tocotrienols

Aloe ferox is an important medicinal plant in Southern Africa whose seeds could be useful as a source of oil. The fatty acid composition of A. ferox seed oil was determined using gas chromatography. The physicochemical properties of the oil were analysed using standard methods. The seeds yielded 19.4% of a light textured oil using the Blight and Dyer's method and 12.3% using the Soxhlet extraction method. The saponification value of the seed oil was 241.9 mg KOH/g and the peroxide value was 8.9 meq/kg. The acid value of the seed oil was 51.5 mg KOH/g (25.9% free fatty acids). The major fatty acids found in the seed oil were linoleic acid (71.8%), oleic acid (12.0%), palmitic acid (11.2%) and stearic acid (2.9%). The results obtained suggest that as A. ferox seed oil is high in linoleic acid, it could be potentially exploited in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Topics: Aloe; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Plant Oils; Seeds; Stearic Acids

A handheld micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) based spectrometer working in the near infrared region (NIR) (1600-2400nm) was evaluated for in-situ and non-destructive prediction of main fatty acids in Iberian pig (IP) carcasses. 110 IP carcasses were measured. Performance of the instrument was compared with at-line high-resolution NIRS monochromators working in two analysis modes: melted fat samples (transflectance cups) and intact adipose tissues (interactance fiber optic). Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) values obtained on the MEMS-NIRS device were: 0.68% (stearic), 1.30% (oleic), 0.55% (linoleic) and 1% (palmitic), explaining a variability of 83%, 84%, 81% and 78%, respectively. As expected, this represented a loss of predictive capability in comparison to at-line models, even with the same spectral characteristics as on the handheld device. However, the estimated total errors were at the same level for gas chromatography and NIRS analysis. This indicates that the MEMS-NIRS in-situ analysis of each individual carcass provides a cost-effective and real-time quality control system with suitable accuracy.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Chromatography, Gas; Diet; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Meat; Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Quality Control; Reproducibility of Results; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; Stearic Acids; Swine

Our recent data have linked plasma phospholipid fatty acid (FA) profile in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with the clinical stage and aggressiveness of the disease. Thus, we proposed that plasma FA status in these patients may influence the effect of chemotherapy. The aim of this work was to assess FA status in NHL patients undergoing chemotherapy in relation to their response to therapy. We analyzed plasma FA profile in 47 newly diagnosed NHL patients before chemotherapy, after 3 cycles and after the end of the planned chemotherapy. Patients were treated according to the hospital protocol: 28 patients with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone, 7 with other anthracycline-containing regimens, 4 patients with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone and 8 with fludarabine-based regimens. Rituximab was added in 22 patients. Ten patients who did not receive all planned chemotherapy due to death or toxicity (non-completers) had significantly lower (p < 0.05) baseline proportion of palmitoleic, linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, as well as n-3 and n-6 FA, than the patients who completed chemotherapy (completers). Furthermore, the completers were divided according to the response to chemotherapy to complete remission (CR), stable disease and progressive disease (PD). Proportion of palmitic acid after the end of chemotherapy was the highest in the PD group, while stearic acid showed the opposite trend. Palmitoleic acid and all n-3 FA (18:3, 20:5, 22:5 and 22:6) were the highest in the patients in remission and the lowest in PD (p < 0.001). Linoleic acid decreased and arachidonic acid increased from the CR to the PD group (p < 0.001). These results suggest that aberrations in plasma FA may influence response to chemotherapy in patients with NHL.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Disease Progression; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Middle Aged; Palmitic Acid; Remission Induction; Stearic Acids; Young Adult

NEFA plays numerous roles in the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and proteins. A number of experimental studies have shown that NEFA may have an important role in fatty acid metabolism in the liver, especially in dairy cows that experience negative energy balance (NEB) during early lactation.. In this study, using fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA, and primary hepatocytes cultured in vitro, we examined the effect of NEFA (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mmol/L) on fatty acid metabolism by monitoring the mRNA and protein expression of the following key enzymes: long chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL), carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA (CPT IA), long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADL), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC).. The mRNA and protein expression levels of ACSL and ACADL markedly increased as the concentration of NEFA in the media was increased. The mRNA and protein expression levels of CPT IA were enhanced significantly when the NEFA concentrations increased from 0 to 1.6 mmol/L and decreased significantly when the NEFA concentrations increased from 1.6 to 3.2 mmol/L. The mRNA and protein expression of ACC decreased gradually with increasing concentrations of NEFA.. These findings indicate that increased NEFA significantly promote the activation and β-oxidation of fatty acids, but very high NEFA concentrations may inhibit the translocation of fatty acids into mitochondria of hepatocytes. This may explain the development of ketosis or liver lipidosis in dairy cows. CPT IA might be the key control enzyme of the fatty acid oxidation process in hepatocytes.

Topics: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain; Animals; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Cattle; Cells, Cultured; Coenzyme A Ligases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Gene Expression Regulation; Hepatocytes; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids

This study investigated the regeneration of waste edible oil using a food additive (calcium silicate, CAS). Waste edible oil was prepared by combined heat and aeration treatment. Moreover, the deterioration of edible oil by combined heat and aeration treatment was greater than that by heat treatment alone. The acid value (AV) and carbonyl value (CV) increased with increasing deterioration; conversely, the tocopherol concentration decreased with increasing deterioration. The specific surface area, pore volume, and mean pore diameter of the 3 CAS formulations used (CAS30, CAS60, and CAS90) were evaluated, and scanning electron microscopic images were taken. The specific surface area increased in the order of CAS30 (115.54 m(2)/g) < CAS60 (163.93 m(2)/g) < CAS90 (187.47 m(2)/g). The mean pore diameter increased in the order of CAS90 (170.59 Å) < CAS60 (211.60 Å) < CAS30 (249.70 Å). The regeneration of waste edible oil was possible with CAS treatment. The AV reduced by 15.2%, 10.8%, and 23.1% by CAS30, CAS60, and CAS90 treatment, respectively, and the CV was reduced by 35.6%, 29.8%, and 31.3% by these 3 treatments, respectively. Moreover, the concentrations of tocopherol and free fatty acids did not change with CAS treatment. The characteristics of CAS were not related to the degree of change of AV and CV. However, the adsorption mechanism of polar and non-polar compounds generated in waste edible oil by CAS was related with the presence of silica gel molecules in CAS. The findings indicated that CAS was useful for the regeneration of waste edible oil.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Calcium Compounds; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Food Additives; Food Handling; Hot Temperature; Linoleic Acid; Oils; Oleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitic Acid; Silicates; Stearic Acids; Time Factors; Tocopherols; Waste Disposal, Fluid

In this study, the composition of fatty oil from Semen Ziziphi Spinosae and its cardiotonic activity on the heart isolated from a toad were studied. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions of fatty oil were prepared by the perfusion method. The fatty oil had a positive inotropic effect on isolated rat hearts at a concentration between 5 × 10(-3) and 2 × 10(-2) mL/10 mL, and the effect was in positive correlation with the concentration of calcium ions. In addition, this effect was inhibited by 2 mg/mL nifedipine, suggesting that the cardiotonic mechanism could be responsible for accelerating the inflow of calcium ions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the main constituents of the fatty oil were 9-octadecenoic acid (43.32%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (42.57%), hexadecanoic acid (4.76%), 9-eicosenoic acid (2.95%), stearic acid (2.41%) and arachidic acid (0.81%). This preliminary study revealed that the fatty oil of Semen Ziziphi Spinosae exhibited remarkable cardiotonic activity in the tested models, and it is necessary to further reveal the effective substances of the fatty oil.

Topics: Animals; Anura; Eicosanoic Acids; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Heart; In Vitro Techniques; Linoleic Acid; Myocardium; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Stearic Acids; Tensile Strength

The fatty acid composition of the seed oil of 23 Stachys taxa was analysed by GC/MS. The main compounds were found to be linoleic (27.1-64.3%), oleic (20.25-48.1%), palmitic (4.3-9.1%), stearic (trace to 5.2%) and 6-octadecynoic (2.2-34.1%) acids. The latter compound could be used as a chemotaxonomic marker of the genus Stachys. A cluster analysis was performed for comparison and characterisation of the seed oil from Stachys species.

Topics: Biomarkers; Cluster Analysis; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Seeds; Species Specificity; Stachys; Stearic Acids; Turkey

Fatty acids and tocopherols in appropriate quantities are invaluable attributes that are desirable in seeds of agricultural products. Studies have generally focused on the evaluation of the oil and tocopherol components of oil crops. Recently, investigations revealed that the grape seed has robust potential in the production of healthy fatty acids as well as tocopherols. This study was thus conducted to determine the oil and tocopherol components of grape seeds, obtained from various grape cultivars of different species, including two rootstock varieties.. The grape seed oil concentration of the studied varieties ranged from 7.3 to 22.4%. The determined fatty acid profiles of the genotypes conformed to the pattern described in the literature for grapes. Linoleic acid is the major component comprising 53.6-69.6% of the total, followed by oleic (16.2-31.2%), palmitic (6.9-12.9%) and stearic (1.44-4.69%). The oils of all the seeds analysed showed a preponderance of α-tocopherol (ranging from 260.5 to 153.1 mg kg⁻¹ oil extract). β-Tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol were also detected with the general means of 0.98, 22.2 and 0.92 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Linoleic acid showed a significantly negative correlation with all the fatty acids analysed. The strongest negative correlation existed between linoleic and oleic acids (r = -0.834, P < 0.01).. Present investigations indicated that oil content, fatty acid composition and tocopherol constituents of grape seed show great variation among the genotypes. Markedly higher proportions of linoleic acid with considerable amounts of tocopherols found in the oil samples suggest that grape seed is a good source for culinary, pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses.

Topics: Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Genotype; Grape Seed Extract; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Seeds; Species Specificity; Stearic Acids; Tocopherols; Vitis

Quantitative analysis of the main oxidation products of linoleic acid - hydroperoxy-, keto- and hydroxy-dienes - in refined oils is proposed in this study. The analytical approach consists of derivatization of TAGs into FAMEs and direct analysis by HPLC-UV. Two transmethylation methods run at room temperature were evaluated. The reactants were KOH in methanol in method 1 and sodium methoxide (NaOMe) in method 2. Method 1 was ruled out because resulted in losses of hydroperoxydienes as high as 90 wt%. Transmethylation with NaOMe resulted to be appropriate as derivatization procedure, although inevitably also gives rise to losses of hydroperoxydienes, which were lower than 10 wt%, and formation of keto- and hydroxy-dienes as a result. An amount of 0.6-2.1 wt% of hydroperoxydienes was transformed into keto- and hydroxy-dienes, being the formation of the former as much as three times higher. The method showed satisfactory sensitivity (quantification limits of 0.3 μg/mL for hydroperoxy- and keto-dienes and 0.6 μg/mL for hydroxydienes), precision (coefficients of variation ≤ 6% for hydroperoxydienes and ≤ 15% for keto- and hydroxy-dienes) and accuracy (recovery values of 85(± 4), 99(± 2) and 97.0(± 0.6) % for hydroperoxy-, keto- and hydroxy-dienes, respectively). The method was applied to samples of high-linoleic (HLSO), high-oleic (HOSO) and high-stearic high-oleic (HSHOSO) sunflower oils oxidized at 40 °C. Results showed that the higher the linoleic-to-oleic ratio, the higher were the levels of hydroperoxy-, keto- and hydroxy-dienes when tocopherols were completely depleted, i.e. at the end of the induction period (IP). Levels of 23.7, 2.7 and 1.1 mg/g oil were found for hydroperoxy-, keto- and hydroxy-dienes, respectively, in the HLSO when tocopherol was practically exhausted. It was estimated that hydroperoxydienes constituted approximately 100, 95 and 60% of total hydroperoxides in the HLSO, HOSO and HSHOSO, respectively, along the IP.

Topics: Alkenes; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroxides; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Linoleic Acid; Methanol; Oleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Plant Oils; Potassium Compounds; Reproducibility of Results; Stearic Acids

Dietary unsaturated fatty acids are extensively hydrogenated in the rumen, resulting in the formation of numerous intermediates that may exert physiological effects and alter the fat composition of ruminant-derived foods. A batch culture method was used to characterize the hydrogenation of linoleic acid (LeA) by strained rumen fluid in vitro. Incubations (n = 5) were performed in 100-mL flasks maintained at 39 °C containing 400mg of grass hay, 50 mL of buffered rumen fluid, and incremental amounts of LeA (0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0mg) for 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 9.0 h. The fatty acid composition of flask contents was determined using complimentary silver-ion thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography mass-spectrometry, and silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography. Linoleic acid was extensively (98.1, 97.6, 98.0, and 89.8% for additions of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0mg of LeA, respectively) hydrogenated over time. Complete reduction of LeA to 18:0 was inhibited in direct relation to the amount of added substrate, the extent of which was greatest for the highest amount of LeA addition. Recoveries of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0mg of added LeA as 18:0 averaged 73.6, 65.0, 57.3, and 10.7%, respectively. Incubation of incremental amounts of LeA resulted in a time-dependent accumulation of geometric isomers of 9,11 and 10,12 conjugated linoleic acid, several nonconjugated 18:2 isomers, and a wide range of cis 18:1 and trans 18:1 intermediates. Several unusual intermediates including cis-6,cis-12 18:2; cis-7,cis-12 18:2; and cis-8,cis-12 18:2, were found to accumulate in direct relation to the amount of added LeA, providing the first indications that hydrogenation of LeA by ruminal bacteria may also involve mechanisms other than hydrogen abstraction or isomerization of the cis-12 double bond. Fitting of single-pool, first-order kinetic models to experimental data indicated that the rate of LeA disappearance decreased with increases in substrate availability. Reduction of 18:1 and 18:2 intermediates occurred at much lower rates compared with conjugated linoleic acid and nonconjugated 18:2 isomer formation. In conclusion, the extent of LeA biohydrogenation in vitro was shown to be time- and dose-dependent with evidence that LeA is hydrogenated by ruminal bacteria via several distinct metabolic pathways. The accumulation of several unusual 18:2 isomers indicates that biohydrogenation of LeA also proceeds via mechanisms other than isomerization of the cis-12 do

Topics: Animals; Body Fluids; Cattle; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrogenation; In Vitro Techniques; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Rumen; Stearic Acids

Novel surfactants made of diglutamic acid (DG) polar head linked to lithocholic, arachidonic, linoleic or stearic acids were designed for drug solubilization.. Surfactants 3-D conformer and packing parameter were determined by molecular modelling and self-assembling properties by pyrene fluorescence measurements. Cytotoxicity was assessed on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) and haemolyitic activity on rat red blood cells. Drug solubilization was quantified and its interaction with hydrophobic moieties was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Self organisation of stearoyl-DG was observed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Toxicity after repeated injections of stearoyl-DG was investigated in Wistar rats.. DG-based surfactants self-assemble into water and their critical micellar concentrations are comprised between 200 and 920 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity and haemolysis were lower than for polysorbate 80. At best, stearoyl-DG solubilized the drug up to 22% (w/w). Solid-state characterization evidenced drug/lipid interactions leading to the formation of a new complex. Stearoyl-DG formed spherical micelles of 20 nm, as predicted by packing parameter calculation. However, it induced a possible liver toxicity after intravenous administration in rats.. Among the surfactants tested, stearoyl-DG is the more efficient for drug solubilization but its use is limited by its possible liver toxicity.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Arachidonic Acid; Erythrocytes; Glutamic Acid; Hemolysis; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Linoleic Acid; Lithocholic Acid; Micelles; Models, Molecular; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solubility; Stearic Acids; Surface-Active Agents

Linoleic, oleic, and stearic fatty acids, presented vapor-phase retronasally, were discriminable from blanks and each other, but the same concentrations, oral-cavity-only (OCO), were not discriminable from blanks. It remained possible that higher concentrations might be discriminable OCO. To evaluate this, participants attempted to discriminate undiluted linoleic, oleic, or stearic acids, vapor-phase OCO, from blanks. For each fatty acid, participants received 5 stimulus delivery containers (SDCs) in 2 trials; 4 SDC held blanks, the fifth, a fatty acid. As a "positive control" in 2 trials, participants received vapor-phase OCO peppermint extract and blanks. For all trials, the task was to select the 1 different SDC. It was found that the 1 different SDC was selected in 24% of stearic, 32% of linoleic, 47% of oleic acid, and in 92% of peppermint trials; discriminations (the 1 different SDC selected in both trials) occurred in 0%, 16%, 26%, and 84% of pairs, respectively. Correct selections for oleic acid differed from chance, P = 0.0004, but not for linoleic acid, P = 0.125, or stearic acid, P = 0.345, Bonferroni corrected. Vapor-phase oleic acid can be an oral cavity trigeminal stimulus, linoleic acid might be (uncorrected P = 0.0384), but vapor-phase stearic acid cannot be.

Topics: Adolescent; Discrimination, Psychological; Fatty Acids; Female; Gases; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Mentha piperita; Mouth; Oleic Acid; Smell; Stearic Acids; Taste; Young Adult

Epidemiological data have shown an association of the intake of industrial produced trans fatty acids (TFA) and sudden cardiac death. The present study examines the impact of elaidic acid (t18:1n-9) and linoelaidic acid (t18:2n-6) on the human aortic endothelial cell functional response. Trans fatty acids predominately incorporated into the phospholipid component while only a minute fraction of the total fatty acids (FA) incorporated into triacylglycerol. Trans fatty acids incorporated into the plasma membranes at the expense of the saturated-FA, stearic, palmitic, and to a lesser extent, myristic acid. Both t18:1n-9 and t18:2n-6 induced a pro-inflammatory response by elevating surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Neither oleic nor linoleic evoked a pro-inflammatory phenotype under the maximal 50 µM treatments. Both TFA and stearic acid increased phosphorylation of the ICAM-1 transcriptional regulator, nuclear factor-κβ (NF-κβ), while oleic and linoleic acids did not appear to alter the phosphorylation status. Elaidic acid minimally affected endothelial cell growth, whereas linoelaidic acid completely inhibited growth at 100 µM and imparted limited cytotoxicity up to 300 µM. Stearic acid induced cytotoxicity at concentrations above 75 µM, while oleic and linoleic acids evoked gradual dose-dependent growth inhibition with cytotoxicity occurring only at linoleic acid concentrations greater than 200 µM. In conclusion, t18:1n-9 and t18:2n-6 fatty acids effectively incorporated into the phospholipid component of endothelial cells and subsequently induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype.

Topics: Cell Membrane; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Endothelial Cells; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Stearic Acids; Trans Fatty Acids; Triglycerides

Many epidemiologic, experimental, and clinical studies have shown that the amounts and type of fat in the diet influence plasma lipid levels. Dietary fat has been shown to have a role in cardiovascular diseases.. The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between dietary fatty acids and serum lipids in 150 overweight adults.. The examinations were performed in 150 adults, aged from 25 to 65 years with overweight and obese. Fat intakes are estimated from one 24-hour dietary recall interview. Data obtained with 24-hour questionnaire method were calculated with computer program Dieta 4. Statistical analysis was performed using a computer program Statistica.. Mean energy intake amounted 2579.2 +/- 786.2 kcal per day. The fat intake provided 34.6 +/- 8.5% of total energy, including saturated fatty acid--13.6% of total energy. Saturated fatty acids was not correlated with lipid profiles. Stearic acid was inversely correlated with the high-density lipoprotein. There were no signifificant associations between stearic acid and total cholesterol and plasma LDL cholesterol. Monounsaturated fat, including the oleic acid were affected lipid profiles by decreased total cholesterol and LDL-C. PUFA was correlated with decreased total cholesterol and plasma LDL cholesterol. Inverse correlation between arachidonic acid and HDL-C and between linoleic acid and LDL-C was observed.. This study indicates that the type of fat, but not only the total amount of fat, predicts serum cholesterol and its fractions levels. The proportion of SFA, MUFA, PUFA in diet determines their effect on serum lipids profile.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Arachidonic Acid; Dietary Fats; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Overweight; Stearic Acids

The association of fatty acid composition with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes has been reported in Western populations, but there is limited evidence of this association among the Japanese, whose populace consume large amounts of fish. To test the hypothesis that high palmitic, palmitoleic, and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids and low levels of linoleic and n-3 fatty acids are associated with higher insulin resistance among the Japanese, the authors investigated the relationship between serum fatty acid composition and serum C-peptide concentrations in 437 Japanese employees aged 21 to 67 years who participated in a workplace health examination. Serum cholesterol ester and phospholipid fatty acid compositions were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Desaturase activity was estimated by fatty acid product-to-precursor ratios. A multiple regression was used to assess the association between fatty acid and C-peptide concentrations. C-peptide concentrations were associated inversely with linoleic acid levels in cholesterol ester and phospholipid (P for trend = .01 and .02, respectively) and positively with stearic and palmitoleic acids in cholesterol ester (P for trend =.02 and .006, respectively) and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid in cholesterol ester and phospholipid (P for trend < .0001 for both). C-peptide concentrations were not associated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. C-peptide concentrations significantly increased as δ-9-desaturase (16:1 n-7/16:0) and δ-6-desaturase (18:3 n-6/18:2 n-6) increased (P for trend = .01 and .03, respectively) and δ-5-desaturase (20:4 n-6/20:3 n-6) decreased (P for trend = .004). In conclusion, a fatty acid pattern with high levels of serum stearic, palmitoleic, or dihomo-γ-linolenic acids; δ-9-desaturase (16:1 n-7/16:0) or δ-6-desaturase (18:3 n-6/18:2 n-6) activities; and low levels of serum linoleic acid or δ-5-desaturase (20:4 n-6/20:3 n-6) activity might be associated with higher insulin resistance in Japanese adults.

Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Adult; Aged; Asian People; C-Peptide; Cholesterol Esters; Chromatography, Gas; Cross-Sectional Studies; Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Linoleic Acid; Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Phospholipids; Regression Analysis; Stearic Acids; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase; Young Adult

Many macrophage functions are modulated by fatty acids (FAs), including cytokine release, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). TNF-α is of great interest due to its role in the inflammation process observed in several diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and obesity. However, the mechanisms by which FA effects occur have not been completely elucidated yet. In this study, we used a mouse monocyte lineage (J774 cells) to evaluate the effect of 50 and 100 μM of saturated (palmitic and stearic acids), monounsaturated (oleic acid) and polyunsaturated (linoleic acid) FAs on TNF-α production. Alterations in gene expression, poly(A) tail length and activation of transcription factors were evaluated. Oleic and linoleic acids, usually known as neutral or pro-inflammatory FA, inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α secretion by the cells. Saturated FAs were potent inducers of TNF-α expression and secretion under basal and inflammatory conditions (in the presence of LPS). Although the effect of the saturated FA was similar, the mechanism involved in each case seem to be distinct, as palmitic acid increased EGR-1 and CREB binding activity and stearic acid increased mRNA poly(A) tail. These results may contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which saturated FAs modulate the inflammatory response and may lead to design of associations of dietary and pharmacological strategies to counteract the pathological effects of TNF-α.

Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Fatty Acids; Gene Expression Regulation; Inflammation Mediators; Linoleic Acid; Macrophages; Mice; Oleic Acid; Stearic Acids; Transcription Factors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is a critical enzyme in supplying carbon for gluconeogenesis and oxaloacetate for the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The bovine PC (EC 6.4.1.1) gene contains 3 promoter sequences (P3, P2, and P1 from 5' to 3'). Physiological stressors, including the onset of calving and feed restriction, lead to elevated nonesterified fatty acids and glucocorticoid levels that coincide with an increase in PC mRNA expression. The effects of elevated fatty acids on bovine PC mRNA expression and promoter function have not been determined. The objective of this experiment was to determine the direct effects of stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids, dexamethasone, and Wy14643 (a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonist) on bovine PC promoter activity. Promoter-luciferase constructs, containing 1,005 bp of P1, 1,079 bp of P2, or 1,010 bp of P3, were transiently transfected into rat hepatoma (H4IIE) cells. Cells were then treated with 1mM stearic, oleic, or linoleic acids, 1 μM dexamethasone, or 10 μM Wy14643 for 23 h. Activity of P1 was suppressed with exposure to stearic acid (1.58 vs. 6.19±0.81 arbitrary units for stearic vs. control, respectively) and enhanced with exposure to Wy14643 (9.26 vs. 6.19±0.81 arbitrary units for Wy14643 vs. control, respectively). Conversely, stearic acid enhanced P3 activity (2.55 vs. 0.40±0.33 arbitrary units for stearic vs. control, respectively). Dexamethasone, linoleic acid, and oleic acid failed to elicit a response from any of the promoters tested. These data demonstrate the direct role of fatty acids in regulating PC expression and indicate that fatty acids provide promoter-specific regulation of PC promoters.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cell Culture Techniques; Dexamethasone; Fatty Acids; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Glucocorticoids; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Oleic Acid; Peroxisome Proliferators; PPAR alpha; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Pyrimidines; Pyruvate Carboxylase; Rats; RNA, Messenger; Stearic Acids

Composition of follicular fluid to which the preovulatory follicle is exposed may be one of the major factors determining subsequent fertility, as fatty acids are a precursor of hormones involved in dominance, ovulation and atresia mechanisms. The objective of this paper is to observe fatty acid profiles in various lipid classes according to estrogenic activity of follicles. For each of the 18 cows, we analysed plasma and follicular fluid fatty acid profiles of phospholipids, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), cholesteryl esters and triglycerides fractions. Follicles were classified as active (ratio oestrogen to progesterone E2/P4 > 1) and inactive (E2/P4 < 1). For seven cows, we get both types of follicles, six had only one active follicle and five cows had only one inactive follicle. The NEFA profile for palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, C20:3n6, arachidonic acid and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; p < 0.001) is different between inactive and active follicles and plasma. Compared with active follicular fluid and plasma, follicular fluid of inactive follicles showed lower stearic acid, higher oleic acid, arachidonic acid and DPA (p < 0.05) in phospholipids. No significant differences were observed in the cholesteryl ester fraction, which is composted mainly of linoleic acid. Triglyceride concentrations were too low to get reliable results. This study suggests that follicles have a specific fatty acid metabolism depending on oestrogen activity.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cattle; Cholesterol Esters; Estradiol; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Follicular Fluid; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Ovarian Follicle; Phospholipids; Progesterone; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

The fatty acid composition of high-fat diets is known to influence the magnitude of postprandial events that increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. These variations in magnitude may be directly ascribed to differences in the channeling of lipids toward oxidation or storage. A study was designed to compare the effects of 4 dietary fats on postprandial energy expenditure and on some risk factors of the metabolic syndrome. To avoid usual confounding factors due to simultaneous variations in chain length and double-bounds number of fatty acids, dietary fats were chosen to provide mainly 18-carbon fatty acids with 0 (stearic acid [SA]), 1 (oleic acid [OA]), 2 (linoleic acid [LA]), or 3 (alpha-linolenic acid [ALA]) double bounds. They were given as single high-fat test meals to 4 different groups of male rats. The resting metabolic rate and the lipid and carbohydrate oxidation were measured from oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production using indirect calorimetry 2 hours before and 6.5 hours after the test meal. Plasma glucose, triglyceride, and chylomicron concentrations were determined at 0, 1.5, and 4 hours after the test meal. Postprandial concentration of glucose and triglyceride did not vary with the nature of the test meals, whereas that of chylomicrons was the highest after the LA test meal and the lowest after the SA test meal. Postprandial increase in resting metabolic rate was the highest after the LA and OA test meals, and the lowest after the SA and ALA test meals. Compared with the 3 other diets, the ALA test meal enhanced lipid oxidation and decreased glucose oxidation during the early postprandial period (0.25-3.25 hours). This suggests that stearic acid may not induce all the adverse effects classically described for other saturated fatty acids and that alpha-linolenic acid may beneficially influence energy partitioning, especially during the early postprandial state.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Basal Metabolism; Blood Glucose; Calorimetry, Indirect; Carbon Dioxide; Dietary Fats; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Oleic Acid; Oxygen Consumption; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Risk Factors; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Discrimination of vapor-phase linoleic, oleic, and stearic fatty acids was studied using triangle tests. For each trial, 2 of the 3 modified odorant delivery containers (MODCs) had the same content and 1 was different. Contents were either mineral oil-diluted linoleic or oleic acids, with mineral oil in the other MODC (blanks) or undiluted stearic acid with NaCl in the other MODC (blanks). The task was to indicate which of the 3 MODC had the most different odor. Vapor-phase fatty acids and blanks were presented orthonasally, retronasally, or oral-cavity-only. It was found that all 3 fatty acids were discriminated from the blanks both orthonasally and retronasally, P 0.05 (30% of 30 participants discriminated linoleic acid from blanks, P = 0.71; 47%, oleic and stearic acids, P = 0.09). These results demonstrate that human participants can discriminate linoleic, oleic, and stearic fatty acids both orthonasally and retronasally, confirming that humans can smell fatty acids.

Topics: Adult; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Middle Aged; Oleic Acid; Smell; Stearic Acids; Taste

Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations are increased in states of insulin resistance. Therefore, this study evaluated apoptosis and underlying mechanisms induced by selected nutritional FFAs, a defined FFA-mix, and human plasma containing high FFA concentrations in human smooth muscle cells (HSMCs).. HSMCs were incubated (24-72 h) with selected FFAs (100-300 micromol/l), an FFA-mix (palmitic-/stearic-/oleic-/linoleic-/alpha-linolenic acid=2.6/1/3.6/9/1; 300-900 micromol/l), or with high FFA-plasma (600 micromol/l) versus respective control cultures. Apoptosis, caspase activation, and protein expression were determined by DNA-fragmentation assays, flow cytometry, and Western blots, respectively.. Exposure (24h) of HSMCs to 300 micromol/l stearic-, oleic-, linoleic-, alpha-linolenic-, and arachidonic acid induced apoptosis, correlating (p<0.01) with the FFAs' chain length (r=0.602) and number of FFA double bonds (r=0.956). After 48 h, 100 micromol/l of all tested FFAs - including palmitic acid - were already sufficient to trigger HSMCs' cell death. FFA-exposure resulted in activation of caspases and apoptosis was completely abolished by co-incubation with caspase inhibitors and negatively correlated (p<0.01) with the base-excision repair protein XRCC1 (r=-0.765) and with c-myc's antagonist mad (r=-0.916), whereas positive correlations (p<0.01) were found for protein expression of the proto-oncogene c-myc (r=0.972) and the transcription factor E2F-1 (r=0.971). Exposure of HSMCs to the defined FFA-mix and to plasma samples from individuals with elevated plasma FFAs supported the results obtained by defined FFA stimulation.. Since smooth muscle cells surround the macrophage/foam cell/lipid-laden artheromatous core of atherosclerotic lesions with a protective fibrous cap, their FFA-induced HSMC apoptosis could contribute to progression of atherosclerosis by thinning of the fibrous cap and subsequent plaque destabilization.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Apoptosis; Arachidonic Acid; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; Caspases; Cells, Cultured; Cytochromes c; DNA-Binding Proteins; E2F1 Transcription Factor; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Proto-Oncogene Mas; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; Repressor Proteins; Stearic Acids; Umbilical Cord; X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1

Increased circulating free fatty acids in subjects with type 2 diabetes may contribute to activation of macrophages, and thus the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of the saturated fatty acids (SFA) palmitate, stearate, myristate and laurate, and the unsaturated fatty acid linoleate, on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in phorbol ester-differentiated THP-1 cells, a model of human macrophages. Palmitate induced secretion and mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-8 and IL-1 beta, and enhanced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-1 beta secretion. Proinflammatory cytokine secretion was also induced by stearate, but not by the shorter chain SFA, myristate and laurate, or linoleate. Triacsin C abolished the palmitate-induced cytokine secretion, suggesting that palmitate activation to palmitoyl-CoA is required for its effect. Palmitate-induced cytokine secretion was decreased by knockdown of serine palmitoyltransferase and mimicked by C(2)-ceramide, indicating that ceramide is involved in palmitate-induced cytokine secretion. Palmitate phosphorylated p38 and JNK kinases, and blocking of these kinases with specific inhibitors diminished the palmitate-induced cytokine secretion. Palmitate also activated the AP-1 (c-Jun) transcription factor. Knockdown of MyD88 reduced the palmitate-induced IL-8, but not TNF-alpha or IL-1 beta secretion. In conclusion, our data suggest that the long-chain SFA induce proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages via pathways involving de novo ceramide synthesis. This might contribute to the activation of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques, especially in type 2 diabetes.

Topics: Cell Line, Tumor; Ceramides; Cytokines; Fatty Acids; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Lauric Acids; Leukemia; Linoleic Acid; Monocytes; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; Myristic Acid; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Palmitic Acid; Palmitoyl Coenzyme A; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Small Interfering; Stearic Acids; Transcription Factor AP-1; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The 1,3-random-2-random theory was proposed several years ago to explain the fatty acid distribution in vegetable oil triacylglycerols. However, by demonstrating an asymmetry between positions sn-1 and sn-3 in olive oil, cocoa butter, sunflower oil, etc., a number of studies have shown that this theory does not hold true for some oils and fatty acids. Accordingly, the distribution of fatty acids in sunflower triacylglycerols has been studied, calculating the alpha coefficient of asymmetry in several combinations of standard linoleic, high-oleic, and high-stearic sunflower oils. The results obtained from the oils of these lines and from single seed oil samples indicate that the asymmetry for saturated fatty acids is greater in high-oleic than in standard linoleic backgrounds. Hence, the distribution of the fatty acids within the triacylglycerol molecule appears to depend not only on the fatty acid under study but also on the other fatty acids in the oil. Thus, it is demonstrated for the first time that certain fatty acids can influence the distribution of other fatty acids within triacylglycerols.

Topics: Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Seeds; Stearic Acids; Sunflower Oil; Triglycerides

Self-assembled monolayers of fatty acids were formed on stainless steel by room-temperature solution deposition. The acids are covalently bound to the surface as carboxylate in a bidentate manner. To explore the effect of saturation in the carbon backbone on friction in sliding tribology, we study the response of saturated stearic acid (SA) and unsaturated linoleic acid (LA) as self-assembled monolayers using lateral force microscopy and nanotribometry and when the molecules are dispersed in hexadecane, using pin-on-disc tribometry. Over a very wide range (10 MPa-2.5 GPa) of contact pressures it is consistently demonstrated that the unsaturated linoleic acid molecules yield friction which is significantly lower than that of the saturated stearic acid. It is argued, using density functional theory predictions and XPS of slid track, that when the molecular backbone of unsaturated fatty acids are tilted and pressed strongly by a probe, in tribological contact, the high charge density of the double bond region of the backbone allows coupling with the steel substrate. The interaction yields a low friction carboxylate soap film on the substrate. The saturated fatty acid does not show this effect.

Topics: Alkanes; Fatty Acids; Friction; Linoleic Acid; Lubrication; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Silicon; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Stainless Steel; Stearic Acids

To determine whether or not a "bolus injection" of soybean-based fat emulsion (SFE), which contains oleic acid (OA), a potent lung-toxic unsaturated C-18 fatty acid, can induce pulmonary dysfunction, we examined the effect of SFE injection on the partial oxygen pressure of arterial blood (Pao2) and pulmonary vascular permeability. In addition, we compared the effect of an injection of SFE with that of OA, soybean oil (a source of SFE), emulsified OA and C-18 fatty acids. Bolus injection of SFE (0.3-4.8 ml/kg) had little effect on Pao2) and pulmonary vascular permeability. Injection of an equivalent amount of OA, on the other hand, significantly decreased Pao2 and increased pulmonary vascular hyper-permeability. This decrease in Pao2 was attenuated by emulsification. Unemulsified soybean oil also induced a decrease in Pao2, although the effect was weaker than that of OA. Other unsaturated C-18 fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acid) induced a decrease in Pao2 as potent as OA while stearic acid, a C-18 saturated fatty acid, had little effect. Although we did not observe pulmonary toxicity as a result of "bolus injection" of SFE, the chemical form, for example, emulsification and the degree of saturability of the carbon chain, seems to influence the pulmonary toxicities of lipids and fatty acids. Furthermore, the potent pulmonary toxicity of OA seems to depend not only on pulmonary vascular embolization but also pharmacological and/or inflammation-inducing properties.

Topics: Acute Lung Injury; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Capillary Permeability; Emulsions; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fatty Acids; Glycine max; Guinea Pigs; Linoleic Acid; Lung; Oleic Acid; Oxygen; Partial Pressure; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Soybean Oil; Stearic Acids

Taking the cultivars Nanyou 1, 2, and 3 of barbadosnut (Jatropha curcas L. ) with different genotypes that can grow and seed normally at the inshore land in Hainan as test materials, the characters of their seeds and the physicochemical characteristics of their seed oils were analyzed and compared. No significant differences were observed in the seed length, width, thickness, and surface area among the cultivars, but Nanyou 2 had greater 1000 seed mass and lower unsound kernel percentage than Nanyou 1 and Nanyou 3, suggesting that the seed satiation of Nanyou 2 was good and the fecundity was excellent. The kernel oil content of Nanyou 3 was significantly higher than that of Nanyou 1 and Nanyou 2, and there was no significant difference between Nanyou 1 and Nanyou 2. The seed oil peroxide value, refractive index, and saponification value of the three cultivars had no significant differences, but the acid value for Nanyou 2 was much lower than that for Nanyou 1 and Nanyou 3. The seed oil iodine value of the three cultivars was all below 100, and was significantly lower for Nanyou 2 than for Nanyou 1 and Nanyou 3. The fatty acids in the three cultivars seed oils were mainly oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, and margaric acid, and dominated by unsaturated fatty acids. The contents of saturated fatty acids in Nanyou 2 seed oil were relatively higher than those in Nanyou 1 and Nanyou 3 seed oils, indicating that comparing with Nanyou 1, cultivars Nanyou 2 and Nanyou 3 had relatively good potential for application.

Topics: Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Genotype; Jatropha; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Seeds; Stearic Acids

It is proposed that Clostridium proteoclasticum be reclassified as Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus comb. nov. on the basis of phylogenetic position, DNA G+C content and physiological traits. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences from an extensive range of taxa within clostridial rRNA subcluster XIVa grouped C. proteoclasticum together with isolates of the genus Butyrivibrio, though this species was genetically distinct from the extant Butyrivibrio species examined. The DNA G+C content of C. proteoclasticum was originally erroneously reported as 28 mol%. However the genome sequence of the type strain of C. proteoclasticum, strain B316(T), and HPLC analysis estimate the DNA G+C content as 40 mol%, which is within the range reported for strains of Butyrivibrio. C. proteoclasticum was distinguishable from other species of the genus Butyrivibrio as the 16S rRNA gene from strain B316(T) shared less than 97 % sequence similarity with sequences from the type strains of Butyrivibrio species. C. proteoclasticum was also able to convert linoleic acid to stearic acid, in contrast to other species of Butyrivibrio. Physiological characteristics, including carbon source utilization, volatile fatty acid production and proteinase activities, were assessed for a panel of representative strains of the genera Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio and C. proteoclasticum. These data, together with the phylogenetic analyses, support the reclassification of Clostridium proteoclasticum as a separate species within the genus Butyrivibrio, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus comb. nov. (type strain B316(T)=ATCC 51982(T)=DSM 14932(T)).

Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; Butyrates; Butyrivibrio; Carbon; Clostridium; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Genes, rRNA; Linoleic Acid; Molecular Sequence Data; Peptide Hydrolases; Phylogeny; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Stearic Acids

Responses of the rumen anaerobic fungus, Piromyces communis M014, to octadecanic long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) were evaluated by measuring total and hydrogen gas productions, filter paper (FP) cellulose degradation and polysaccharidase enzyme activities. Octadecanic acids (stearic acid, C(18:0); oleic acid, C(18:1); linoleic acid, C(18:2) and linolenic acid, C(18:3)) were emulsified by ultrasonication under anaerobic conditions, and added to the medium at the level of 0.001%. When P. communis M014 was grown in culture with stearic and oleic acids, the cumulative gas production, FP cellulose digestion and enzyme activities were significantly (p<0.05) increased in the early incubation times relative to those for the control. However, the addition of linolenic acid inhibited all of the investigated parameters, including cellulose degradation, enzyme activities and gas production, up to 168h incubation. These results indicated that stearic and oleic acids tended to have stimulatory effects on fungal cellulolysis, whereas linolenic acid caused a significant (p<0.05) inhibitory effect on cellulolysis by the rumen fungus. The fungus, P. communis M014, can biohydrogenate C(18) unsaturated fatty acids to escape from their toxic effects. Therefore, in this study, the results indicated that the more highly the added C(18) LCFA to the fungal culture was unsaturated, the higher the inhibition of gas production and cellulase enzyme activity was.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Ammonia; Anaerobiosis; Animals; Cellulase; Cellulose; Fermentation; Hydrogen; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactic Acid; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Piromyces; Rumen; Stearic Acids; Xylosidases

To investigate the relationship between chemical structure and physiological effect, the efficacy and the molecular mechanisms involved in the reduction of body weight by C18 fatty acids (stearic, elaidic, oleic, linoleic and 2-hydroxyoleic acids (2-OHOA)).. Ad libitum fed, lean Wistar Kyoto rats treated orally with up to 600 mg kg(-1) of the fatty acids or vehicle every 12 h for 7 days. Besides, starved rats and rats pairfed to the 2-OHOA-treated group served as additional controls under restricted feeding conditions.. Body weight, food intake, weight of various fat depots, plasma leptin, hypothalamic neuropeptides, uncoupling proteins (UCP) in white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) and phosphorylation level of cyclic AMP (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) in WAT.. Only treatment with oleic acid and 2-OHOA induced body weight loss (3.3 and 11.4%, respectively) through reduction of adipose fat mass. Food intake in these rats was lower, although hypothalamic neuropeptide and plasma leptin levels indicated a rise in orexigenic status. Rats pairfed to the 2-hydroxyoleic group only lost 6.3% body weight. UCP1 expression and phosphorylation of CREB was drastically increased in WAT, but not BAT of 2-OHOA-treated rats, whereas no UCP1 expression could be detected in WAT of rats treated with oleic acid.. Both cis-configured monounsaturated C18 fatty acids (oleic acid and 2-OHOA) reduce body weight, but the introduction of a hydroxyl group in position 2 drastically increases loss of adipose tissue mass. The novel molecular mechanism unique to 2-hydroxyoleic, but not oleic acid, implies induction of UCP1 expression in WAT by the cAMP/PKA pathway-dependent transcription factor CREB, most probably as part of a transdifferentiation process accompanied by enhanced energy expenditure.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Body Weight; Fatty Acids; Feeding Behavior; Immunoblotting; Leptin; Linoleic Acid; Neuropeptides; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Stearic Acids; Structure-Activity Relationship

The effects of adhesion, contact area, and pressure on the lubricating properties of self-assembled monolayers on steel have been investigated with friction force microscopy. The adsorbed molecules were fatty acids with varying degrees of unsaturation (0-2 double bonds; stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid) and a rosin acid (dehydroabietic acid), adsorbed from n-hexadecane solution. The friction of these loose-packed monolayers was studied in dry N2 gas and in ethanol. Low adhesion (in ethanol) resulted in a linear increase in friction force at low loads, that is, F = muL, whereas higher adhesion (in N2 gas) gave an apparent area-dependence at low loads of the form F = S(c)A, where S(c) is the critical shear stress. A recent model for the contact mechanics of a compliant elastic film confined between stiffer substrates was applied to the data obtained in dry N2. Using this approach, we obtained interfacial energies of the compliant monolayers in good agreement with van der Waals-Lifshitz theory. With a low monolayer elastic modulus of E'(1)=0.2 GPa, we obtained a slightly higher value of Sc for stearic acid than that established for more close-packed stearic acid monolayers. An increase of mu and S(c) was found with increasing degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid.

Topics: Abietanes; Adhesiveness; Adsorption; Alkanes; Friction; Linoleic Acid; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Nanostructures; Oleic Acid; Particle Size; Pressure; Stearic Acids; Steel; Surface Properties

Previously observed relationships between dietary composition and production of a small number of individual milk fatty acids were the motivation to examine whether equations could be developed to predict production of all the major individual milk fatty acids. Such equations could be incorporated into ration formulation programs and used to examine factors that influence milk fat composition. Data from 29 published experiments on Holstein cows that provided 120 dietary treatments were entered into CPM-Dairy to obtain estimates of amounts of individual long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) absorbed from the intestines. These derived data and other dietary and animal data including the reported fatty acid composition of milk fat were entered into a spreadsheet. Descriptors of diet included daily intake of dry matter, total fermentable carbohydrate, total fatty acids, and profile of dietary fatty acids, intake of neutral detergent fiber, supplemental fish-oil, buffer, and magnesium oxide. Cow data included body weight and days in milk (DIM). Multiple linear regression was used to develop equations to predict the production (g/d) of each of 26 major LCFA. The equations developed generally had R(2) values in excess of 0.5. Production (g/d) of total de novo fatty acids (C4:0 to C15:0) (PTdenovo) was found to be positively related to the intake of fermentable carbohydrate, and negatively related to the intake of fish oil fatty acids and the estimated total amount of unsaturated fatty acids absorbed from the intestines. The PTdenovo was greater in pasture-fed cows than total mixed ration-fed cows and was negatively related to the square root of DIM. Production of each individual de novo fatty acid was described by a fixed proportion of PTdenovo. These proportions were 0.12 +/- 0.006 (C4:0), 0.083 +/- 0.0039 (C6:0), 0.0516 +/- 0.0025 (C8:0), 0.111 +/- 0.003 (C10:0), 0.134 +/- 0.0037 (C12:0), 0.441 +/- 0.007 (C14:0), 0.046 +/- 0.0024 (C14:1), and 0.0432 +/- 0.0017 (C15:0). Separate independent equations were developed to describe the daily production of C16:0, C16:1, and the main individual preformed fatty acids (>C16). The productions of each of the main individual pre-formed fatty acids were generally strongly related to the corresponding estimated amount (g/d) of specific fatty acids absorbed from the intestines. Percentage estimates for the direct transfer of the major absorbed LCFA to their corresponding LCFA in milk were 42% (C16:0); 9.5% (C18:0); 47.5% (cis-9 C18:1

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Eating; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Fermentation; Fish Oils; Intestinal Absorption; Lactation; Linear Models; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Magnesium Oxide; Milk; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Rumen; Stearic Acids

Selected free fatty acids (FFAs) are documented effective somatosensory and olfactory stimuli whereas gustatory effects are less well established. This study examined orthonasal olfactory, retronasal olfactory, nasal irritancy, oral irritancy, gustatory, and multimodal threshold sensitivity to linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids. Sensitivity to oxidized linoleic acid was also determined. Detection thresholds were obtained using a three-alternative, forced-choice, ascending concentration presentation procedure. Participants included 22 healthy, physically fit adults sensitive to 6-n-propylthiouracil. Measurable thresholds were obtained for all FFAs tested and in 96% of the trials. Ceiling effects were observed in the remaining trials. Greater sensitivity was observed for multimodal stimulation and lower sensitivity for retronasal stimulation. There were no statistically significant correlations for linoleic acid thresholds between different modalities, suggesting that each route of stimulation contributes independently to fat perception. In summary, 18-carbon FFAs of varying saturation are detected by multiple sensory systems in humans.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Dietary Fats; Emulsions; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Oleic Acid; Olfaction Disorders; Olfactory Pathways; Sensitivity and Specificity; Smell; Stearic Acids; Taste Threshold

The structure of triacylglycerols in vegetable oil blends was enzymatically modified, and the blends were incorporated into skim caprine milk to produce goat milk-based infant formula analogs, homologous to human milk. A modified lipid containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, resembling the composition of human milk fat, was synthesized by enzymatic interesterification reactions between tripalmitin and a vegetable oil blend containing a 2.5:1.1:0.8 ratio of coconut, safflower, and soybean oils. A commercial sn-1,3-specific lipase obtained from Rhyzomucor miehei, Lipozyme RM IM, was used as the biocatalyst. The effects of substrate molar ratio and reaction time on the incorporation of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids at the sn-2 position of the triacylglycerols were investigated. The fatty acid composition and sn-2 position of the experimental formulas were analyzed using gas chromatography. Results showed that the highest incorporation of palmitic acid was obtained at 12 h of incubation at 55 degrees C with a substrate molar ratio of 1:0.4 of tripalmitin to vegetable oil blend. However, the modified milk interesterified for 12 h at a 1:1 molar ratio had a greater resemblance to human milk compared with the other formulas. The level of oleic acid incorporation at the sn-2 position increased with the molar ratio of tripalmitin to vegetable oil blend. It was concluded that, unlike the original goat milk and other formulas, the formulated caprine milk with a molar ratio of 1:1 and a 12-h incubation was similar to the fatty acid composition of human milk.

Topics: Animals; Chromatography, Gas; Esterification; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Goats; Humans; Infant Formula; Linoleic Acid; Lipase; Milk; Milk, Human; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

The fatty acid compositions of Nepeta viscida, N. cilicica, N. crinita, N. nuda ssp. glandulifera and N. aristata were analyzed by GC/MS. The main free fatty acids were found as linolenic acid (49.8-58.5%), linoleic acid (10.9-23.5%), oleic acid (11.5-19.2%), palmitic acid (5.2-6.8%) and stearic acid (2.0-3.7%) and, total fatty acid compositions of species were analyzed and results were found as 36.2-49.8%, 17.1-25.8%, 15.4-25.8%, 6.4-7.8%, and 2.7-4.1%, respectively.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Fatty Acids; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Linoleic Acid; Nepeta; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Seeds; Species Specificity; Stearic Acids

Docosahexaenoic (DHA; C22:6 n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA; C20:5 n-3), palmitic (PA; C16:0), and stearic (SA; C18:0) acids decrease lymphocyte proliferation in concentrations of >50 muM, as observed in our previous study. However, oleic acid (OA; C18:1 n-9) and linoleic acid (LA; C18:2 n-6) increase lymphocyte proliferation at 25 muM. In this study, the effect of these FAs on the interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling pathway in human lymphocytes was investigated. Cells were isolated from heparinized venous blood of healthy human donors by density-gradient sedimentation. Cells were stimulated with 5 mug/ml concanavalin A and treated with FAs in the absence or presence of IL-2 for 1 hour. CD25-alpha externalization was analyzed by flow cytometry, and Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), JAK3, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2, Akt, and protein kinase C (PKC)-zeta phosphorylation were analyzed by Western blotting. The expression of CD25-alpha at the cell surface was increased by DHA, SA, and PA but was unaffected by EPA, OA, and LA. PA, SA, DHA, and EPA decreased JAK1, JAK3, STAT5, and Akt phosphorylation induced by IL-2, but OA and LA did not cause any effect. OA and LA increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas the other FAs caused a marked decrease. PKC-zeta phosphorylation was decreased by OA and LA and was not altered by the remaining FAs. In conclusion, the inhibitory effect of PA, SA, DHA, and EPA on lymphocyte proliferation observed in our previous study was attributable to a decrease in JAK/STAT, ERK, and Akt pathways activated by IL-2. Probably, OA and LA stimulated lymphocyte proliferation by increasing ERK1/2 phosphorylation through PKC-zeta activation. The inhibition of JAK1, JAK3, STAT5, ERK1/2, and Akt phosphorylation caused by DHA, SA, and PA is associated with an alteration of CD25 expression at the cell surface.

Topics: Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids; Humans; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit; Janus Kinase 1; Janus Kinase 3; Linoleic Acid; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Protein Kinase C; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Signal Transduction; STAT5 Transcription Factor; Stearic Acids

During tryptophan-niacin conversion, hepatic alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) [EC4.1.1.45] plays a key role in regulating NAD biosynthesis. ACMSD activity is greatly affected by many factors such as nutritional status and disease. The tryptophan catabolite quinolinic acid has been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of various disorders and is a potential endogenous toxin. However the effects of dietary protein levels or dietary interaction between protein levels and fatty acid type to this process have not been investigated and are still unknown. In this study, we examined whether dietary protein level, fatty acid type, namely saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid, and their interaction affect serum quinolinic acid concentration in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (4-weeks old) were fed with 20% casein + 10% stearic acid diet (20C10S), 20% casein + 10% linoleic acid diet (20C10L), 40% casein + 10% stearic acid diet (40C10S), or 40% casein + 10% linoleic acid diet (40C10L) for 8 days, and serum quinolinic acid concentration and ACMSD activity were determined. Serum quinolinic acid concentration was significantly increased in the 40C10L group compared with other three groups. There was also the negative correlation between the sum of liver and kidney ACMSD activities, and serum quinolinic acid concentration per tryptophan intake (r = 0.8209, p < 0.01). Increased serum QA concentrations are probably due to a decreased ACMSD activity.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Body Weight; Carboxy-Lyases; Caseins; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids; Kidney; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Quinolinic Acid; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stearic Acids; Tryptophan

To increase ruminal outflow of trans-vaccenic acid (t-VA), a new strain of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (MDT-10) was isolated that has a great ability to hydrogenate linoleic acid (LA) to t-VA. When strain MDT-10 was added to the batch cultures of mixed ruminal microbes (1% of the total number of viable ruminal bacteria), LA conversion to t-VA increased greatly; after 3 h, t-VA levels were > 4-fold higher than the control. By 10 h, all of the t-VA was hydrogenated to stearic acid. However, when a new strain of Bifidobacterium adolescentis (HF-11), which has a high capacity for incorporation of t-VA, was added in conjunction with MDT-10 (1% of the total number of ruminal bacteria), t-VA levels after 10 h were 6 times higher than with MDT-10 alone. These results suggest that t-VA produced by MDT-10 was incorporated into HF-11 cells, resulting in protection of t-VA from t-VA-hydrogenating microbes. Similar results were obtained in a continuous culture of mixed ruminal microbes in which addition of HF-11 simultaneously with MDT-10 increased the amount of t-VA in the effluent 2.5-fold. Both MDT-10 and HF-11 appeared to grow readily in the presence of mixed ruminal microbes. Sixty-two percent of t-VA incorporated by HF-11 was present in the free form, whereas 19, 15, and 3%, respectively, were incorporated into monoacylglycerol, glycerophospholipid, and diacylglycerol fractions. Because these lipids can be digested in the small intestine, it is likely that most t-VA in HF-11 cells is absorbed. Thus, introduction of MDT-10 and HF-11 simultaneously to the rumen might increase the amount of t-VA absorbed and might consequently increase the conversion of t-VA to conjugated linoleic acid in tissue.

Topics: Animals; Bifidobacterium; Butyrivibrio; Carboxylic Acids; Escherichia coli; Fatty Acids; Feces; Goats; Humans; Hydrogenation; Lactobacillus; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Rumen; Stearic Acids

Fatty acids have been shown to cause death of rat and human primary pancreatic beta cells and of insulin-producing cell lines. These studies focused mainly on saturated and monounsaturated FA such as palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. In this study, we have performed a comparison of the toxicity of a wider range of FA. The toxicity of different FA to insulin-producing RINm5F cells was assessed by flow cytometry measuring loss of plasma membrane integrity and increase in DNA fragmentation. Additionally, the FA induced neutral lipid accumulation and the FA composition were determined. Palmitic, linoleic, gamma-linolenic, oleic, stearic, and eicosapentaenoic acid caused DNA fragmentation of insulin-producing RINm5F cells. Loss of membrane integrity was mainly caused by linoleic and gamma-linolenic acid. There was no correlation between cytotoxicity and the abundance of the FA in the cells as determined by HPLC analysis. Taken as whole, the toxic effect of the FA on insulin-producing RINm5F cells varied irrespective of the chain length and the degree of unsaturation. In these cells PA and LA exhibited the highest toxicity, whereas AA was not toxic. In addition, the toxicity of most tested FA was inversely related to low NLA, except for AA and EPA. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the role of FA in the impairment of pancreatic beta cell function that occurs in type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Membrane; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; DNA Fragmentation; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Flow Cytometry; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Insulin; Insulinoma; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Rats; Stearic Acids

Topics: Fatty Acids; Gemfibrozil; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hypolipidemic Agents; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Serum; Stearic Acids

The lipid composition of the sperm membrane has been shown to exert a significant effect upon the functional quality of spermatozoa. We have studied fatty acid composition of the phospholipids in spermatozoa in asthenozoospermic and normozoospermic men and determined the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to saturated fatty acids of spermatozoa of these two groups. Fatty acid concentration of spermatozoa was determined in 15 asthenozoospermic and eight normozoospermic semen samples by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography. The most abundant polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids in normozoospermic samples were docosahexaenoic acid (DHA 22 : 6 omega3, 98.5 +/- 4.5 nmol per 10(8) spermatozoa, mean +/- SE) and palmitic acid (103 +/- 17 nmol per 10(8) spermatozoa) respectively. The mean +/- SE values of DHA and palmitic acid in asthenozoospermic samples were 53.9 +/- 11.6 and 145 +/- 14.7 nmol per 10(8) spermatozoa respectively. Compared with normozoospermic samples, asthenozoospermic samples showed lower levels of PUFA and higher amount of saturated fatty acids. The mean +/- SE ratios of sperm PUFA/saturated fatty acids in asthenozoospermic and normozoospermic samples were 0.66 +/- 0.06 and 1.45 +/- 0.16 (P < 0.001) respectively. This study demonstrates that spermatozoa of asthenozoospermic men have lower levels of PUFA compared with saturated fatty acids. This may be contributory to the poor motility noted in samples from these men.

Topics: Adult; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Arachidonic Acid; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Infertility, Male; Linoleic Acid; Male; Myristic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Spermatozoa; Stearic Acids

The inhibitory effect of saturated fatty acids (SFAs): palmitic acid (PA), stearic acid (SA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): linoleic acid (LA), linolenic acid (LN), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on six human drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4) was studied. Supersomes from baculovirus-expressing single isoforms were used as the enzyme source. Phenacetin O-deethylation (CYP1A2), diclofenac 4-hydroxylation (CYP2C9), mephenytoin 4-hydroxylation (CYP2C19), dextromethorphan O-demethylation (CYP2D6), chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation (CYP2E1) and midazolam 1-hydroxylation (CYP3A4) were used as the probes. Results show that all the five examined PUFAs competitively inhibited CYP2C9- and CYP2C19-catalyzed metabolic reactions, with Ki values ranging from 1.7 to 4.7 microM and 2.3 to 7.4 microM, respectively. Among these, AA, EPA and DHA tended to have greater inhibitory potencies (lower IC(50) and Ki values) than LA and LN. In addition, these five PUFAs also competitively inhibited the metabolic reactions catalyzed by CYP1A2, 2E1 and 3A4 to a lesser extent (Ki values>10 microM). On the other hand, palmitic and stearic acids, the saturated fatty acids, had no inhibitory effect on the activities of six human CYP isozymes at concentrations up to 200 microM. Incubation of PUFAs with CYP2C9 or CYP2C19 in the presence of NADPH resulted in the decrease of PUFA concentrations in the incubation mixtures. These results indicate that the PUFAs are potent inhibitors as well as the substrates of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Catalysis; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Microsomes, Liver; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids

As part of an investigation on the chemical constituents and contaminants of the basidiomycete Pleurocybella porrigens (Japanese name: Sugihiratake), we analyzed the UV-detected constituents of this mushroom using HPLC. One of the major UV peaks detected was isolated and identified as a-eleostearic acid, a long-chain fatty acid with a conjugated triene moiety, based on the results of spectroscopic methods. alpha-Eleostearic acid was concluded to be a characteristic fatty acid of P. porrigens, because it was not detected in eight other edible mushrooms examined. Free long-chain fatty acids in P. porrigens and other edible mushrooms were analyzed by HPLC after derivatization with acidic 2-nitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride. Oleic acid was the main fatty acid in P. porrigens, and saturated long-chain fatty acids such as linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid, together with a-eleostearic acid, were also detected.

Topics: Agaricales; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Food Analysis; Linoleic Acid; Linolenic Acids; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Stearic Acids

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have been shown to improve human health. They are derived from the microbial conversion of dietary linoleic acid (cis-9,cis-12-18 : 2 (LA)) in the rumen. An investigation was undertaken to determine the role of ruminal ciliate protozoa v. bacteria in the formation of CLA and its precursor in animal tissues, vaccenic acid (trans-11-18 : 1 (VA)). Mixed protozoa from the sheep rumen contained at least two to three times more unsaturated fatty acids, including CLA and VA, than bacteria. Different species had different composition, with larger fibrolytic species such as Epidinium ecaudatum caudatum containing more than ten times more CLA and VA than some small species, including Entodinium nanellum. In incubations with ruminal microbial fractions (bacterial fraction (BAC), protozoal fraction (PRO)), LA metabolism was very similar in strained ruminal fluid (SRF) and in the BAC, while the PRO had LA-metabolising activity an order of magnitude lower. Using PCR-based methods, no genes homologous to fatty acid desaturase genes were found in cDNA libraries from ruminal protozoa. The absence of an alternative route of VA/CLA formation via desaturation of stearate was confirmed by incubations of SRF, BAC or PRO with [14C]stearate. Thus, although protozoa are rich in CLA and VA, they appear to lack the ability to form these two fatty acids from LA or stearate. The most likely explanation is that protozoa preferentially incorporate CLA and VA formed by bacteria. The implication of the present findings is that the flow of unsaturated fatty acids, including CLA and VA, from the rumen could depend on the flow of protozoa rather than bacteria.

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Eukaryota; Gastrointestinal Contents; Hydrogenation; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Male; Oleic Acids; Rumen; Sheep; Stearic Acids

The aim of this study was to identify ruminal bacteria that form stearic acid (18 : 0) from linoleic acid (cis-9,cis-12-18 : 2). One 18 : 0-producing isolate, P-18, isolated from the sheep rumen was similar in morphology and metabolic properties to 'Fusocillus' spp. isolated many years ago. Phylogenetic analysis based on nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence (>1300 bp) analysis indicated that the stearate producer was most closely related to Clostridium proteoclasticum B316(T). Clostridium proteoclasticum B316(T) was also found to form 18 : 0, as were other bacteria isolated elsewhere, which occurred in the same family subclass of the low G+C% Gram-positive bacteria, related to Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. These bacteria are not clostridia, and the ability to form 18 : 0 was present in all strains in contrast to proteolytic activity, which was variable. Production of 18 : 0 occurred in growing, but not in stationary-phase, bacteria, which made detection of biohydrogenating activity difficult, because of the inhibitory effects of linoleic acid on growth.

Topics: Animals; Clostridium; Hydrogenation; Linoleic Acid; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sheep; Stearic Acids; Stomach, Ruminant

In the present study, the effects of C18 fatty acids with different numbers of double bonds, SA (stearic acid; C18:0), OA (oleic acid; C18:1), LA (linoleic acid; C18:2) and gamma-LNA (gamma-linolenic acid; C18:3), on ROS (reactive oxygen species) production by Jurkat (a human T-lymphocyte-derived cell line) and Raji (a human B-lymphocyte-derived cell line) cells were investigated. ROS production was determined by NBT (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium) reduction (intracellular and extracellular ROS production) and by dihydroethidium oxidation using flow cytometry (intracellular ROS production). The effectiveness on ROS production was gamma-LNA

Topics: Analysis of Variance; B-Lymphocytes; Cell Line; Fatty Acids; Flow Cytometry; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Humans; Jurkat Cells; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Reactive Oxygen Species; Stearic Acids; Stimulation, Chemical; T-Lymphocytes

Hyperlipidemia (HL) impairs cardiac glucose homeostasis, but the molecular mechanisms involved are yet unclear. We examined HL-regulated GLUT4 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma gene expression in human cardiac muscle. Compared with control patients, GLUT4 protein levels were 30% lower in human cardiac muscle biopsies from patients with HL and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus, whereas GLUT4 mRNA levels were unchanged. PPARgamma mRNA levels were 30-50% lower in patients with HL and/or diabetes mellitus type 2 than in controls. Reporter studies in H9C2 cardiomyotubes showed that HL in vitro, induced by high levels of arachidonic (AA) stearic, linoleic, and oleic acids (24 h, 200 mum) repressed transcription from the GLUT4 promoter; AA also repressed transcription from the PPARgamma1 and PPARgamma2 promoters. Co-expression of PPARgamma2 repressed GLUT4 promoter activity, and the addition of AA further enhanced this effect. 5'-Deletion analysis revealed three GLUT4 promoter regions that accounted for AA-mediated effects: two repression-mediating sequences at -443/-423 bp and -222/-197 bp, the deletion of either or both of which led to a partial derepression of promoter activity, and a third derepression-mediating sequence at -612/-587 bp that was required for sustaining this derepression effect. Electromobility shift assay further shows that AA enhanced binding to two of the three regions of cardiac nuclear protein(s), the nature of which is still unknown. We propose that HL, exhibited as a high free fatty acid level, modulates GLUT4 gene expression in cardiac muscle via a complex mechanism that includes: (a) binding of AA mediator proteins to three newly identified response elements on the GLUT4 promoter gene and (b) repression of GLUT4 and the PPARgamma genes by AA.

Topics: Aged; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Biopsy; Blotting, Western; Cell Nucleus; CHO Cells; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cricetinae; Deoxyglucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; DNA; DNA Primers; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids; Female; Gene Deletion; Gene Expression Regulation; Genes, Reporter; Glucose Transporter Type 4; HeLa Cells; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Muscles; Myocardium; Oleic Acid; PPAR gamma; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Protein Binding; Proteins; Rats; Response Elements; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Stearic Acids; Time Factors; Transcription, Genetic

The effect of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) stearic and palmitic acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids was studied on in vitro heat activation of mouse hepatic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) complex, as assessed by binding to DNA-cellulose and purified nuclei. Significant dose-dependent inhibition of heat activation of hormone-receptor complex by the PUFAs was observed. Linoleic and arachidonic acids were found to be more potent (caused approximately 70% inhibition maximally at 160 microM) inhibitors of GR heat activation, compared to oleic acid (approximately 38% inhibition at 40 microM). However, stearic and palmitic acids were unable to modulate GR heat activation, suggesting that the unsaturated moieties in PUFAs are possibly the important determinants of receptor activation. Thus, our study shows an inhibitory effect of PUFAs on in vitro hepatic GR activation.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cell Nucleus; Cellulose; DNA; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Glucocorticoids; Hot Temperature; In Vitro Techniques; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Protein Binding; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Stearic Acids; Temperature

Effect of various fatty acids on the membrane potential of an alkaliphilic Bacillus, YN-2000, was examined. Addition of unsaturated fatty acids such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid at 30 microM caused the instantaneous depolarization of the membrane potential of the bacterium, which appears to result in the drastic decrease of viability. On the other hand, no depolarization was detected by the addition of saturated acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and 12-hydroxystearic acid even at 1 mM.

Topics: Bacillus; Cell Membrane; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fluorescence; Linoleic Acid; Membrane Potentials; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Rhodamines; Stearic Acids

A wide range of lipids are present on the skin surface of human beings and bacterial lipases are known to modify them. The microflora of the underarm (axilla) is often dominated by aerobic coryneforms and whilst many require lipids for growth, they appear not to be utilized as carbon sources. The aim of this study was to investigate the adherence aerobic coryneforms to lipids present on the skin surface of the human axilla to determine whether they contribute to colonization of the skin.. Aerobic coryneforms were grown in a defined synthetic medium in the presence of (14)C-glucose to produce radio-labelled cells. Adherence to lipids was tested using a thin layer chromatography plate-based assay.. The mechanism of bacterial adhesion to skin lipids is unknown. The results of this study show that a significant proportion of cutaneous aerobic coryneform isolates from the axilla interact with skin lipids resulting in increased adherence, which may contribute to skin colonization.

Topics: Actinomycetales; Axilla; Bacteria, Aerobic; Bacterial Adhesion; Carbon Isotopes; Cholesterol; Cholesterol Esters; Diglycerides; Glycerides; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Oleic Acid; Skin; Squalene; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides; Triolein

The effects of three long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) on glucose fermentation at 37 degrees C were examined during this study. Linoleic acid (LA) was more inhibitory than oleic acid (OA) and stearic acid (SA). During glucose fermentation, the carbon flow was diverted towards the production of more reduced volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in cultures fed with unsaturated LCFAs. In cultures inoculated with LA and OA, butyrate was produced with elevated levels observed in cultures inoculated with LA. Propionate degradation was unaffected by the presence of SA; however, elevated levels and longer removal times were observed in cultures receiving LA and OA. Acetate accumulation indicated the acetoclastic methanogenic population was affected only by OA and LA.

Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Fatty Acids; Fermentation; Glucose; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Stearic Acids; Waste Disposal, Fluid

Mammary epithelial cells have recently been shown to express and secrete leptin into milk and to accumulate triacylglycerol (TAG) in cytosol. We examined the effects on the accumulation of cytosolic TAG of free fatty acid addition to the medium bathing bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC). Both saturated (palmitic and stearic) and unsaturated (oleic and linoleic) fatty acids stimulated the accumulation of TAG in a concentration-dependent manner from 50 to 400 microM and the expression of mRNA expression for CD36, which is involved in the uptake and secretion of long-chain fatty acids. However, leptin mRNA expression and lipid droplet formation were significantly increased only by the addition of unsaturated, but not saturated, fatty acids. Interestingly, both types of fatty acids stimulated alphas1-casein mRNA expression. These data suggest that the expression of leptin is related to droplet formation, whereas CD36 is related to cytosolic TAG accumulation, and that fatty acids or cytosolic TAG accumulation also have a role to accelerate differentiation of bMEC as shown by casein synthesis.

Topics: Animals; Caseins; Cattle; CD36 Antigens; Cells, Cultured; Cytosol; Epithelial Cells; Fatty Acids; Female; Gene Expression; Leptin; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Mammary Glands, Animal; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; RNA, Messenger; Stearic Acids; Structure-Activity Relationship; Triglycerides

We studied the effects of five high-fat semi-purified diets varying at a 4% (w/w) level in either stearic, oleic, linoleic, alpha-linolenic, or gamma-linolenic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in BALB/c mice. A diet containing caprylic, capric, lauric, and myristic acid was used as a reference diet and a diet with 4% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was used as a positive control as it is known to effectively lower body fat in mice. The diets were fed for 35 d. Body fat was significantly lower in the CLA group than in the other groups but was not significantly different among the non-CLA groups. Among the non-CLA groups, the linoleic acid group tended to have the highest and the alpha-linolenic acid group the lowest proportion of body fat. In energy-balance studies, the percentage of energy intake that was stored in the body was significantly lower in the CLA group compared with the other dietary groups. The percentage of energy intake eliminated in excreta was highest in the stearic acid group followed by the gamma-linolenic acid group. These results were reflected in apparent fat digestibility, which was lowest in the stearic acid group. The percentage of energy intake expended as heat was highest in the CLA-fed mice. The results of the present study suggest that body fat and energy accretion in mice fed diets containing different C18 fatty acids is by far the lowest with CLA and that linoleic acid produced the highest fat intake and energy accretion.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Body Composition; Body Weight; Dietary Fats; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Oleic Acid; Stearic Acids

Lymphatic recovery of 1(3)-stearoyl-2,3(1)-dilinoleoylglycerol (SLL) and 2-linoleoyl-1,3-distearoylglycerol (SLS) which had been enzymatically synthesized were compared with those of trilinoleoylglycerol (LLL) and the randomly esterified triacylglycerol which contained stearic acid and linoleic acid at 1:2. Recoveries of linoleic acid in all of the triacylglycerols were more than 94.0%. Lymphatic 24 h-recoveries of stearic acid given as SLL and SLS were significantly lower than that of stearic acid given as the randomly esterified triacylglycerol. Recoveries of stearic acid from SLL, SLS and the randomly esterified triacylglycerol were 88.49%, 68.3% and 101%. respectively.

Topics: Absorption; Animals; Esterification; Linoleic Acid; Lymph; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

Changes in the quantitative composition of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in maturing sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) seeds were determined by lipase hydrolysis. As a whole, the rate of synthesis of separate TAG classes increased in proportion to both their unsaturation and relative content (weight percent) in total TAGs. Up to the 80th day of maturation, the formation of triunsaturated TAGs was predominant. Subsequently, at the terminal stage of seed ripening, the absolute content (in nanomoles per seed) of a major group of these TAGs containing linolenic and linoleic acyls decreased by approximately 7%, and the increase in the total TAG content was mainly due to the synthesis of TAG molecules including stearic and palmitic acyls in the rac-1,3 positions, as well as those containing oleate in the sn-2 position. At each maturation stage, the composition of the TAGs formed was controlled both by the composition of fatty acids available for TAG synthesis and by the rate of incorporation of a particular fatty acid into the sn-2 position of the TAGs.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Hippophae; Hydrolysis; Linoleic Acid; Lipase; Palmitic Acid; Seeds; Stearic Acids; Time Factors; Triglycerides

The fatty acid compositions of half-seeds and whole seeds of the temperature-dependent high-stearic-acid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) mutant CAS-14 were unexpectedly different. We found that there is a longitudinal gradient starting from the embryo up to the end of the cotyledon. The stearic acid content varied from 9.7 to 34.6% in seeds produced in a growth chamber (39/24 degrees C; day/night), and from 14.0 to 34.4% in seeds produced in the field during the summer season (35-40 degrees C in daylight and 20-25 degrees C at night). The gradient occurs throughout seed formation, and is due to a spatial and non-temporal regulation of stearic acid desaturation. A similar temperature-regulated behaviour, but for oleic and linoleic acid contents, was found in normal sunflower seeds. Since the deposition of oil bodies was homogeneous during seed formation, seeds showed the gradient throughout their development. This non-homogeneous distribution must be due to differences in the enzymatic pathway of de-novo fatty acid desaturation along the seed, resembling a morphogen gradient. Other high-stearic-acid mutant lines, such as CAS-3, did not show any gradient. This is the first time that a gradient and an inheritable maternal control of the fatty acid composition have been found in oilseeds.

Topics: Eicosanoic Acids; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids; Helianthus; Linoleic Acid; Mutation; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Seeds; Stearic Acids; Temperature

Symmetrical disaturated triacylglycerols of the structure SUS, where S is stearic acid (18:0) and U is an unsaturated fatty acid, either oleic (O; 9cis-18:1), linoleic (L; 9cis,12cis-18:2), or linolenic (Ln; 9cis,12cis,15cis-18:3), are important components providing functionality to interesterified fat blends and structurally modified oils. Nonsymmetrical triacylglycerols of the structure SSU can significantly change melting point and solid fat content profiles. To characterize the physical properties of pure and symmetrical and nonsymmetrical triacylglycerol mixtures, the same reaction sequence has been used to prepare multigram quantities of triacylglycerols SUS and SSU. Tristearin was converted to a mixture of mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols, and the 1,3- and 1,2-diacylglycerol fraction was isolated by silica column chromatography. The 1,3-diacylglycerols were removed by crystallization from acetone and esterified with the appropriate fatty acid to form the symmetrical triacylglycerols with >99% SUS structure. The more difficult to obtain 1,2-diacylglycerols were prepared by esterification of the enriched 1,2-diacylglycerol fraction (80-86% 1,2-diacylglycerols) remaining after removal of much of the 1,3-isomer by crystallization, but silver resin or silver nitrate impregnated silica gel chromatography was required to isolate the nonsymmetrical triacylglycerols. SSL and SSLn were prepared in purities of >98% by this procedure, but not SSO. Silver ion HPLC was found to be as accurate as, and more rapid than, lipolysis/gas chromatography for the determination of the isomeric purities of the synthesized triacylglycerols.

Topics: Acetone; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Crystallization; Diglycerides; Esterification; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

Insulin resistance as well as pancreatic beta-cell failure can be induced by elevated free fatty acid (FFA) levels. We studied the mechanisms of FFA-induced apoptosis in rat and human beta-cells. Chronic treatment with high physiological levels of saturated fatty acids (palmitate and stearate), but not with monounsaturated (palmitoleate and oleate) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleate), triggers apoptosis in approximately 20% of cultured RIN1046-38 cells. Apoptosis restricted to saturated FFAs was also observed in primary cultured human beta-cells, suggesting that this mechanism is potentially relevant in vivo in humans. To further analyze FFA-induced signaling pathways leading to apoptosis, we used RIN1046-38 cells. Apoptosis was accompanied by a rapid (within 15 min) nuclear translocation of protein kinase C (PKC)-delta and subsequent lamin B1 disassembly. This translocation was impaired by the phospholipase C inhibitor U-73122, which also substantially reduced apoptosis. Furthermore, lamin B1 disassembly and apoptosis were decreased by cell transfection with a dominant-negative mutant form of PKC-delta. These data suggest that nuclear translocation and kinase activity of PKC-delta are both necessary for saturated fatty acid-induced apoptosis.

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Biological Transport; Caspase 3; Caspases; Cell Nucleus; Cells, Cultured; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Humans; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Insulinoma; Islets of Langerhans; Lamin Type B; Linoleic Acid; Mutation; Palmitic Acid; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Protein Kinase C; Protein Kinase C-delta; Rats; Signal Transduction; Stearic Acids; Transfection; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Type C Phospholipases

The objective of this experiment was to examine the effect of feeding fish oil (FO) along with fat sources that varied in their fatty acid compositions (high stearic, high oleic, high linoleic, or high linolenic acids) to determine which combination would lead to maximum conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9,trans-11 CLA) and transvaccenic acid (TVA) concentrations in milk fat. Twelve Holstein cows (eight multiparous and four primiparous cows) at 73 (+/- 32) DIM were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 4-wk periods. Treatment diets were 1) 1% FO plus 2% fat source high in stearic acid (HS), 2) 1% FO plus 2% fat from high oleic acid sunflower seeds (HO), 3) 1% FO plus 2% fat from high linoleic acid sunflower seeds (HLO), and 4) 1% FO plus 2% fat from flax seeds (high linolenic; HLN). Diets formulated to contain 18% crude protein were composed of 50% (dry basis) concentrate mix, 25% corn silage, 12.5% alfalfa haylage, and 12.5% alfalfa hay. Milk production (35.8, 36.3, 34.9, and 35.0 kg/d for diets 1 to 4) was similar for all diets. Milk fat percentages (3.14, 2.81, 2.66, and 3.08) and yields (1.13, 1.02, 0.93, and 1.08 kg/d) for diets 1 to 4 were lowest for HLO. Milk protein percentages (3.04, 3.03, 3.10, and 3.08) and dry matter intake (DMI) (25.8, 26.0, 26.2, and 26.2 kg/d) for diets 1 to 4 were similar for all diets. Milk cis-9,trans-11 CLA concentrations (0.70, 1.04, 1.70, and 1.06 g/100 g fatty acids) for diet 1 to 4 and yields (7.7, 10.7, 15.8, and 11.3 g/d) for diets 1 to 4 were greatest with HLO and were least with HS. Milk cis-9,trans-11 CLA concentrations and yields were similar for cows fed the HO and the HLN diets. Similar to milk cis-9,trans-11 CLA, milk TVA concentration (1.64, 2.49, 3.74, and 2.41 g/100 g fatty acids) for diets 1 to 4 was greatest with the HLO diet and least with the HS diet. Feeding a high linoleic acid fat source with fish oil most effectively increased concentrations and yields of milk cis-9,trans-11 CLA and TVA.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Cattle; Diet; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Fatty Acids; Female; Fish Oils; Helianthus; Lactation; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Medicago sativa; Milk; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Seeds; Silage; Stearic Acids; Zea mays

The objective was to determine whether net uptake of various nonesterified long chain fatty acids differs in the caprine liver. Caudate lobes were isolated from four mature goats and perfused (1 ml/min x g wet tissue) with buffer containing 0.3 mM of each palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids. The amount of fatty acid in the perfusate decreased over time for all fatty acids with the exception of stearic acid. There was no net uptake of stearic acid, which was significantly different from all other fatty acids examined, with the exception of oleic acid. Net hepatic uptake of oleic acid was numerically, but not significantly lower than palmitic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids. It was concluded that net uptake of fatty acids was similar for all fatty acids tested with the exception of stearic acid.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Goats; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids

The aim of this study was to compare the contents of the main biochemical compounds and the antioxidant capacity of five Spanish olive oils by four different antioxidant tests and to find out the most valuable oil for disease preventing diets. Fatty acids, sterols and individual antioxidant compounds in Arbequina, Hojiblanca, Extra Virgin, Picual and Lampante Spanish olive oils were determined. Antioxidant activities were done as well using different radical scavenging activities: total radical-trapping antioxidative potential by ABAP (TRAP-ABAP), radical scavenging activity by DPPH (RSA-DPPH), antioxidant assay by beta-carotene-linoleate model system (AA-beta-carotene) and total antioxidant status by ABTS (TAA-ABTS). The highest content of all studied antioxidant compounds (353; 329; 4.6 and 2.7 mg/kg for tocopherols, tocotrienols, polyphenols and o-diphenols, respectively) was found in Extra Virgin oil. Also the highest antioxidant capacity was observed in Extra Virgin oil (668 nM/ml; 29.4%; 40.4% and 2.64 mM TE/kg for TRAP-ABAP, RSA-DPPH, AA- beta-carotene and TAA-ABTS, respectively). The correlation between total phenols and antioxidant capacities measured by four methods was very high, but the highest for the beta-carotene (R = 0.9958). In conclusion, the best method for determination of the antioxidant capacity of olive oils is the beta-carotene test. Extra Virgin olive oil has high organoleptic properties and the highest antioxidant activity. The above-mentioned makes this oil a preferable choice for diseases preventing diets.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Antioxidants; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Linoleic Acid; Myristic Acid; Oleic Acid; Olive Oil; Palmitic Acid; Phenols; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Polymers; Polyphenols; Sitosterols; Spain; Stearic Acids

We evaluated the validity of using a single fatty acid tracer to assess total plasma long-chain free fatty acid (FFA) kinetics and the relationship between the rate of appearance (R(a)) of fatty acids in plasma and the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue triglyceride (TG). A mixture of [(13)C]-labeled myristate, palmitate, stearate, oleate, and linoleate was infused in healthy men during basal conditions and during conditions that stimulate (epinephrine infusion) and inhibit (insulin infusion) lipolysis of adipose tissue TGs. Calculated total FFA, R(a) based on palmitate, oleate, or linoleate tracers, was within 15% of the measured sum of the individual fatty acid R(a) under all conditions, whereas stearate and myristate tracers consistently underestimated and overestimated total FFA R(a), respectively. The fatty acid R(a) profile closely matched the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous adipose tissue TGs during epinephrine infusion, but not during basal conditions and insulin infusion. Our data support the common practice of using labeled palmitate or oleate as fatty acid tracers for assessing total plasma FFA kinetics and suggest that a source of lipids other than adipose tissue TG release fatty acids into the systemic circulation.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Carbon Isotopes; Epinephrine; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Insulin; Isotope Labeling; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Myristic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Reference Values; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two different rumen-protected fat supplements, on reproductive performance and milk production, in grass-based spring calving cows. Two hundred and one Holstein-Friesian cows with an average lactation number of 3.6 (20% first lactation, 16% second lactation and 64% third lactation or greater) were grouped into blocks of three on the basis of calving date, lactation number and previous lactation milk yield for cows of second lactation or greater and on the basis of calving date for first lactation animals. From within-blocks individual animals were assigned at random, within 10 days post-calving, to one of the following three treatments: (1) Megalac Plus 3% (MP; 0.4kg/day, containing Ca salt of palm fatty acids and Ca salt of methionine hydroxy analogue), (2) Megapro Gold (MPG; 1.5kg/day, containing Ca salt of palm fatty acids, extracted rapeseed meal and whey permeate), and (3) Control (C; unsupplemented). Cows were supplemented for on average 103 days (range 54-134 days). The average milk yield over the first 12 weeks of lactation was higher (P<0.05) for both fat supplements compared to C and was higher for MP compared to C over the full lactation. Both supplements reduced (P<0.05) milk protein concentration over the first 6 weeks of lactation. MPG increased (P<0.05) conception rate to first service compared to C. Conception rate to first service was similar (P=0.14) on MP compared to C. For pregnancy to second service, C had a higher (P<0.05) conception rate than MP. There were no significant differences between treatments in overall pregnancy rate, services per conception, number of cows served in the first 3 weeks of the breeding season or the 6-weeks in-calf rate. Comparing the combined fat treatments to C resulted in a higher (P<0.05) conception rate to first service for the fat treatments but no significant difference in overall pregnancy rate. In conclusion, fat supplements increased conception rate to first service but did not significantly affect the proportion of cows pregnant at the end of the breeding season.

Topics: Animals; Breeding; Cattle; Dietary Fats; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids; Female; Fertility; Lactation; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Milk; Milk Proteins; Myristic Acid; Oleic Acid; Ovulation; Palmitic Acid; Pregnancy; Rumen; Seasons; Stearic Acids

The objectives were to determine the long-term (48 h) effects of specific long chain fatty acids on hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism in monolayer cultures of bovine hepatocytes. From 16 to 64 h after plating, hepatocytes from three 7- to 10-d-old calves were exposed to one of the following treatments: 1 mM palmitic acid (1 mM C16:0), 2 mM palmitic acid (2 mM C16:0), or 1 mM palmitic acid plus 1 mM of either stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), linolenic (C18:3), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5), or docosahexaenoic (C22:6) acid, or 0.5 mM each of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid (C20:5 + C22:6). The two treatments containing 2 mM of saturated fatty acids, 2 mM C16:0 and 1 mM C16:0 plus 1 mM C18:0, increased beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in the medium and [1-(14)C]palmitic acid oxidation to acid-soluble products compared with all other treatments. The treatment containing C22:6 increased total cellular triglyceride content and incorporation of [1-(14)C]palmitic acid into cellular triglycerides. The treatments containing C22:6 or C20:5 + C22:6 increased [1-(14)C]palmitic acid metabolism to phospholipids and cholesterol. The presence of C22:6 in the medium decreased metabolism of [2-(14)C]propionic acid either to glucose in the medium or to cellular glycogen. Overall, fatty acids differed in their effects on lipid and glucose metabolism in monolayer cultures of bovine hepatocytes with C22:6 eliciting the most profound changes.

Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cattle; Cells, Cultured; Cholesterol; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose; Glycogen; Hepatocytes; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Propionates; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the transfer of dietary CLA to broiler chicken tissues (breast, drumstick meat, skin, and abdominal fat) and its effect on productive traits and on carcass yields of birds. Cobb 500 females (n=360), divided into three groups, received from 22 d to slaughtering age (47 d) a grower diet supplemented with 2% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) source containing 60% CLA methyl esters (CLA2) or 4% CLA source (CLA4). The control group had no supplementation. The addition of CLA source to chicken diet decreased the content of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (oleic and palmitoleic acids) in breast and drumstick meat. The deposition of CLA in muscles significantly increased as the dietary CLA increased, whereas only little amounts of CLA were detected in the control group. Arachidonic acid (ARA) content was significantly depressed and linearly related to the addition of CLA to the chicken diet. Other non-CLA polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were little affected by the dietary CLA supplementation. Saturated fatty acids (myristic and stearic acids) significantly increased about 30% in abdominal fat pad of both treated groups enhancing the firmness of abdominal fat. Productive performances--as well as carcass yields--were similar across dietary treatment of birds.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Chickens; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Linoleic Acid; Meat; Muscle, Skeletal; Myristic Acid; Oleic Acid; Reproduction; Stearic Acids

The effects of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) on glucose degradation were examined at 21 degrees C. A competitive inhibition model was used to determine the kinetics of glucose degradation. Half velocity constants (Ks) were a function of LCFA concentration only at 100, 300 and 500 mg l(-1). The inhibitor constants (KI) for individual and mixed LCFAs were statistically the same. Glucose degradation rates for cultures receiving saturated (stearic acid (SA)) and monounsaturated (oleic acid (OA)) LCFAs were statistically the same but statistically different when compared to cultures fed with a polyunsaturated LCFA (linoleic acid (LA)). Individual and mixed LCFAs inhibited glucose degradation at threshold levels of 300 and 500 mg l(-1), respectively.

Topics: Fermentation; Glucose; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Stearic Acids; Waste Disposal, Fluid

Increasing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk fat from lactating dairy cattle has become a research interest due to the possible health benefits afforded humans consuming CLA. Dietary supplementation of CLA to lactating dairy cows is one potential method by which CLA content of milk and dairy products may be enhanced. Feeding CLA in calcium salt form could potentially deliver CLA to the lower digestive tract through prevention of biohydrogenation by rumen microbes. Milk fat depression (MFD) occurs when cows receive CLA-60, a commercially available CLA source containing numerous CLA isomers, abomasally. Our objectives were to determine the quantity of CLA as calcium salts required to elicit maximal MFD and to evaluate the effects of CLA supplementation on fatty acid composition of milk fat. Five Holstein cows at approximately 93 DIM were utilized in a 5 x 5 balanced Latin square crossover design. Periods were 14-d in length with a 5-d treatment phase and 9-d rest phase. Treatments were 5-d supplementation of 0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 g of CLA-60 in calcium salt form. Milk samples were collected on d 5 of CLA supplementation and analyzed for composition and fatty acid profile. Regression analysis of milk fat data suggested that MFD was not maximized over the dose levels investigated, despite delivery of 34.5 g of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in the 100-g dose of CLA. Supplementation with 50 and 100 g of CLA per day resulted in a reduction of milk fat percent of 29 and 34%, respectively. Trend analysis indicated a linear decrease in the milk fat content of caprylic, capric, and lauric acids as the dose of CLA increased. Milk fat content of cis-9, trans-11, and trans-10, cis-12 CLA increased at an increasing rate as dose increased.

Topics: Animals; Calcium, Dietary; Caprylates; Cattle; Decanoic Acids; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Female; Lactation; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Milk; Oleic Acid; Regression Analysis; Stearic Acids

Bioactivity-guided fractionation of petroleum ether- and EtOAc-soluble extracts of the seeds of Ziziphus jujuba using a cyclooxygenase-2 assay as a monitor indicated that the triglyceride, 1,3-di-O-[9(Z)-octadecenoyl]-2-O-[9(Z),12(Z)-octadecadienoyl]glycerol (3), and a fatty acid mixture of linoleic, oleic and stearic acids, were the major active components. A new pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene derivative, 3-O-[9(Z)-octadecenoyl]betulinic acid (1), and betulinic acid (2) were also isolated and identified. All isolates as well as pure linoleic, oleic and stearic acids were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against both cyclooxygenases-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2).

Topics: Betulinic Acid; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Isoenzymes; Linoleic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Oleic Acid; Pentacyclic Triterpenes; Plant Extracts; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Seeds; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides; Triterpenes; Ziziphus

The discovery of the cyclic 1,N(2)-propanodeoxyguanosine adducts of acrolein (Acr), crotonaldehyde (Cro), and t-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) as endogenous DNA lesions from lipid peroxidation has raised questions regarding the role of different types of fatty acids as sources for their formation. In this study, we carried out reactions at pH 7 and 37 degrees C with deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), linolenic acid (LNA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); or omega-6 PUFAs, including linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA), each in the presence of ferrous sulfate. The formation of Acr, Cro, and HNE-derived 1,N(2)-propanodeoxyguanosine adducts (Acr-, Cro-, and HNE-dG) in the incubation mixture was determined by reversed-phase HPLC analysis. The results showed that Acr and Cro adducts are primarily derived from omega-3 PUFAs, although Acr adducts are also formed, to a lesser extent, from oxidized AA and LA. HNE-dG adducts were detected exclusively in incubations with AA. The kinetics of the formation of these adducts was determined during incubations for 2 weeks and 5 days. The rate of Acr adduct formation was about 5-10-fold that of Cro adducts, depending on the type of PUFAs, and the rate of formation of HNE adducts from AA was also considerably slower than that of Acr adducts. Unlike other cyclic adducts, the formation of Acr adducts was independent of types of PUFAs, but its yield was proportional to the number of double bonds in the fatty acid. Only one of the isomeric Acr adducts was detected, and its stereoselective formation is consistent with that observed previously in vivo. Two previously unknown cyclic adducts, one derived from pentenal and the other from heptenal, were also detected as products from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, respectively. This study demonstrated the specificity for the formation of the cyclic adducts of Acr, Cro, and HNE and other related enals by oxidation of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs. These results may be important for the understanding of the specific roles of different types of fatty acids in tumorigenesis.

Topics: Acrolein; Aldehydes; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Arachidonic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Deoxyguanine Nucleotides; Deoxyguanosine; DNA Adducts; DNA Damage; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Stearic Acids

Acute elevations of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels augment glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Prolonged elevations of FFA levels reportedly impair GSIS, but no one has previously compared GSIS after prolonged exposure to saturated or unsaturated fat. Rats received a low-fat diet (Low-Fat) or one enriched with either saturated (Lard) or unsaturated fat (Soy) for 4 weeks. Insulin responses during hyperglycemic clamps were augmented by saturated but not unsaturated fat (580 +/- 25, 325 +/- 30, and 380 +/- 50 pmol x l(-1) x min(-1) in Lard, Soy, and Low-Fat groups, respectively). Despite hyperinsulinemia, the amount of glucose infused was lower in the Lard compared with the Low-Fat group. Separate studies measured GSIS from the perfused pancreas. Without fatty acids in the perfusate, insulin output in the Lard group (135 +/- 22 ng/30 min) matched that of Low-Fat rats (115 +/- 13 ng/30 min), but exceeded that of Soy rats (80 +/- 7 ng/30 min). When FFAs in the perfusate mimicked the quantity and composition of plasma FFAs in intact animals, in vivo insulin secretory patterns were restored. Because the GSIS of rats consuming Lard diets consistently exceeded that of the Soy group, we also assessed responses after 48-h infusions of lard or soy oil. Again, lard oil exhibited greater insulinotropic potency. These data indicate that prolonged exposure to saturated fat enhances GSIS (but this does not entirely compensate for insulin resistance), whereas unsaturated fat, given in the diet or by infusion, impairs GSIS. Inferences regarding the impact of fatty acids on GSIS that are based on models using unsaturated fat may not reflect the effects of saturated fat.

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; C-Peptide; Dietary Fats; Eating; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique; Hyperinsulinism; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Islets of Langerhans; Linoleic Acid; Lipolysis; Male; Palmitic Acid; Pancreas; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Soybean Oil; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

Seeds of Salicornia bigelovii (hybrid variety sos-10) were collected from five coastal areas of Pakistan on the Arabian Sea. Hexane-extracted oil content was 27.2-32.0%. Results of other physical and chemical parameters of the extracted oil were as follows: iodine value, 128.0-130.5; refractive index (40 degrees C), 1.4680-1.4695; unsaponifiable matter, 1.63-2.00%; saponification value, 178.6-189.0; density (30 degrees C), 0.9036-0.9074. Tocopherols (alpha, gamma, and delta) in the oil ranged up to 200 mg/kg. The S. bigelovii seed oil was found to contain high levels of linoleic acid (74.66-79.49%) and less oleic acid (12.33-16.83%). Saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acids, ranged from 7 to 8.50% and from 1.24 to 1.69%, respectively. Linolenic acid (C(18:3) omega-3) was found within the range of 1.50-2.31%. The induction period (Rancimat, 20 L/h, 120 degrees C) of the crude oil was 1.40-1.70 h. Specific extinctions at 232 and 270 nm were 1.90-2.40 and 0.40-0.62, respectively. Many parameters of S. bigelovii seed oil were quite compatible with those of safflower oil.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Chenopodiaceae; Iodine; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Pakistan; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Seeds; Stearic Acids; Tocopherols

The present study investigates the reactivity of bovine serum albumin (BSA) radicals towards different biomolecules (urate, linoleic acid, and a polypeptide, poly(Glu-Ala-Tyr)). The BSA radical was formed at room temperature through a direct protein-to-protein radical transfer from H(2)O(2)-activated immobilized horseradish peroxidase (im-HRP). Subsequently, each of the three different biomolecules was separately added to the BSA radicals, after removal of im-HRP by centrifugation. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy showed that all three biomolecules quenched the BSA radicals. Subsequent analysis showed a decrease in the concentration of urate upon reaction with the BSA radical, while the BSA radical in the presence of poly(Glu-Ala-Tyr) resulted in increased formation of the characteristic protein oxidation product, dityrosine. Reaction between the BSA radical and a linoleic acid oil-in-water emulsion resulted in additional formation of lipid hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes. The results clearly show that protein radicals have to be considered as dynamic species during oxidative processes in biological systems and that protein radicals should not be considered as end-products, but rather as reactive intermediates during oxidative processes in biological systems hereby supporting recent data.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Free Radicals; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hydrogen Peroxide; Linoleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Peptides; Polymers; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Spin Labels; Stearic Acids; T-Lymphocytes; Uric Acid

Under physiological conditions, small amounts of free arachidonic acid (AA) are released from membrane phospholipids, and cyclooxygenase (COX) and acyl CoA synthetase (ACS) competitively act on this fatty acid to form prostaglandins (PGs) and arachidonoyl-CoA (AA-CoA). We have previously shown that palmitoyl-CoA (PA-CoA) shifts AA away from the COX pathway into the ACS pathway in rabbit kidney medulla at a low concentration of AA (5 microM, close to the physiological concentration of substrate). In the present study, we investigated the effects of stearoyl (SA)-, oleoyl (OA)- and linoleoyl (LA)- CoAs on the formation of PG and AA-CoA from 5microM AA in rabbit kidney medulla microsomes. The kidney medulla microsomes were incubated with 5microM [(14)C]-AA in 0.1 M-Tris/HCl buffer (pH 8.0) containing cofactors of COX (reduced glutathione and hydroquinone) and cofactors of ACS (ATP, MgCl(2)and CoA). After incubation, PG (as total PGs), AA-CoA and residual AA were separated by selective extraction using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. SA- and OA-CoAs increased AA-CoA formation with a reduction of PG formation, as well as PA-CoA. On the other hand, LA-CoA decreased formation of both PG and AA-CoA. These results suggest that fatty acyl CoA esters can be regulators of PG and AA-CoA formation in kidney medulla under physiological conditions.

Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Animals; Arachidonic Acids; Carbon Radioisotopes; Kidney Medulla; Linoleic Acid; Male; Microsomes; Oleic Acid; Prostaglandins; Rabbits; Stearic Acids

It has been demonstrated that in pathological conditions with an increase in the calculated mean melting point (MMP) of phospholipid (PL) fatty acids (FA) there are changes in the composition of the saturated FA (SFA), which partially counteract this effect: shorter-chain SFA with lower melting points are increased, while longer-chain less fluid SFA are suppressed. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in MMP during pregnancy and in the newborn and, if so, whether similar adaptive changes occur in the composition of the SFA. The FA composition of plasma PL was determined in healthy women (n = 16) twice during pregnancy (15-24 wk and 29-36 wk) and at delivery and in umbilical venous blood obtained at birth. The MMP of maternal PL was significantly higher at delivery compared to mid-gestation, due to a loss of highly unsaturated FA (HUFA) which were replaced by SFA. In addition, changes in the SFA occurred: 16:0 with lower melting point was higher while 18:0 with higher melting point was lower at delivery. MMP of PL FA in umbilical plasma was lower than in maternal plasma at delivery, which was due to higher HUFA content. In contrast to maternal plasma, 16:0 was lower while 18:0, 20:0, and 24:0 were higher in umbilical plasma resulting in a higher MMP of SFA, tending to raise the overall MMP. It can be concluded that, during pregnancy and in the newborn, the FA composition of SFA changes in a way to counteract changes in MMP induced by reduced and increased HUFA, respectively.

Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Fetal Blood; Gestational Age; Hot Temperature; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Linoleic Acid; Male; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Pregnancy; Stearic Acids; Umbilical Veins

Liver nuclear incorporation of stearic (18:0), linoleic (18:2n-6), and arachidonic (20:4n-6) acids was studied by incubation in vitro of the [1-14C] fatty acids with nuclei, with or without the cytosol fraction at different times. The [1-14C] fatty acids were incorporated into the nuclei as free fatty acids in the following order: 18:0 > 20:4n-6 >> 18:2n-6, and esterified into nuclear lipids by an acyl-CoA pathway. All [1-14C] fatty acids were esterified mainly to phospholipids and triacylglycerols and in a minor proportion to diacylglycerols. Only [1-14C]18:2n-6-CoA was incorporated into cholesterol esters. The incorporation was not modified by cytosol addition. The incorporation of 20:4n-6 into nuclear phosphatidylcholine (PC) pools was also studied by incubation of liver nuclei in vitro with [1-14C]20:4n-6-CoA, and nuclear labeled PC molecular species were determined. From the 15 PC nuclear molecular species determined, five were labeled with [1-14C]20:4n-6-CoA: 18:0-20:4, 16:0-20:4, 18:1-20:4, 18:2-20:4, and 20:4-20:4. The highest specific radioactivity was found in 20:4-20:4 PC, which is a minor species. In conclusion, liver cell nuclei possess the necessary enzymes to incorporate exogenous saturated and unsaturated fatty acids into lipids by an acyl-CoA pathway, showing specificity for each fatty acid. Liver cell nuclei also utilize exogenous 20:4n-6-CoA to synthesize the major molecular species of PC with 20:4n-6 at the sn-2 position. However, the most actively synthesized is 20:4-20:4 PC, which is a quantitatively minor component. The labeling pattern of 20:4-20:4 PC would indicate that this molecular species is synthesized mainly by the de novo pathway.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cell Nucleus; Cholesterol Esters; Diglycerides; Esterification; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Phosphatidylcholines; Phospholipids; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

Oxidation of lipoproteins, particularly low-density lipoprotein, is thought to play a major role in the development of atherosclerosis. We set out to identify and quantitate the major fatty acid oxidation products in human atherosclerotic plaque obtained from individuals undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Oxidized lipids were extracted from plaque homogenate under conditions to prevent artifactual oxidation. Identification and quantitation was performed using HPLC and GC-MS. High levels of hydroxyoctadecanoic acids (0.51 +/- 0.17 ng/microg of linoleic acid), 15-hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid (HETE) (0.66 +/- 0.24 ng/microg of arachidonic acid), and 11-HETE (0.84 +/- 0.24 ng/microg of arachidonic acid) were detected in all atherosclerotic plaques (n = 10). Low levels of 9-oxo-octadecanoic acid (oxoODE) (0.04 +/- 0.01 ng/microg of linoleic acid), were present in all samples, while 13-oxoODE (0.01 +/- 0.008 ng/microg of linoleic acid) was present in only 4 of the 10 plaque samples. Of interest was the identification of two previously unidentified compounds in atherosclerotic plaque, 11-oxo-eicosatetranoic acid in 9 of the 10 samples and 5,6-dihydroxyeicosatetranoic acid in 3 samples. Chiral analysis revealed that all the major compounds identified in this study are of a nonenzymatic origin. This study is the first to provide a convenient HPLC method to quantify all the products of both linoleic acid and arachidonic acid oxidation in human atherosclerotic plaque. The quantitation of lipid peroxidation products in plaque may be important given the potential biological activity of these compounds and their possible relationship to plaque pathogenesis and instability.

Topics: Aged; Arachidonic Acid; Carotid Artery Diseases; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fatty Acids; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oxidants; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids; Stereoisomerism

Rumenic acid (cis-9, trans-11-C(18:2)) represents approx. 80% of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in dairy products. CLA has been shown to exert beneficial effects on health, but little work has been devoted to the ability to oxidize CLA isomers and the role of these isomers in the modulation of beta-oxidation flux. In the present study, respiration on rumenic acid was compared with that on linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12-C(18:2)) with the use of rat liver mitochondria. In state-3, respiration was decreased by half with rumenic acid in comparison with linoleic acid. In the uncoupled state, respiration on CLA remained 30% lower. The lower ability to oxidize CLA was investigated through characterization of the enzymic steps. Rumenic acid was 33% less activated by acyl-CoA synthase than was linoleic acid. However, after such activation, the transfer of both acyl moieties to carnitine by carnitine acyltransferase I (CAT I) was of the same order. Moreover, CAT II activity was comparable with either isomer. After prior incubation with rumenic acid, oxidation of octanoic acid by re-isolated mitochondria was unimpaired, but that of palmitoleic acid was impaired unless linoleic acid was used in the prior incubation. The slower respiration on cis-9, trans-11-C(18:2) is suggested to arise from lower carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase activity towards the acylcarnitine form, causing an upstream increase in the corresponding acyl-CoA.

Topics: Animals; Caprylates; Carnitine Acyltransferases; Cattle; Cell Respiration; Coenzyme A Ligases; Dairy Products; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Mitochondria, Liver; Oxygen Consumption; Rats; Stearic Acids; Stereoisomerism

The lipid content and fatty acid composition of fresh immature and in vitro matured bovine oocytes cultured in media with or without serum, and also those of frozen-thawed immature oocytes were analysed. All oocytes were ranked (A or B) on the basis of their cytoplasmic quality. Fatty acid composition (mol %; w/w) in the total lipid fraction was analysed by gas chromatography. Triglyceride, total cholesterol, phospholipid (phosphocholine-containing phospholipid) and non-esterified fatty acid contents of immature and in vitro matured oocytes were determined using lipid analysis kits. Phosphocholine-containing phospholipid and non-esterified fatty acid contents were determined in frozen-thawed immature bovine oocytes. Palmitic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in immature oocytes (A: 35%, B: 36%), and in in vitro matured oocytes cultured in the medium containing serum (A: 36%, B: 35%) or polyvinyl alcohol (A: 33%, B: 36%). Oleic acid was the second most abundant fatty acid in all A ranked oocytes, whereas stearic acid was the second most abundant fatty acid in all B ranked oocytes. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in linoleic and arachidonic acid fractions between A and B ranked immature oocytes. In vitro matured oocytes had significantly (P < 0.05) lower proportions of linoleic and arachidonic acids, and significantly (P < 0.01) lower contents of triglyceride and total cholesterol compared with those of immature oocytes. The fatty acid composition of in vitro matured oocytes cultured in medium containing fetal calf serum or polyvinyl alcohol was similar, but significant differences (P < 0.01) in triglyceride and the total cholesterol content were observed. There was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the arachidonic acid proportion in frozen-thawed immature oocytes compared with that in fresh immature oocytes. In addition, significant (P < 0.05) decreases in both phospholipid (15.8--10.6 pmol) and non-esterified fatty acid (11.0--4.1 pmol) were found in frozen--thawed immature oocytes. The results indicate that lipids are available for use as an energy source for maturation and that serum lipids are incorporated into the oocyte cytoplasm during in vitro maturation. The changes in the lipid content (mainly phospholipid) and fatty acid composition were also observed in frozen--thawed immature oocytes. The study indicates that the alteration of fatty acid composition in bovine oocytes might improve maturation and cryopreservation.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cattle; Cells, Cultured; Cholesterol; Cryopreservation; Culture Media; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Hot Temperature; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Oleic Acid; Oocytes; Phospholipids; Phosphorylcholine; Polyvinyl Alcohol; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

This study was designed to evaluate whether the exchange of specific saturated fatty acids [SFA; palmitic acid (16:0) for stearic acid (18:0)] would differentially affect plasma lipids and lipoproteins, when diets contained the currently recommended levels of total SFA, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Ten male cynomolgus monkeys were fed one of two purified diets (using a cross-over design) enriched either in 16:0 (palmitic acid diet) or 18:0 (stearic acid diet). Both diets provided 30% of energy as fat (SFA/monounsaturated fatty acid/PUFA: 1/1/1). The palmitic acid and stearic acid diets were based on palm oil or cocoa butter (59% and 50% of the total fat, respectively). By adding different amounts of sunflower, safflower and olive oils, an effective exchange of 16:0 for 18:0 of approximately 5% of energy was achieved with all other fatty acids being held constant. Monkeys were rotated through two 10-wk feeding periods, during which time plasma lipids and in vivo lipoprotein metabolism (following the simultaneous injection of (131)I-LDL and (125)I- HDL were evaluated). Plasma triacyglycerol (0.40 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.37 +/- 0.03 mmol/L), plasma total cholesterol (3.59 +/- 0.18 vs. 3.39 +/- 0.23 mmol/L), HDL cholesterol (1.60 +/- 0.16 vs 1.53 +/- 0.16 mmol/L) and non-HDL cholesterol (2.02 +/- 0.26 vs. 1.86 +/- 0.23 mmol/L) concentrations did not differ when monkeys consumed the palmitic acid and stearic acid diets, respectively. Plasma lipoprotein compositional analyses revealed a higher cholesteryl ester content in the VLDL fraction isolated after consumption of the stearic acid diet (P < 0.10), as well as a larger VLDL particle diameter (16.3 +/- 1.7 nm vs. 13.8 +/- 3.6 nm; P < 0.05). Kinetic analyses revealed no significant differences in LDL or HDL transport parameters. These data suggest that when incorporated into diets following current guidelines, containing adequate PUFA, an exchange of 16:0 for 18:0, representing approximately 11 g/(d.10.46 mJ) [ approximately 11 g/(d.2500 kcal)] does not affect the plasma lipid profile and has minor effects on lipoprotein composition. Whether a similar effect would occur in humans under comparable dietary conditions remains to be established.

Topics: Animals; Apolipoproteins; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Fats; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Lipoproteins, HDL; Lipoproteins, LDL; Macaca fascicularis; Male; Palm Oil; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Stearic Acids

Uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3) is a mitochondrial carrier protein of as yet undefined physiological function. To elucidate characteristics of its function, we studied the effects of fasting on resting metabolic rate, respiratory quotient, muscle Ucp3 expression, and mitochondrial proton leak in wild-type and Ucp3(-/-) mice. Also analyzed were the fatty acid compositions of skeletal muscle mitochondria in fed and fasted Ucp3(-/-) and wild-type mice. In wild-type mice, fasting caused significant increases in Ucp3 (4-fold) and Ucp2 (2-fold) mRNA but did not significantly affect mitochondrial proton leak. State 4 oxygen consumption was not affected by fasting in either of the two groups. However, protonmotive force was consistently higher in mitochondria of Ucp3(-/-) animals (P = 0.03), and fasting further augmented protonmotive force in Ucp3(-/-) mice; there was no effect in wild-type mitochondria. Resting metabolic rates decreased with fasting in both groups. Ucp3(-/-) mice had higher respiratory quotients than wild-type mice in fed resting states, indicating impaired fatty acid oxidation. Altogether, results show that the fasting-induced increases in Ucp2 and Ucp3 do not correlate with increased mitochondrial proton leak but support a role for UCP3 in fatty acid metabolism.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Basal Metabolism; Body Weight; Calorimetry, Indirect; Carrier Proteins; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Energy Metabolism; Fasting; Fatty Acids; Food; Ion Channels; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mitochondria, Muscle; Mitochondrial Proteins; Muscle, Skeletal; Organ Size; Oxygen Consumption; Palmitic Acid; Proteins; Protons; RNA, Messenger; Stearic Acids; Uncoupling Protein 2; Uncoupling Protein 3

Fatty acid contents at different stages of maturity and physicochemical characteristics of oil extracted from mature seeds of four safflower cultivars (S208, S400, S541, and S303) were studied. Results indicated that for all cultivars both saturated and unsaturated fatty acid contents fluctuated with seed growth and development. Palmitic acid content decreased up to day 20 after which it started to increase for the S400, S541, and S303 cultivars, while for S208 it progressively decreased. Stearic acid fluctuated with seed growth and development. Oleic acid showed slight changes with seed growth and development, while linoleic acid decreased with seed growth and development for the S400, S541, and S303 cultivars while for S208 after day 30, it started to increase significantly. For all cultivars, glyceride contents varied among the cultivars with maximum values of 97.70, 2.80 and 0.20 for tri-, di- and monoglycerides, respectively. Physicochemical investigation of mature seed oils showed that the color, density, refractive index, free fatty acids, peroxide value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter were similar for all cultivars while viscosity, iodine value, and acetone insoluble matter varied among the cultivars.

Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Fatty Acids; Glycerides; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Safflower Oil; Seeds; Stearic Acids

There is evidence that manganese (Mn) metabolism may be altered by the form and amount of dietary fat. Also, iron (Fe) absorption is greater with saturated fats, as compared to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The absorption of Fe and Mn are interrelated in many aspects; therefore, the form of dietary fat may indirectly alter Mn absorption. The reported studies were conducted to determine whether saturated fat, as compared to unsaturated fat, affected Mn absorption, retention, and metabolism. In experiment I, adult rats were fed diets containing either 0.7 or 100.4 microg/g Mn with the fat source as high-linoleic safflower oil or stearic acid. After 2 wk of equilibration, the animals were fed a test meal of 54Mn followed by whole-body counting for 10 d. Manganese absorption was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the stearic acid group (0.9-4.8%) than in the safflower oil group (20-33.8%); however, the biological half-life was shorter in the safflower oil group. Retention of 54Mn and total Mn was always significantly (p < 0.05) greater in the safflower oil group when dietary Mn was low, but it was the same when dietary Mn was high. In experiment II, weanling rats were fed 1.3, 39.3, or 174.6 microg Mn/g and either stearate, high-oleic safflower oil or high-linoleic safflower oil for 8 wk. Long-term feeding of the stearate and low Mn-containing diet resulted in a significant (p < 0.0001) reduction in heart superoxide dismutase activity and kidney and liver Mn concentrations compared to the other diets. These data show that stearic acid inhibitits Mn absorption, but it may not inhibit Mn retention when dietary Mn is high.

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Cholesterol; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Eating; Half-Life; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Linoleic Acid; Male; Manganese; Radioisotopes; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Safflower Oil; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides; Weight Gain

Milk was collected from 36 Nepalese women, 15 to 32 years of age, in order to investigate relationships between the proportions of intermediate chain-length (C10-C14) fatty acids and critical n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the milk lipids they were producing. Serum was also obtained from these lactating women and the fatty acid composition of their serum phospholipid fraction was determined and compared with that of the corresponding milk lipid fraction. Compared to women in technologically advanced parts of the world, the serum phospholipids of the Nepalese women contained nutritionally adequate proportions of linoleic acid (LA) (16.8%), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (0.53%), arachidonic acid (AA) (5.69%), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (1.42%). However, although the milk lipids contained adequate proportions of ALA (1.81%), AA (0.43%), and DHA (0.23%), the lipids contained low to moderate percentages of LA (mean, 9.05%). Positive correlations were observed between the proportions of AA (P=0.001, r=0.50) and ALA (P=0.03, r=0.36) in the serum phospholipids and milk lipids of the women. As the proportion of C10-Cl4 fatty acids in the milk lipids increased from 10% to 40%, there was preferential retention of three critical n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (ALA, AA, and DHA) at the expense of two relatively abundant nonessential fatty acids, namely stearic acid and oleic acid. In addition, using fatty acid melting point data and the mol fraction of the 9 most abundant fatty acids in the milk, we estimated the mean melting point (MMP) of the milk lipids of the Nepalese women. The MMPs ranged from 29.3 to 40.5 degrees C (median, 35.5 degrees C). These results indicate that: 1) the levels of AA and ALA in the blood of lactating mothers influence the levels of these fatty acids in the milk they produce; 2) when the mammary gland produces a milk that is rich in C10-Cl4 fatty acids, it somehow regulates triglyceride synthesis in such a way as to ensure that the milk will provide the exclusively breast-fed infant with the amounts of the critical n-3 and n-6 fatty acids it requires for normal growth and development; and 3) the melting point of the milk lipid fraction is determined mainly by the mol % of the intermediate chain-length (C10-C14) fatty acids, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Milk, Human; Nepal; Nutritional Status; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Stearic Acids; Temperature

A nursing woman afflicted with short bowel syndrome received parenteral infusions of Intralipid. In the morning following 2 nights of infusion, samples of milk and blood were taken; additional samples were taken the morning after 1 and 2 nights of no infusion. The fatty acid composition of these samples was determined by gas chromatography. The Intralipid infusion contained 51.5% linoleic acid (C18:2). The C18:2 content of the milk was highest (14%) after each infusion and dropped to about 10% on days 1 and 2. Inverse changes were seen in stearic acid (C18:0). The C18:2 content of the plasma showed little change, remaining at about 23%. These results provide further direct evidence that the composition of milk fatty acids can be influenced by changes in the composition of external sources of fatty acids to the lactating mother.

Topics: Chromatography, Gas; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Kinetics; Lactation; Linoleic Acid; Milk, Human; Short Bowel Syndrome; Stearic Acids

To study the chemical constituents of fat oil from root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd.. The components were separated and identified by gas chromatograpy-mass spectrometry and elucidated on the standard mass spectral data and the percentages were determined by gas chromatographic area normalization method.. Eighteen constituents were separated and sixteen of them were identified.. The major components of the fat oil were established first time as oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, eicosenoic acid and stearic acid, which make up 87.0%, 7.31%, 3.27%, 1.07%, 0.91% of fat oil respectively.

Topics: Fatty Acids; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Polygala; Stearic Acids

We investigated the composition of fatty acids in adipose tissue, serum, and liver of cows that were fed at restricted energy intake or were overfed during the dry period. Overfed cows had higher concentrations of serum nonesterified fatty acids and consequently accumulated greater amounts of triacylglycerols in the liver than did cows that were fed at restricted energy intake. The percentages of the different fatty acids present in adipose tissue were similar for both groups and did not change during sampling intervals. Before parturition, concentrations of the individual fatty acids present in serum were similar between groups. After parturition, concentrations of major fatty acids in serum, including palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids significantly increased in both groups and were higher in overfed cows than in cows that were fed at restricted energy intake. The shift of concentrations of the different fatty acids present in the liver--as a result of increased lipolysis-was observed in palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids but not stearic acid, suggesting that stearic acid is used by the liver (i.e., oxidation) or is considerably secreted through the milk, thereby not increasing in accumulation in the liver. In conclusion, different feeding regimens during the dry period do not influence the composition of fatty acids in adipose tissue. More intensive lipolysis results in increased concentrations of palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids in the blood; subsequently, these fatty acids, excluding stearic acid, greatly accumulated in the liver.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diet; Energy Intake; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Liver; Female; Linoleic Acid; Lipolysis; Liver; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Puerperal Disorders; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides; Weight Gain

The effects of capsaicin, a major pungent agent of capsicum fruits, on biliary free fatty acids (FFAs) were studied in male rats. Animals were dosed 100 mg/kg capsaicin after the administration of olive oil, and the bile was obtained for 6 hours continuously after dosing with capsaicin for analysis of FFAs using HPLC methods. Capsaicin significantly decreased the total biliary FFA concentration in the animals which had been previously increased by the administration of olive oil. The main FFAs in the bile of control rats are lauric and palmitic acids, followed by linoleic, oleic, stearic and palmitoleic acids. Capsaicin alone decreased the values of these main FFAs. While lauric, palmitic, linoleic, stearic and arachidonic acids were increased significantly by the treatment with olive oil, elevation of these FFAs was inhibited by the treatment with capsaicin.

Topics: Animals; Bile; Capsaicin; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Male; Oleic Acid; Olive Oil; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Rats; Stearic Acids

Vascular endothelial cell activation and dysfunction are critical early events in atherosclerosis. Selected dietary lipids (eg, fatty acids) may be atherogenic by activating endothelial cells and by potentiating an inflammatory response. Due to their prooxidant property, unsaturated fatty acids may play a critical role in endothelial cell activation and injury. To test this hypothesis, porcine endothelial cells were exposed to 18-carbon fatty acids differing in the degree of unsaturation, ie, 90 micromol/L stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1n-9), linoleic (18:2n-6), or linolenic acid (18:3n-3) for 6 to 24 hours and/or tumor necrosis factor alpha ([TNF-alpha] 500 U/L) for up to 3 hours. Compared with control cultures, treatment with 18:0 and 18:2 decreased glutathione levels, suggesting an increase in cellular oxidative stress. Both 18:2 and 18:0 activated the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) the most and 18:1 the least. This NF-kappaB-dependent transcription was confirmed in endothelial cells by luciferase reporter gene assay. The fatty acid-mediated activation of NF-kappaB was blocked by preenrichment of the cultures with 25 micromol/L vitamin E. All fatty acids except 18:1 and 18:3 increased transendothelial albumin transfer, and 18:2 caused the most marked disruption of endothelial integrity. Preenrichment of endothelial cells with 18:2 followed by exposure to TNF-alpha resulted in a 100% increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6) production compared with TNF-alpha exposure alone. In contrast, cellular preenrichment with 18:0, 18:1, or 18:3 had no effect on TNF-alpha-mediated production of IL-6. Cellular release of radiolabeled arachidonic acid (20:4) was markedly increased only by cell exposure to 18:2 and 18:3, and the release of 20:4 appeared to be mainly from the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. These data suggest that oleic acid does not activate endothelial cells. Furthermore, linoleic acid and other omega-6 fatty acids appear to be the most proinflammatory and possibly atherogenic fatty acids.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Endothelium, Vascular; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Gene Expression Regulation; Glutathione; Interleukin-6; Linoleic Acid; NF-kappa B; Oleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Pulmonary Artery; Stearic Acids; Structure-Activity Relationship; Swine

Dietary fat intake is related to the degree of obesity, but the specific mechanisms by which fats regulate food intake in humans are unclear. We compared food intake suppression, plasma triglyceride appearance, and cholecystokinin (CCK) response after intestinal infusion of oils enriched with C18 fatty acids of increasing unsaturation.. Food intake and appetite changes after upper intestinal infusion of 0.9% saline, 20% Intralipid, and 20% emulsions of oils enriched with stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids were tested in 10 healthy male volunteers. Plasma triglyceride appearance and CCK release were tested separately in 7 additional volunteers.. Intralipid and linoleic acid infusions significantly reduced food intake compared with saline infusion (P<0.05). No changes were observed in appetite ratings. There were no differences in plasma triglyceride response over the initial 75 minutes of intestinal infusion. Plasma CCK concentration increased after all lipid infusions (P<0.001), Intralipid infusion produced the highest increase in plasma CCK (P<0.05), and CCK response was similar between the 3 enriched oil emulsions.. These results indicate marked differences in the ability of C18 fatty acids to reduce food intake that appear not to be related to rate of absorption but may partially be explained by CCK release.

Topics: Adult; Appetite; Cholecystokinin; Emulsions; Energy Intake; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Hunger; Infusions, Parenteral; Linoleic Acid; Male; Oleic Acid; Stearic Acids; Surveys and Questionnaires; Time Factors; Triglycerides

Breast-fed and formula-fed infants differ in the amount and type of polyunsaturated fatty acids consumed. The fatty acid composition of cell membranes is related to dietary fatty acids and, in adults, changes in membrane fatty acid composition are accompanied by changes in monocyte cytokine production and hence a modification of the immunologic response.. Our objective was to determine whether production by immunocompetent cells of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) differs between breast-fed and formula-fed infants.. Twenty-six healthy infants (13 breast-fed and 13 fed modified cow-milk formula) aged 2-4 mo were studied. The fatty acid composition of red blood cell (RBC) membrane phospholipids was measured by gas-liquid chromatography and IL-1 and TNF release were measured in whole blood culture in bacterial-endotoxin-stimulated and unstimulated cells.. The infants' ages, weights, hemoglobin concentrations, and white blood cell counts did not differ significantly between groups. The percentage of n-3 fatty acids of total RBC phospholipid fatty acids was significantly higher in breast-fed than in formula-fed infants (6.31 +/- 2.5% compared with 2.98 +/- 0.97%); docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) concentrations were also markedly higher in breast-fed infants (5.1 +/- 1.2% compared with 2.2 +/- 0.9%, P: < 0.001), but eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) concentrations did not differ significantly between groups. The percentage of n-6 fatty acids was not significantly different between groups. The percentage of oleic acid (18:1) was higher in formula-fed than in breast-fed infants (16.2 +/- 0.7% compared with 20.6 +/- 1.1%; P: < 0.001). IL-1 and TNF release in whole blood culture did not differ significantly between groups.. The release of proinflammatory cytokines by immunocompetent cells does not differ significantly in breast-fed and formula-fed infants despite differences in cell membrane fatty acid composition.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Breast Feeding; Cytokines; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Erythrocyte Membrane; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Interleukin-1; Linoleic Acid; Lipopolysaccharides; Lymphocytes; Phospholipids; Stearic Acids; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Unesterified fatty acids were measured in mouse erythrocytes infected either with chloroquine-susceptible (CS) or with chloroquine-resistant (CR) lines of Plasmodium berghei. This work was undertaken to identify candidates for the lipid involved in ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FP) polymerization. Linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In total, they increased 4-fold with CS infections and 6-fold with CR infections. Treating infected mice with chloroquine did not affect the amounts of unesterified fatty acids in erythrocytes. Of the four fatty acids, only linoleic acid increased disproportionately to the total. It increased 16-fold for the CS line and 35-fold for the CR line. The method could detect monoglycerides but they were below the limit of detection. It could not detect diglycerides, triglycerides or phospholipids. Triglycerides and phospholipids have been tested previously, however, and found to be ineffective at promoting FP polymerization. Therefore, other than linoleic acid, the lipids most likely to be involved in FP polymerization are diglycerides. We tested dilinoleolyglycerol in the present work and found it to be an effective promoter of FP polymerization. These results suggest that linoleic acid or a diglyceride containing it has the critical role of promoting FP polymerization in malaria parasites.

Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; Cells, Cultured; Chloroquine; Erythrocytes; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Hemin; Linoleic Acid; Malaria; Mice; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Plasmodium berghei; Polymers; Stearic Acids

Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a multipurpose tree native to the Indian subcontinent and South-East Asian countries. Products derived from neem have been used for centuries, particularly in India, for medicinal and pest-management purposes. Azadirachtin and neem oil are the two major commercially important products derived from the tree. The oil contains palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids in good proportion. Although there is growing demand for quality planting material for plantation of neem, efforts are lacking for the selection of neem trees based on their biochemical composition. In the present study, 60 Neem seed samples were collected from different provinances of the Rajasthan state in India. These samples were analysed by GLC to study the variability of fatty acid composition. Significant variability in individual fatty acids was observed. The palmitic acid ranged from 16 to 34%, stearic acid from 6 to 24%, oleic acid from 25 to 58% and linoleic acid from 6 to 17%. This variability can be exploited for selection of trees and for studying the genetic variability in neem. These selections can also be utilized for genetic improvement of the tree.

Topics: Asia, Southeastern; Chromatography, Gas; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; India; Linoleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Plants, Medicinal; Seeds; Stearic Acids; Trees

Inverted-repeat-based gene constructs targeted against two key cotton seed-specific fatty acid desaturase genes, ghSAD-1, encoding stearoylacvl carrier protein delta9-desaturase and ghFAD2-1, encoding microsomal omega-6 desaturase, were transformed into cotton. The expression of ghSAD-1 and ghFAD2-1 in the inverted-repeat orientation resulted in increased levels of stearic and oleic acids, respectively. Interestingly, the content of palmitic acid in both high-stearic and high-oleic lines was substantially reduced. These materials offer the promise of developing cotton seed oil products with greatly improved nutritional appeal to consumers.

Topics: Cottonseed Oil; DNA, Plant; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Gene Silencing; Genetic Engineering; Gossypium; Linoleic Acid; Microsomes; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Oleic Acid; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Stearic Acids

The present study compared the hepatic fatty acid composition of cows that were fed a high energy diet during the dry period to induce fatty liver after parturition with that of control cows. Treated cows had higher concentrations of plasma nonesterified fatty acids as a result of greater lipolysis after parturition than did control cows; consequently, the treated cows accumulated greater amounts of triacylglycerols in the liver. Before parturition, treated cows had lower percentages of oleic acid and higher percentages of linoleic acid than did control cows, but percentages of other fatty acids were similar for both groups. After parturition, percentages of each fatty acid were changed substantially, particularly the four major fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids). For treated cows, the percentages of palmitic and oleic acids were higher at 0.5 wk after parturition than at 1 wk before parturition; percentages of stearic and linoleic acids decreased. Unlike treated cows, the percentages of both oleic and linoleic acids in the control cows did not change during that time. Moreover, we found that when lipolysis decreased, as indicated by lower plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations, the percentages of each fatty acid gradually rebounded toward the concentrations measured before parturition; this observation indicates that the shift in hepatic fatty acid composition is influenced by lipolysis. The increased lipolysis after parturition led to a vast increase in the hepatic triacyglycerol concentration and to a shift in hepatic fatty acid composition.

Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Energy Intake; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Liver; Female; Glycogen; Linoleic Acid; Lipolysis; Liver; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Pregnancy; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

Freshly isolated fetal hepatocytes transformed 4.3, 8.5 and 19.2 pmol/min/10(6) cells of stearic, linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids, respectively, complexed to albumin or alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), to more unsaturated derivatives. Thus, fetal hepatocytes displayed high elongase and delta9, delta6, delta5-desaturase activities, as well as an ability to synthesize hexaene derivatives. Desaturase activities decreased when the time of culture of fetal hepatocytes (previous to incubation with the substrate) was prolonged, being practically undetectable after 24 h of culture. However, the rate of fatty acid uptake remained nearly constant. When AFP was used as the carrier the amount of hexaene fatty acid derivatives of alpha-linolenic acid recovered in cells was reduced up to 50% by albumin. This effect was associated with an increase of radioactivity found in the culture medium of hepatocytes incubated with AFP compared to albumin. Both observations taken together could be explained by an efflux of hexaene derivatives from cells caused by AFP.

Topics: alpha-Fetoproteins; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Biological Transport; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stearic Acids

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Biosensing Techniques; Brain; Carrier Proteins; Chaetomium; DNA, Complementary; Fatty Acids; Leptin; Linoleic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Proteins; Rats; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, Leptin; Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment; Stearic Acids

Isolated mouse islets were used to compare the effects of three saturated (myristate, palmitate and stearate) and three unsaturated (oleate, linoleate and linolenate) long-chain fatty acids on insulin secretion. By varying the concentrations of fatty acid (250-1250 micromol/l) and albumin simultaneously or independently, we also investigated whether the insulinotropic effect is determined by the unbound or total concentration of the fatty acids. Only palmitate and stearate slightly increased basal insulin secretion (3 mmol/l glucose). All tested fatty acids potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion (10-15 mmol/l), and the following rank order of potency was obtained when they were compared at the same total concentrations: palmitate approximately = stearate > myristate > or = oleate > or = linoleate approximately = linolenate. The effect of a given fatty acid varied with the fatty acid to albumin molar ratio, in a way which indicated that the unbound fraction is the important one for the stimulation of beta cells. When the potentiation of insulin secretion was expressed as a function of the unbound concentrations, the following rank order emerged: palmitate > myristate > stearate approximately = oleate > linoleate approximately = linolenate. In conclusion, the acute and direct effects of long-chain fatty acids on insulin secretion are due to their unbound fraction. They are observed only at fatty acid/albumin ratios higher than those normally occurring in plasma. Saturated fatty acids are stronger insulin secretagogues than unsaturated fatty acids. Unbound palmitate is by far the most potent of the six common long-chain fatty acids.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Drug Synergism; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Glucose; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Islets of Langerhans; Linoleic Acid; Mice; Myristic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Stearic Acids; Structure-Activity Relationship

The influence of individual conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on the delta6 desaturation of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids and on the delta9 desaturation of stearic acid was investigated in vitro, using rat liver microsomes. The delta6 desaturation of 18:2n-6 was decreased from 23 to 38% when the ratio of 9cis,11trans-18:2 to 18:2n-6 increased from 0.5 to 2. The compound 10trans,12cis-18:2 exhibited a similar effect only at the highest concentration. The delta6 desaturation of alpha-linolenic acid was slightly affected by the presence of CLA isomers. The sole isomer to induce an inhibitory effect on the delta9 desaturation of stearic acid was 10trans,12cis-18:2.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Linoleic Acid; Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stearic Acids; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase

The authors report testing the meconium of a newborn for the presence of FAEE. Meconium from a newborn of a woman who acknowledged drinking beer throughout pregnancy was tested. The authors also tested the meconiums of 3 newborns whose mothers did not drink at all while pregnant. The FAEE were extracted from the meconium samples using solid phase extraction (SPE), and were identified and quantitated by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (FID). For assignment of retention times and determination of individual concentrations, authentic mixtures of FAEE were injected. The total FAEE concentration in the meconium of the alcohol-exposed infant was 13126 ng/g compared to a mean of 410 ng/g in the control meconiums. Also, in this case, palmitic, linoleic, and stearic ethyl esters were found in the alcohol-exposed infant's meconium while they were not found in the unexposed infant's meconium. In a parallel experiment, the authors spiked increasing amounts of ethyl alcohol (0-40mM) into the meconium from a newborn that was not exposed to ethanol in utero. The spiked samples were incubated for 4 hours at 37 degrees C and subsequently assayed for the presence of ethyl linoleate. In these experiments, they document for the first time that FAEE is produced in meconium. If confirmed by large studies, FAEE may become the first neonatal biologic marker for babies at risk for alcohol-related birth defects.

Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Biomarkers; Chromatography, Gas; Ethanol; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Meconium; Palmitic Acid; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Stearic Acids

The present study was undertaken to examine the cellular uptake of stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), and linolenic acid (18:3), and their effects on synthesis and secretion of lipids in Hep-G2 cells. The cells were grown for 6 days in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. On day 7, cells were incubated in a serum-free DMEM containing 0.25-1.0 mM of 18:0, 18:1, 18:2 or 18:3. The cellular uptake of these fatty acids was almost linear during the 4 hr incubation period, and no significant differences were noted among the fatty acids tested, regardless of their degree of unsaturation. The treatment of cells with 1.0 mM of these fatty acids stimulated triglyceride (TG) synthesis nearly ten-fold and phospholipid (PL) synthesis approx, two-fold compared with those of the control. The lipoprotein-TG secretion also increased and was the highest with 18:1 followed in descending order by 18:2, 18:3, and 18:0. The fatty acid treatment of cells also significantly increased the incorporation of 14C-acetate into the cellular and lipoprotein cholesterol compared with that of the control (p < 0.05). In addition, notable changes occurred in the fatty acid composition of cellular and medium lipids, which were enriched with the particular fatty acid present in the incubation medium. The findings that 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3 were taken up by Hep-G2 cells at almost identical rates demonstrate that differences in the cellular synthesis of lipids and their secretion are attributable to the metabolic specificity of those fatty acids, rather than variable rates of their uptake.

Topics: Acetates; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cell Division; Cell Survival; Cholesterol; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Fatty Acids; Glycerol; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Oleic Acid; Phospholipids; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Fatty acids (FA) that are utilized for triglyceride (TG) synthesis in the liver and principally from two sources: FA synthesized de novo in the liver and preformed FA. We have measured the contribution from the two sources to very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) TG synthesis individually for palmitate, oleate, stearate, and linoleate (approximately 98% of the total FA of VLDL TG (VLDL TGFA)) by isotopomer analysis. Five healthy men were studied in the basal state, and 1 (day 1) and 4 days (day 4) after the start of a hypercaloric carbohydrate-enriched diet (approximately 2.5 times energy expenditure). The secretion of de novo palmitate was increased 15- and 43-fold after 1 and 4 days of hyperalimentation (2.6+/-1.2 (basal state), 40.8+/-20.0 (day 1), and 113.3+/-42.0 micromol/kg per d (day 4)). Even though 4 days of hyperalimentation increased the secretion of de novo stearate 43-fold and de novo oleate 70-fold (stearate; 0.2+/-0.2 (basal), 8.6+/-3.3 micromol/kg per d (day 4), oleate; 0.4+/-0.4 (basal), 28.2+/-12.7 micromol/kg per d (day 4)), palmitate accounted for 75-85% of all the de novo VLDL TGFA. One day of carbohydrate hyperalimentation tended to decrease the secretion while 4 days increased the secretion of all preformed FA in VLDL TG. The rate of secretion of preformed palmitate and oleate were almost identical (palmitate; 80.2+/-22.2 (basal), 45.1+/-23.8 (day 1), and 256.2+/-74.1 micromol/kg per d (day 4), oleate; 95.2+/-22.8 (basal), 46.2+/-24.2 (day 1), and 356.8+/-74.1 micromol/kg per d (day 4)) and collectively these two FA accounted for 80-90% of the secretion from the preformed source. Palmitate is the predominant product of acute and prolonged carbohydrate mediated lipogenesis in the human liver. The pathway of further elongation and subsequent desaturation of de novo synthesized palmitate to generate stearate and oleate is inducible but, quantitatively, of minor significance in hepatic lipogenesis.

Topics: Dietary Carbohydrates; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glucose; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Lipoproteins, VLDL; Liver; Male; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

The ubiquitous hydroxylated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid (HETEs) or linoleic acid (HODEs) exhibit diverse biological effects including chemotaxis, cell proliferation, and modulation of several enzymatic pathways, including the 5-lipoxygenase leading to the inflammatory leukotrienes. It was observed that 12(S)- and 15(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE (12- and 15-lipoxygenase-derived metabolites, respectively) inhibited the 5-lipoxygenase present in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cell homogenates whereas the 15(R) chiral enantiomer and the nonhydroxylated linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids were either less potent or ineffective. In examining the mechanism of this inhibition, the relative effectiveness of several fatty acids in displacing [3H]15-HETE bound to cytosol preparations were compared and the results indicated that these (S) hydroxy fatty acids and 5(S)-HETE were significantly more potent than either the 15(R) enantiomer, 15(S)-HETE methyl ester, arachidonic acid, or prostaglandin F2alpha. In order to identify the protein(s) that specifically binds HETEs, 15(S)-HETE biotin hydrazide was used as a probe to detect any HETE-protein complexes as this compound both inhibited the 5-lipoxygenase and interfered with the binding of [3H]15-HETE to cytosol preparations. SDS-PAGE analysis and chemiluminescent detection revealed that the major cytosolic proteins that bound this biotinylated probe had molecular masses of 43 and 51 kD. Fatty acid competition experiments indicated that the order of effectiveness in displacing this probe from these proteins was 13(S)-HODE > 5(S)-HETE approximately equal to 15(S)-HETE > > stearic acid approximately equal to arachidonic acid approximately equal to 15(R)-HETE. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that the 43 kD protein was actin. These findings suggest the possibility that actin may play a major role in the biological effects of monohydroxylated metabolites derived from cellular 5-, 12-, and 15-lipoxygenases.

Topics: 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid; Actins; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase; Biotinylation; Carrier Proteins; Cytosol; Dinoprost; Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Kinetics; Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute; Ligands; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Molecular Sequence Data; Myelin P2 Protein; Neoplasm Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Oleic Acid; Rats; Stearic Acids; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tumor Cells, Cultured

The regulation of plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) expression is not well understood. Although oleic acid increases both the secretion of triglycerides and LCAT by primary rat hepatocytes, the effect of other fatty acids (FA) on LCAT secretion is not known. This study was designed to examine the effect of FA on the hepatic secretion of LCAT, triglyceride and apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1). Primary rat hepatocytes were incubated with serum-free medium, supplemented with individual FA (0-1 mmol/L) for 22-24 h. Preliminary studies indicated a linear secretion of LCAT up to 24 h in both control and FA-treated cells. When hepatocytes were incubated with 1 mmol/L FA, the LCAT secretion increased 50-100% (P < 0.01) in the presence of the 18-carbon FA (stearic, oleic, elaidic and linoleic acids), whereas the presence of butyric, lauric and palmitic acids had no significant effect. LCAT secretion decreased (P < 0.01) in the presence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). All FA (except DHA) significantly enhanced triglyceride secretion; however, only the 18 carbon FA significantly stimulated the synthesis and secretion of apoA-1 and secretion of LCAT. The secretion of LCAT correlated with apoA-1 secretion (r = 0.88, P = 0.004) but not with triglyceride secretion (r = 0.55, P = 0.12). Treatment with oleic acid resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in hepatocyte LCAT mRNA accumulation, whereas butyrate and palmitate had no effect. These data indicate that FA that promote the apparent synthesis and secretion of apoA-1 also stimulate the secretion of LCAT in vitro, suggesting a coordinate regulatory mechanism for apoA-1 and LCAT expression.

Topics: Animals; Apolipoprotein A-I; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids; Gene Expression; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Male; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; RNA, Messenger; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

Trimetazidine is an anti-ischemic compound devoid of hemodynamic effect, which was recently suspected to induce cardioprotection at the cellular level by a mechanism involving lipid metabolism. The effect on trimetazidine was evaluated in vivo by determination of rat cardiac fatty acid composition, and in vitro by investigation of the phospholipid metabolism in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. In rats, a 4-week trimetazidine treatment induced a significant decrease in the phospholipid content in linoleic acid, balanced by a small increase in oleic and stearic acids. These changes were not correlated with similar alterations in plasma fatty acid composition. In isolated cells, the time-dependent incorporation of labeled precursors of membrane phospholipid ([3H]inositol, [14C]ethanolamine, [14C]choline, [3H]glycerol, [14C]arachidonic acid, and [14C]linoleic acid 10 micromol/L) was compared in trimetazidine-treated cells and control cells. In trimetazidine-treated cells, arachidonic acid incorporation was increased in the phospholipid, but not in other lipid fractions. This enhanced fatty acid utilization elicited a net increase in the total arachidonic acid uptake. The incorporation of [14C] inositol in phosphatidylinositol was strongly stimulated by trimetazidine, although the uptake of inositol was not altered. The difference was significant within 30 minutes, and reached +70%(in trimetazidine-treated cells) after 150 minutes. A similar result was obtained with ethanolamine as phosphatidylethanolamine precursor, where turnover increased by 50% in trimetazidine-treated cells. Conversely, the incorporation of choline in phosphatidylcholine was not significantly affected by the presence of trimetazidine. In conclusion, trimetazidine appears to interfere with the metabolism of phospholipids in cardiac myocytes in a manner that could indicate an increased phosphatidylinositol turnover and a redirection of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) utilization toward phosphatidylethanolamine instead of phosphatidylcholine turnover. This overall phospholipid turnover increase may contribute to a reorganization of the fatty acid utilization balance in the heart, which could lead to a lowered availability of fatty acids for energy production.

Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Choline; Chromatography, Gas; Ethanolamine; Fatty Acids; Inositol; Linoleic Acid; Myocardial Ischemia; Myocardium; Oleic Acid; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phosphatidylinositols; Phospholipids; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stearic Acids; Trimetazidine; Vasodilator Agents

The aim of the study was to assess the fatty acid composition of human fertilization-failed oocytes. A total of 150 unfertilized oocytes from 43 women undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF) were analysed using capillary gas chromatography. The majority of fatty acids were saturated (79.22%), of which stearic (38.65%) and palmitic (32.66%) acids were the most abundant. Of the monounsaturated fatty acids (14.27%) oleic acid was the most abundant (9.77%). Polyunsaturated fatty acids comprised 6.50% of fatty acids, the n-6:n-3 ratio being 7.73. The ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid:docosahexaenoic acid was approximately 5. It is concluded that the most common fatty acids in human unfertilized oocytes are either saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids, whose main function is to provide an energy source. A number of differences in fatty acid composition were observed, in comparison with other biological samples. In particular, stearic and eicosapentaenoic acids were more prominent, and oleic and linoleic acids were less prominent; this may reflect some specific peculiarity of oocyte metabolism.

Topics: Adult; Chromatography, Gas; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids; Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Humans; Infertility; Linoleic Acid; Male; Oleic Acid; Oocytes; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids; Treatment Failure

The three major cell types of the human atherosclerotic lesion--macrophages (Mø), smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells (EC)--were compared for their ability to oxidise low density lipoprotein (LDL) in vitro under identical conditions. Near-confluent cultures were incubated for up to 48 h with 50 microg protein/ml LDL in Ham's F10 medium supplemented with 7 microM Fe2+. All three cell types oxidised LDL readily using our culture conditions. After 24 and 48 h, the degree of LDL oxidation was in the order: Mø > SMC > EC when based on cell growth area and EC > SMC > Mo when based on cellular DNA content. However, LDL oxidation in vitro progressed more slowly between 24 and 48 h, probably due to increasing toxicity to the cells and/or depletion of polyunsaturated fatty acids. We therefore compared the time of onset of LDL oxidation. The earliest increase in LDL oxidation was always apparent with SMC. Gas chromatography revealed that LDL oxidation by all three cell types followed a similar pattern. The polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid (18:2) and arachidonic acid (20:4) were depleted (to 10.3-18.1% and 4.5-24.7% respectively, compared to native LDL), whereas the content of stearic acid (18:0) and oleic acid (18:1) remained unchanged. Cholesterol was depleted (to 54.1-75.6% of native LDL) with a concomitant rise in 7 -hydroxycholesterol (to 60.6-128.1 microg/mg LDL). This corresponds to a conversion of 4.9, 9.5 and 10.4% of LDL cholesterol in EC-, SMC- and Mo-modified LDL respectively. All three cell types showed significant toxicity in the oxidising culture after 24h. The possible relevance to LDL oxidation in atherosclerosis is discussed.

Topics: Aorta; Arachidonic Acid; Arteriosclerosis; Cells, Cultured; Cholesterol; Chromatography, Gas; Culture Media; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipoproteins, LDL; Macrophages; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Oleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Stearic Acids; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

The incorporation of [14C]elaidic acid (trans18:1(n-9)) in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species in isolated rat liver cells has been studied, and the results compared with the incorporation, previously published (B. Woldseth et al. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1167: 296-302), of [14C]palmitic acid (16:0) and [14C]stearic acid (18:0) and with that of [14C]oleic acid (cis18:1(n-9)). The pattern of incorporation in phospholipid molecular species is similar to that of [14C]stearic acid and different from that of [14C]palmitic acid. In phosphatidylcholine [14C]trans18:1-18:2 and [14C]trans18:1-20:4 were the most abundant species, and in phosphatidylethanolamine [14C]trans18:1-20:4 was the predominant species. With increasing concentration of [14C]elaidic acid increasing amounts of [14C]trans18:1-[14C]trans18:1 were found. The total incorporation in phospholipids was less than that of [14C]stearic acid, but more than that of [14C]palmitic acid. The distribution in percent of [14C]elaidic acid in phospholipid classes was 8.8% in phosphatidylinositol, 1.8% in phosphatidylserine, 59.1% in phosphatidylcholine and 30.3% in phosphatidylethanolamine with 0.1 mmol l-1 substrate concentration. More [14C]elaidic acid than [14C]palmitic acid or [14C]stearic acid was oxidized. The incorporation in phospholipids of [14C]elaidic acid was very different from that of [14C]oleic acid. The main species with [14C]oleic acid were 16:0-[14C]cis18:1 in phosphatidylcholine, and [14C]cis18:1-20:4 in phosphatidylethanolamine. In some experiments [14C]18:2(n-6) was incubated together with unlabelled elaidic or unlabelled trans-vaccenic acid (trans18:1(n-7)). In these experiments, more trans18:1-18:2 was formed from elaidic acid than from trans-vaccenic acid, especially in phosphatidylethanolamine.

Topics: Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Chromatography, Gas; Esterification; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Male; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitic Acid; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stearic Acids

The mechanism whereby long-term exposure of the beta-cell to fatty acids alters the beta-cell response to glucose is not known. We hypothesized that fatty acids may alter beta-cell function by changing the expression level of metabolic enzymes implicated in the regulation of insulin secretion, in particular acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). This enzyme catalyzes the formation of malonyl-CoA, a key regulator of fatty acid oxidation. Using the beta-cell line INS-1 as a model, the results show that the polyunsaturated fatty acid linoleate (C18:2) inhibited both basal and glucose-stimulated ACC mRNA induction. The inhibition was detected by 4-6 h, and a maximal 60% effect occurred at 12 h after cell exposure to the fatty acid. Linoleate, as glucose, did not modify the half-life of the ACC transcript. Prolonged exposure of INS-1 cells to linoleate also inhibited ACC protein accumulation at low and high glucose. The saturated fatty acids myristate (C14:0), palmitate (C16:0), and stearate (C18:0) were also effective as well as the monounsaturated oleate (C18:1) and the short-chain fatty acids butyrate (C4:0) and caproate (C6:0); long-chain omega3 fatty acids were ineffective. The threshold concentration for long-chain fatty acids was 0.05 mmol/l, and maximal inhibition occurred at 0.3 mmol/l. 2-bromopalmitate, a nonmetabolizable analog, had no effect, suggesting that fatty acids must be metabolized to change ACC gene expression. Prolonged exposure of INS-1 cells to palmitate, oleate, and linoleate markedly altered the glucose-induced insulin response, resulting in high basal insulin release and a suppression of glucose-induced insulin secretion. This was associated with an exaggerated (twofold to threefold) rate of fatty acid oxidation at all tested glucose concentrations. The data provide a possible mechanism to at least partially explain how fatty acids cause beta-cell insensitivity to glucose, i.e., by downregulating ACC with a resulting exaggerated fatty acid oxidation.

Topics: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; Animals; Butyrates; Butyric Acid; Caproates; Cell Line; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Glucose; Islets of Langerhans; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Myristic Acid; Myristic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids; Transcription, Genetic

A complex mixture of different lipid compounds, including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, all trans-retinol, 15(S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, D-alpha-tocopherol, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids can be separated by reversed phase HPLC by using a C-18, 120 mm x 4 mm, 3 microns particle size column and a step gradient from acetonitrile/water (1:1; v:v) to 100% acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. By applying this elution condition, separation of various groups of lipid hydroperoxides and lipid derivatives, each one originating from a different in vitro peroxidized polyunsaturated fatty acid, can be obtained. Simultaneous detection is carried out by a diode array detector at a wavelength accumulation range set up between 195 and 400 nm. The possibility of simultaneously having such a large number of measurements renders this chromatographic method particularly suitable in studies concerning lipid peroxidation where, in addition to the detection of free radical-induced lipid hydroperoxides, data on some key antioxidant molecules, i.e. vitamin A and E, as well as that of structural compounds of biological membranes, i.e. phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, can be achieved.

Topics: Acetonitriles; Arachidonic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Leukotrienes; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipid Peroxides; Lipids; Membrane Lipids; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylserines; Stearic Acids; Vitamin A; Vitamin E

Trophocytes from the disaggregated fat body of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) respond to synthetic hypertrehalosemic hormone (HTH) by increasing the rate of trehalose synthesis. The cells give a similar response when incubated with stearic, oleic, linoleic, or arachidonic acid. A maximal increase in trehalose synthesis was obtained with 1-10 microM fatty acids. Synthesis of trehalose by the trophocytes was also increased by 1 microM prostaglandin F2alpha to nearly the same extent as that evoked by HTH. Furthermore, the data show that the trophocytes are capable of converting linoleic acid into arachidonic acid. This suggests that the cells may convert arachidonic acid, formed from the linoleic acid released by the action of HTH, to a prostaglandin which serves as an integral part of the hypertrehalosemic mechanism.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Fat Body; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Neuropeptides; Oleic Acid; Periplaneta; Prostaglandins; Stearic Acids; Trehalose

Previous studies have shown that palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid levels in trophocytes prepared from the fat body of male Periplaneta americana are increased following treatment of the cells with hypertrehalosemic hormone (HTH). Melittin, an activator of phospholipase A2, mimicked the action of HTH by increasing the free fatty acid content in a concentration-dependent manner. The increase caused by HTH could be eliminated by pretreatment of the trophocytes with 1 mM 4'-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB), an inhibitor of phospholipase A2. BPB also decreases the concentration of free fatty acids in trophocytes not treated with HTH but by a smaller margin. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and indomethacin, inhibitors of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, respectively, eliminated the increase in free fatty acids evoked by HTH. In the absence of HTH both inhibitors increased the free fatty acid content of the trophocytes, an effect consistent with the known mode of action of these agents. None of the inhibitors tested, all of which blocked HTH activated trehalose synthesis, prevented activation of phosphorylase by HTH. This is taken as evidence that other downstream sites are also important in the regulation of trehalose production by the fat body. It is suggested that the increase in free fatty acids evoked by HTH, or metabolites of those fatty acids, may regulate the synthesis and release of trehalose from the trophocytes because of potential effects on trehalose phosphate synthase, trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase, and the trehalose transport mechanism in the trophocyte membrane.

Topics: Acetophenones; Animals; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fat Body; Fatty Acids; Indomethacin; Insect Hormones; Linoleic Acid; Male; Masoprocol; Melitten; Neuropeptides; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Periplaneta; Phospholipases A; Phospholipases A2; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Stearic Acids; Trehalose

We investigated the effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on the phospholipid fatty acid composition of brown adipose tissue by administering chronic N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (0.01%) to rats via drinking water. L-NAME caused a significant decrease in C14:0, C16:0, C16:1 and C18:1, with a concomitant increase in C18:0 and C18:2, L-NAME treatment elicited an increase in the unsaturation index. There were no significant changes in other fatty acids including the polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoate (DHA, C22:6) and arachidonate (C20:4). Polyunsaturated fatty acid linoleate (C18:2) was increased and the arachidonate index decreased in the L-NAME-treated group, suggesting a diminished conversion of C18:2 to C20:4.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Male; Myristic Acid; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Oleic Acid; Organ Size; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stearic Acids

We studied the effects of addition of physiological concentrations (0.5 mM) of fatty acids i.e., palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2) on lipoprotein secretion by polarized Caco-2 cells. With saturated fatty acids, secreted lipoproteins were at IDL/LDL density, 1.009 < d < 1.068 g/ml. The numbers of secreted lipoproteins, expressed as secreted apolipoprotein (apo) B, were comparable to control without fatty acid (palmitic acid, 551 +/- 185; stearic acid, 629 +/- 304 and control, 504 +/- 176 ng apo B/4.7 cm2 filter). With unsaturated fatty acids, apo B containing lipoproteins were secreted at chylomicron/VLDL density (d < 1.006 g/ml). Oleic acid caused a two-fold higher secretion of apo B than control (1058 +/- 87 vs. 504 +/- 176 ng/4.7 cm2 filter, P < 0.001). The increase in apo B secretion was attributed to a specific increase in apo B-48. Unsaturated fatty acid caused a two-fold higher secretion of triglyceride than saturated fatty acids but incorporation of newly synthesized lipid into the secreted lipoproteins, measured by incorporation of a fatty acid marker, was 10- to 20-fold higher, indicating preferential translocation of unsaturated triglycerides into lipoproteins. Mixtures rich in either polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, or saturated fatty acids, resembling nutritional fat and oils, were capable of a two-fold stimulation of secretion of apo B containing triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The triglyceride/apo B ratio in the basolateral medium was higher with the monounsaturated 'olive oil' mixture (12 250 +/- 2000 mol/mol) than with the polyunsaturated 'corn oil' mixture (7830 +/- 2480 mol/mol) and incorporation of newly synthesized lipid into the secreted lipoproteins was 1.5-fold higher as well. In conclusion, unsaturated fatty acids were most potent in stimulating the secretion of apo B by specifically increasing apo B-48 secretion. Unsaturated triglycerides, that contain mainly oleic acid, were more efficiently incorporated into lipoproteins than saturated triglycerides, suggesting preferential translocation by microsomal triglyceride transfer protein.

Topics: Apolipoprotein B-100; Apolipoprotein B-48; Apolipoproteins B; Butter; Caco-2 Cells; Corn Oil; Culture Media, Conditioned; Fatty Acids; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipoproteins; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Olive Oil; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Plant Oils; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

Soybean transphosphatidylated phosphatidylserine (SB-tPS) was prepared from soybean phosphatidylcholine by transphosphatidylation using phospholipase D, and the fatty acids composition and pharmacological properties were compared with those of bovine brain cortex-derived phosphatidylserine (BC-PS) which was reported to improve cognitive disorders of senile dementia patients by oral administration (300 mg/day). The molecular species of SB-tPS are rich in linoleic and palmitic acids whereas those of BC-PS are stearic and oleic acids. Despite the differences in fatty acid composition, SB-tPS displayed significant activities on the increase in brain glucose concentrations in mice (79 mg/kg, i.v.) and the restoration of scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats (60 mg/kg, i.p.) as did BC-PS. These results suggest the possibility that SB-tPS may prevent and/or improve senile dementia by oral administration.

Topics: Amnesia; Animals; Blood Glucose; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Cattle; Glycine max; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylserines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Scopolamine; Stearic Acids

Utilization of stearate as compared to various saturated fatty acids for cholesterol and lipid synthesis and beta-oxidation was determined in primary culture of rat hepatocytes. At 0.5 mmol/L in the medium, stearate (18:0) adequately solubilized by albumin was less inhibitory to cholesterol synthesis from [2-14C] acetate than myristate (14:0) and palmitate (16:0) (68% vs. 91 and 88% inhibition, respectively). The rate of incorporation into cholesterol from [1-14C] stearate (3.0 +/- 0.6 nmol/mg protein/4 h) was 37-, 1.8-, and 7.8-fold of that from myristate, palmitate, and oleate, respectively. Conversely, the rate of [1-14C] stearate incorporation into total glycerolipids was 88-90% lower than that of labeled palmitate, myristate, and oleate. The rate of [1-14C] stearate incorporation into triacylglycerol (3.6 +/- 0.4 nmol/mg protein/4 h) was 6-8% of that from myristate, palmitate, oleate, and linoleate. The rate of stearate incorporation into phospholipids was the lowest among tested fatty acids, whereas the rate of mono- and diacylglycerol synthesis was the highest with stearate treatment. The rate of beta-oxidation as measured by CO2 and acid soluble metabolite production was also the lowest with [1-14C] stearate treatment at 22.7 nmol/mg protein/4 h, which was 35-40% of those from other [1-14C] labeled fatty acids. A greater proportion of stearate than other fatty acids taken up by the hepatocytes remained free and was not metabolized. Clearly, stearate as compared to shorter-chain saturated fatty acids was less efficiently oxidized and esterified to triacylglycerol in cultured rat hepatocytes.

Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids; Glycerides; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Liver; Male; Oleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed oil is a common salad oil which is produced in Slovenia, Hungary and the southern parts of Austria. It is dark green and has a high content of free fatty acids. The seed itself can be eaten. Due to its colour and the foam formation, the oil cannot be used for cooking. The content of vitamin E, especially gamma-tocopherol, is very high. The oil content of the pumpkin seed is about 50%. The variability in the oil content is very high resulting from a broad genetic diversity. Thus a breeding programme for increasing the oil productivity is very promising. The four dominant fatty acids are palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids. These four fatty acids make up 98 +/- 0.13% of the total amount of fatty acids, others being found at levels well below 0.5%.

Topics: Austria; Chromatography, Gas; Fatty Acids; Hungary; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Seeds; Stearic Acids; Vitamin E

Previous studies have shown that the quantity of oxidized lipids in the diet directly correlates with the level of oxidized chylomicrons in mesenteric lymph and the level of oxidized lipids in endogenous lipoproteins such as very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). The aim of the present study was to determine whether oxidized fatty acids in the diet are delivered via chylomicrons to the liver and whether these lipids are repackaged and secreted in VLDL. In these experiments, oxidized [14C]linoleic acid was utilized as a marker for oxidized dietary fats. When we determined the metabolism of nonoxidized and oxidized [14C]linoleic acid-labeled chylomicrons, we found that hepatic uptake was similar with 13.57 +/- 0.84% of nonoxidized and 13.40 +/- 0.96% of oxidized linoleic acid delivered to the liver 30 min after chylomicron administration. Additionally, uptake by the extrahepatic tissues was also similar. When the hepatic secretion of VLDL was determined in an in vitro perfusion system after the administration of nonoxidized and oxidized linoleic acid-labeled chylomicrons to intact animals, we found that oxidized linoleic acid was utilized for the formation and secretion of VLDL. After the administration of labeled nonoxidized and oxidized linoleic acid, 0.86 +/- 0.07% and 0.70 +/- 0.09% of the administered label was found in the liver perfusate at 2 h, respectively. The presence of oxidized linoleic acid in oxidized VLDL was confirmed by demonstrating the presence of hydroperoxide-derived hydroxy octadecanoic acid. Thus, our findings demonstrate that oxidized dietary lipids are delivered to the liver via chylomicrons where they are utilized for synthesis of endogenous lipoproteins such as VLDL.

Topics: Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Chromatography, Gel; Chylomicrons; Dietary Fats; Food; Hydroxylation; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipid Peroxides; Lipoproteins, VLDL; Liver; Male; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stearic Acids; Tritium; Vitamin A

GC-FID was used to monitor changes over time in palmitic, stearic, arachidic, oleic, linoleic and linoleic acid contents of green beans subjected to various preservation treatments. In beans stored in polyethylene bags at -22 degrees C without prior blanching, all fatty acid contents dropped appreciably within the first month of storage, regardless of whether the beans had been hand- or vacuum-packed. In beans which had been freeze-dried then stored at room temperature in an airtight container, polyunsaturated fatty acid contents dropped appreciably only after 2 months.

Topics: Chromatography, Gas; Eicosanoic Acids; Fabaceae; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Food Handling; Freeze Drying; Freezing; Frozen Foods; Hot Temperature; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Plants, Medicinal; Stearic Acids; Time Factors; Vacuum

The hypothesis that the stimulatory action of free fatty acids (FFA) in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis occurs in part at the adrenal cortex was evaluated. Pathophysiological concentrations of oleic and linoleic acids, but not stearic or caprylic acid, stimulated steroidogenesis from cultured rat adrenocortical cells (concentrations eliciting 50% of maximal responses, approximately 60 and 120 microM, respectively), with a latency of 90 min. Maximal stimulation of steroidogenesis by both acids was < 50% of that produced by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and was blocked by cycloheximide. The maximal steroidogenic response to ACTH was inhibited approximately 50% by oleic acid. The actions of oleic and linoleic acids were not associated with an increase in adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) secretion but appeared to require intracellular oxidation. None of the lipids influenced cell viability or corticosterone radioimmunoassay. The latency of the steroidogenic response, the putative requirement for intracellular oxidation, and the apparent lack of involvement of cAMP suggest a mechanism of action of FFA distinct from that of ACTH, yet still requiring protein synthesis. It is concluded that the modulation of steroidogenesis by these abundant naturally occurring lipids may be an important component of the control mechanisms within the HPA pathway in disorders of lipid homeostasis (e.g., obesity, starvation, or diabetes).

Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Caprylates; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Corticosterone; Cyclic AMP; Cycloheximide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stearic Acids

The potential effects of oil specimens related to cases of toxic oil syndrome (TOS) on the liver microsomal lipid composition from guinea pigs were investigated. For four weeks, animals were fed diets supplemented with either "case oil" (oil related to cases of TOS) or "control oil" (oil unrelated to cases of TOS), either previously heated or not. Results were compared with those from guinea pigs fed the same diet with no oil. The administration of case oil produced changes in liver microsomal lipid composition. Statistically significant differences were also found between heated case and heated control oils. The cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratios and the major phospholipid class distribution were unaffected under these diet conditions. However, increases in the relative contents of linoleic and arachidonic acids and, simultaneously, a reduction in palmitic and palmitoleic acid levels were observed by diet effects. Heated oil administration decreased the saturated/unsaturated ratios in all cases. Our data suggest that changes observed in the fatty acid composition are attributable to the free fatty acid contents of administered oils. The toxic constituents of case oil seem to be able to alter the liver microsomal lipid composition.

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animals; Brassica; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Guinea Pigs; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Oils; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Plant Oils; Rapeseed Oil; Stearic Acids; Syndrome

The average diet may provide some 8-10 g/day of unsaturated fatty acids with a trans double bond. Previous studies showed that dietary trans fatty acids may simultaneously raise low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and reduce high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Human plasma contains a protein (CETP) which transfers cholesterylesters from HDL to lipoproteins of lower density. We hypothesized that CETP could play a role in the effect of trans fatty acids on lipoproteins and measured the activity levels of CETP in serum samples from a 9-week study in which 55 volunteers were fed three controlled diets with different fatty acid profiles. Mean activity was 114 (% of reference serum) after consumption of a high trans fatty acid diet, as opposed to 96 after linoleic acid and 97 after stearic acid (P < 0.02). We conclude that the increased activity of CETP may contribute to the rise in LDL cholesterol and the fall in HDL cholesterol seen on diets with high contents of trans fatty acids.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Carrier Proteins; Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; Cholesterol Esters; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Glycoproteins; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Reference Values; Sex Characteristics; Stearic Acids; Time Factors

The effects of fatty acyl coenzyme A (CoA) esters (palmitoyl-, stearoyl-, oleoyl-, linoleoyl- and arachidonoyl--CoA) on the activities of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase in rabbit platelets were examined. Palmitoyl-, stearoyl-, oleoyl- and linoleoyl- CoA were potent inhibitors of platelet lipoxygenase activity. In addition to the lipoxygenase, the four fatty acyl-CoA esters elicited inhibitory activity on platelet cyclooxygenase, although the inhibition was a little weaker. The CoA derivative of the icosanoid precursor arachidonic acid (AA) showed little inhibition on lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase. Palmitic, stearic and oleic acids had little or no effect on lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, in contrast with their CoA derivatives. Linoleic acid was more potent than linoleoyl-CoA as an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase, but it was a weak inhibitor of the lipoxygenase. These results suggest that the CoA derivatives of palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids have the potential to modulate both platelet lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase activities and may have functional effects within platelets.

Topics: 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid; Acyl Coenzyme A; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Blood Platelets; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Esters; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipoxygenase; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Rabbits; Stearic Acids; Thromboxane B2

The effect of seven levels of Cd2+ viz. 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80 ppm (micrograms/g soil) supplied as cadmium chloride, on lipid components of sunflower seeds was studied in a pot experiment. The total and neutral lipids decreased while polar lipids (phospho and glycolipids) increased with the increasing levels of Cd2+. Oleic acid and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids in the total, polar and neutral lipid fractions. Oleic acid generally increased while linoleic acid decreased in all the lipid fractions with Cd2+ levels. The neutral lipid fraction had higher levels of palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acid as compared to the total and polar lipid fractions. The plant dry weight and seed yield decreased whereas cadmium concentration in seeds increased consistently with increasing Cd2+ levels.

Topics: Cadmium; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Glycolipids; Helianthus; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Phospholipids; Seeds; Stearic Acids

It has been shown that lipid peroxides derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) inhibit the proliferation of various cells. In the meantime, it has been suggested that oxidative stress is closely related to the developmental blockage of mammalian embryos cultured in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effects by various fatty acids on mouse embryo development in vitro, and the reversal of these effects by various antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, uric acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.. Pronuclear and two-cell stage mouse (ICR) embryos were cultured in Biggers-Whitten-Whittingham medium with 0.3% bovine serum albumin alone or complexed with one of the following fatty acids: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, or arachidonic acid. We also measured the fluorescence emission of embryos in media containing various fatty acids in order to investigate the involvement of H2O2 or lipid peroxidation in embryo development.. Palmitic acid and PUFAs including linoleic acid inhibited the embryo development. The inhibitory effect of PUFAs was attenuated by adding antioxidants into the media, while the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid was not. Both pronuclear and two-cell stage embryos with PUFAs showed markedly more intensive emissions than those under other conditions.. These results suggest that lipid radicals can easily be generated in early stage embryos and that blastomeres are among the cells vulnerable to the damage by lipid peroxidation.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Ascorbic Acid; Cell Division; Edetic Acid; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Fatty Acids; Female; Fluorescence; Hydrogen; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipid Peroxidation; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Stearic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase; Uric Acid; Vitamin E

In the studies described here rat liver microsomes containing labeled palmitic, stearic, oleic or linoleic acids were incubated with fatty acid binding protein (FABP) and the rate of removal of 14C-labeled fatty acids from the membrane by the soluble protein was measured using a model system. More unsaturated than saturated fatty acids were removed from native liver mircrosomes incubated with similar amounts of FABP. The in vitro peroxidation of microsomal membranes mediated by ascorbate-Fe++, modified its fatty acid composition with a considerable decrease of the peroxidizability index. These changes in the microsomes facilitated the removal of oleic and linoeic acids by FABP, but the removal of palmitic and stearic acids was not modified. This effect is proposed to result from a perturbation of membrane structure following peroxidation with release of free fatty acids from susceptible domains.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Carbon Radioisotopes; Carrier Proteins; Cell Fractionation; Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipid Peroxidation; Luminescent Measurements; Microsomes, Liver; Neoplasm Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Rats; Stearic Acids

The fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membrane was determined in 22 hypercholesterolaemic patients managed by dietary restriction, and compared with that of 22 normocholesterolaemic controls, roughly matched for age and sex with the patient group. The patients exhibited higher relative proportions of palmitic (P < 0.01) and stearic (P < 0.005) acids and lower relative proportions of linoleic acid (P < 0.05) in the erythrocyte membrane, compared with controls, which could be due to presumed dietary differences between the groups. In the patients, the degree of hypercholesterolaemia was poorly correlated with erythrocyte linoleic acid. Measurement of erythrocyte linoleic acid might prove useful in the routine management of hypercholesterolaemia.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Arachidonic Acid; Erythrocyte Membrane; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Sex Factors; Stearic Acids

The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of two classes of calcium channel blockers (CCB), nisoldipine (N) and verapamil (V), on the jejunal uptake of lipids in rabbits. The uptake of cholesterol and long-chain fatty acids into rabbit jejunum was examined after 6 and 36 min of exposure to N or V in vitro ("acute" studies), and after 3-wk feeding of N or V ("chronic" studies). Animals were fed either a low (0.08%) cholesterol diet (LCD) or a high (2.8%) cholesterol diet (HCD), with or without N or V added. Acute in vitro exposure of the jejunum to N or V did not affect the uptake of cholesterol or palmitic acid in rabbits fed LCD or HCD. The effect of N or V feeding depended upon the cholesterol content of the diet; adding N or V to LCD increased cholesterol uptake while adding N or V to HCD enhanced or lowered cholesterol uptake, respectively. Both N and V increased the uptake of stearic acid in LCD. N in HCD had no effect on fatty acid uptake, whereas V lowered the uptake of stearic and linoleic acids and increased the uptake of oleic acid. These changes in lipid uptake were not due to variation in the animals' food intake, body weight gain, or intestinal mucosal surface area. The chronic administration of N or V results in an intestinal adaptative process that alters the jejunal uptake of lipids, the direction of which is influenced by the class of CCB, and by the cholesterol content of the diet. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, Dietary; Fatty Acids; Jejunum; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Nisoldipine; Organ Size; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Rabbits; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides; Verapamil

The effect of free fatty acids (FFA) and non-enzymatic glycation on the binding kinetics of dansylsarcosine (DS) to human serum albumin (HSA) was studied using the stopped-flow technique. The influence of FFA on the binding parameters of 25% glycated HSA depended on the type of fatty acid. The addition of stearic, oleic and linoleic acids in a concentration of 0.3 mmol/l showed no inhibitory effects on the association rate constant (k2) value for DS binding to 25% glycated HSA (k2 without FFA: 385 +/- 10 s-1, k2 with FFA > or = 385 +/- 10 s-1). In contrast, shorter chain fatty acids (hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic, lauric and myristic acids) showed marked inhibitory effects for 0.3 mmol/l FFA (k2 range: 233 +/- 32 to 69 +/- 5 s-1) and for 0.6 mmol/l FFA (k2 range: 125 +/- 3 to 20 +/- 4 s-1). The association rate constant (k2) as well as the affinity constant (KA) of DS were markedly affected by glycation: k2 was 686 +/- 61 s-1 for 7% glycated HSA, 385 +/- 10 s-1 for 25% glycated HSA and 209 +/- 12 s-1 for 50% glycated HSA. KA decreased from 6.1 +/- 2.9 x 10(5) M-1 for 7% glycated HSA, to 5.1 +/- 0.1 x 10(5) M-1 for 25% glycated HSA and to 1.3 +/- 0.6 x 10(5) M-1 for 50% glycated HSA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Benzodiazepines; Dansyl Compounds; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glycated Serum Albumin; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Glycosylation; Humans; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Protein Binding; Sarcosine; Serum Albumin; Stearic Acids

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) specifically induced the uptake of the unsaturated fatty acid [14C]linoleic acid into membrane phospholipids of the murine macrophage-like P388D cell lineage, but did not alter the incorporation of the saturated fatty acid [14C]stearic acid. Spin label ESR spectroscopy was used to examine any effects of these IFN-gamma-induced changes on membrane fluidity and the results revealed significant increases in plasma membrane fluidity. This alteration in membrane fluidity may have important consequences in the dynamic properties of cellular physiochemical interactions and some of the stimulatory effects of IFN-gamma on macrophages might be attributed to its effects on the plasma membrane composition.

Topics: Animals; Interferon-gamma; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Macrophages; Membrane Fluidity; Membrane Lipids; Mice; Phospholipids; Stearic Acids; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Compared with short staple cottonseed, Pima cottonseed was higher in CP, ether extract, and oleic acid and lower in NDF, ADF, and linoleic acid. Pima cottonseed had greater bulk density, but short staple cottonseed had stronger seed coat strength; Pima cottonseed contained more of the (-)-gossypol isomer than short staple cottonseed. Lactating Holstein cows were fed whole short staple cottonseed, whole Pima cottonseed, and cracked Pima cottonseed at 15% of dietary DM for 70 d after a pretrial covariate period. The DMI was not significantly different among treatments, but cows fed whole Pima tended to yield less milk than those fed short staple and less FCM than those fed cracked Pima. Feed efficiency was improved by processing Pima cottonseed. Milk fat content was higher for whole and cracked Pima than for short staple cottonseed; gross feed efficiency was greatest for cows fed cracked Pima cottonseed. Whole cottonseed in feces was highest for whole Pima, intermediate for short staple, and negligible for cracked Pima cottonseed. Concentrations of milk stearic acid were lower, and linoleic acid higher, for cows fed cracked Pima than for cows fed short staple cottonseed. Total tract digestibility of ADF was least on the cracked Pima cottonseed diet, and ether extract digestibility was higher on cracked than on whole Pima cottonseed diets.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Cattle; Cottonseed Oil; Digestion; Fatty Acids; Female; Gossypol; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Milk; Stearic Acids

The estradiol-fatty acid esters are highly potent and long-lived estrogens that were first isolated and identified from in vitro biosynthetic experiments (Mellon-Nussbaum S., Ponticorvo, L., Schatz, F., and Hochberg, R. B. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 5678-5684). Other studies have indicated that these esters exist endogenously, but the evidence is indirect, resting solely on the presence of a nonpolar saponifiable metabolite. Although there are similar reports of other naturally occurring fatty acid esters of biologically active steroid hormones, likewise, none has been isolated and characterized. In this study we have found that follicular fluid from the ovaries of women stimulated with gonadotrophins contains relatively large amounts of a nonpolar saponifiable derivative of estradiol (approximately 10(-7)M), which we presumed to be fatty acid esters. Using a combination of chromatographic techniques we isolated these estradiol metabolites and identified them by mass spectral analysis. They are a mixture of five different estradiol-17 fatty acid esters. The amount of each present was determined by separating the esters by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and then quantifying each peak by radioimmunoassay and UV absorption. The esters of estradiol are predominantly unsaturated, with linoleate the most abundant comprising 43% of the total. The other esters are: palmitate (20%), arachidonate (19%), oleate (14%), and stearate (4%). Thus these studies conclusively demonstrate the existence of these unusually powerful estrogens.

Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Esters; Estradiol; Fatty Acids; Female; Follicular Fluid; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Radioimmunoassay; Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment; Stearic Acids

Arachidonic acid has recently gained attention as a result of current evidence indicating that it may play the role of a 'second messenger' in signal transduction processes. In order to gain insight into the mechanism behind its action, quenched molecular dynamics simulations were performed on arachidonic (20:4) and related fatty acids: linoleic (18:2), oleic (18:1), arachidic (20:0), and stearic (18:0). The angle-iron structure, representative of arachidonic acid in the crystal or very-low-temperature state, readily gave way at higher temperature to a dominant hairpin structure whereby the COOH end of arachidonic acid comes into close proximity with the C14-15 pi-bond resulting in a packed pi-bond-rich loop. The lowest energy conformer for arachidonic acid was found to be 10.65 kcal/mol below that of the energy-minimized crystal structure. In the case of saturated fatty acids, the crystal all-trans conformation remained the lowest energy form. Analysis of conformational energy contours for carbon-carbon torsion angles representative of fatty acids suggest that the flexibility of arachidonic acid is, in part, a result of the relative torsional freedom of C-C (single) bonds located between or adjacent to C = C (double) bonds. It is hypothesized that the ability of arachidonic acid to form packed structures with curved regions containing pi-bonds may allow for hydrophobic interactions with proteins, and/or hydrogen bonding between the pi-bonds of arachidonic acid and polar groups of the protein structures.

Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Computer Simulation; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Molecular Conformation; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Signal Transduction; Stearic Acids; Thermodynamics

The primary objective of the present study was to compare the rates of plasma clearance and hepatic utilization of stearic (18:0), myristic (14:0) and linoleic (18:2) acids, as introduced via chylomicrons. Lymph chylomicrons were specifically labeled in vivo with [14C]stearic and (SA), [14C]myristic acid (MA), or [14C]linoleic acid (LA) by infusing donor rats intraduodenally with the labeled fatty acids in a lipid emulsion. Following intravenous injection of recipient rats with the labeled chylomicrons, the rates of plasma clearance and incorporation of the label in triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL) and other lipids in the liver were compared at 5, 15 and 30 min. [14C]SA was cleared at a slightly faster rate (t1/2 = 7.0 min) than [14C]MA (t1/2 = 8.1 min) and [14C]LA (t1/2 = 8.0 min) (P < 0.05). [14C]SA was accumulated in the liver at a significantly faster rate than [14C]MA and [14C]LA. At the peak (15 min) of hepatic uptake, 30.3% of [14C]SA, 26.2% of [14C]LA and 21.9% of [14C]MA were recovered in the liver. At 30 min, 33.5% of [14C]SA was taken up by the liver, whereas 27.8% of [14]LA and only 15.2% of [14C]MA were removed. In the liver, the percentage of [14C]SA incorporated into PL steadily increased with time, whereas the percent-age incorporated into TG decreased. [14C]SA was preferentially incorporated into PL at all time intervals, as compared with [14C]MA and [14C]LA. At 30 min, 38.6% of [14C]SA was found in PL, and only 5.2% of [14C]MA and 12.0% of [14C]LA were present in PL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Chylomicrons; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Liver; Lymph; Male; Myristic Acid; Myristic Acids; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stearic Acids; Tissue Distribution

Objectives of this study were to investigate the desaturation of stearic acid (18:0) and palmitic acid (16:0), to determine if differences in their metabolism provide a reasonable explantation for differences in their effect on serum cholesterol levels, and to investigate the affect of linoleic acid on delta 9-desaturase products in man. Deuterium-labeled 16:0 and 18:0 were used to follow the metabolism of these fatty acids in young adult male subjects that were pre-fed diets containing two different levels of linoleic acid. Results indicate that absorption of 16:0 and 18:0 was similar when all components of the mixture used to formulate the deuterated fat mixture were kept above the melting point of tristearin. The percent of 18:0 desaturated to 9c-18:1 was higher than the percent of 16:0 desaturated to 9c-16:1 (9.2% vs. 3.9%). The subject-to-subject variability suggests that differences in ability to desaturate saturated fatty acids may be related to the variability observed in response of serum cholesterol levels to dietary saturated fatty acids. Data for the distribution of 16:0 and 18:0 between triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine (PC) was markedly different. Based on PC data, phospholipid acyltransferase selectivity was about 2-fold higher for 18:0 than for 16:0. A 2-fold difference in the linoleic acid content of the pre-fed diets had little influence on desaturation or distribution of 16:0 and 18:0 between plasma lipid classes. A deuterium isotope effect was estimated to reduce delta 9-desaturase enzyme activity by 30-50%.

Topics: Adult; Chylomicrons; Deuterium; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Intestinal Absorption; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipids; Male; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Phosphatidylcholines; Stearic Acids; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase; Temperature; Time Factors; Triglycerides

Growth of CHRC5 multidrug resistant cells in media enriched in a saturated C-17 fatty acid, heptadecanoic acid, resulted in these cells accumulating vinblastine at a rate and to an extent comparable to that of the parental cell line AB1. The fatty acid-enriched growth media had no effect on the ability of AB1 cells to take up vinblastine. The action of amphiphiles on the uptake of rhodamine dyes by CHRC5 cells was compared with the increased dye accumulation affected by verapamil. Membrane rigidifying agents, such as the saturated fatty acid stearic acid, or the cholesterol derivatives, cholesteryl hemisuccinate and cholesteryl phosphorylcholine, as well as a membrane fluidizing unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid, could significantly increase dye uptake, although not as well as verapamil. These results taken in conjunction with other reports in the literature, demonstrate that multidrug resistance is sensitive to alterations of membrane properties. They suggest that perturbation of the membrane to either increased or to decreased membrane fluidity can lower the level of resistance.

Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cholesterol Esters; Colchicine; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; Drug Resistance; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Membrane Fluidity; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Rhodamines; Stearic Acids; Vinblastine

1. Sodium pump function has been assessed by measurement of ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake in human erythrocytes after incorporation of palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids into the erythrocyte membrane. 14C-labelled fatty acids were used to measure membrane uptake of these substances. 2. For palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, up to 1000 nmol of the fatty acid/ml of packed cells can be incorporated without causing significant haemolysis. For stearic acid, 270 nmol/ml of packed cells was incorporated in similar conditions. More than 88% of the fatty acid incorporated could be extracted with a 50 mumol/l fatty-acid-free albumin solution and was, therefore, in a non-esterified form in the erythrocyte membrane. The concentrations of palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids incorporated in these experiments represent a five- to ten-fold increase above the normal concentrations of these fatty acids in the membrane. 3. Up to 1000 nmol of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids/ml of packed cells and up to 270 nmol of stearic acid/ml of packed cells could be incorporated without a significant change in mean ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake with respect to control cells. Mean percentage changes in ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake for all these experiments were: palmitic acid, 3.7% (SD 11.4, n = 15); stearic acid, 4.0% (SD 5.7, n = 7); oleic acid, -4.8% (SD 19, n = 17); linoleic acid, 2.2% (SD 15.6, n = 19). 4. The demonstration of near-normal sodium pump activity in the presence of greatly elevated membrane levels of these fatty acids makes it extremely unlikely that they act as modulators of sodium pump function in vivo.

Topics: Cells, Cultured; Erythrocyte Membrane; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Humans; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Stearic Acids

This study examines the biohydrogenation and utilization of the C20 and C22 polyenoic fatty acids in ruminants. Eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids were not biohydrogenated to any significant extent by rumen microorganisms, whereas C18 polyenoic fatty acids were extensively hydrogenated. The feeding of protected fish oil increased the proportion of 20:5 from 1% to 13-18% and 22:6 from 2% to 7-9% in serum lipids and there were reductions in the proportion of stearic (18:0) and linoleic (18:2) acids. The proportion of 20:5 in muscle phospholipids (PL) increased from 1.5% to 14.7% and 22:6 from 1.0% to 4.2%; these acids were not incorporated into muscle or adipose tissue triacylglycerols (TAG). In the total PL of muscle, the incorporated 20:5 and 22:6 substituted primarily for oleic (18:1) and/or linoleic (18:2) acid, and there was no consistent change in the porportion of arachidonic (20:4) acid.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Bacteria; Cattle; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fish Oils; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Lipolysis; Muscles; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Phospholipids; Plant Oils; Rumen; Sheep; Stearic Acids; Sunflower Oil; Triglycerides

Human milk triacylglycerols were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. A 5-mu Supelcosil LC-18 column (Supelco, Inc., Bellefonte, PA) was used with acetone/acetonitrile (64:36, vol/vol) as mobile phase. Triacylglycerols were tentatively identified based on theoretical carbon number and relative retention time. Despite changes resulting from dietary fat variation, the major component triacylglycerols were those composed of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. Triacylglycerols with palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were present as minor components. Fatty acids were quantified by gas chromatography relative to an internal standard. Ratios of n-6/n-3 fatty acids were found to be higher than previously reported.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Milk, Human; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

The uptake of myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C:16,N-7), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1,N-9), linoleic (C18:2,N-6) and arachidonic (C20:4,N-6) acids from plasma free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TGA), phospholipids (PL) and cholesterol esters (CE) was measured in tissue-isolated hepatomas 7288CTC and 7777 in vivo. Adult tumour-bearing Buffalo rats were fed a normal chow diet ad libitum and were subjected to darkness from 1800 to 0600 h. Arterial plasma levels of FFA, TGA, PL and CE were increased during the dark period without change in fatty acid compositions. Arteriovenous difference measurements of tumour lipid uptake were performed between 0600 and 0900 h and included both high (dark) and low (light) arterial blood lipid concentrations. The rate of lipid uptake from each lipid class was directly dependent on the rate of supply of the lipid to the tumour. The efficiency of uptake, however, depended on the type of plasma lipid and the tumour. During one pass of arterial blood, hepatoma 7288CTC (n = 5 to 13) removed 46, 33, 36 and 31%, and hepatoma 7777 (n = 7 to 9) removed 48, 50, 52 and 49% of the fatty acids supplied in FFA, TGA, PL and CE, respectively. Perfusion of tissue-isolated tumours in situ with donor blood containing plasma free (1-14C)palmitic acid showed that 14C-palmitic acid was removed from the arterial blood and was incorporated into tumour lipids and that 14CO2 was released into the tumour venous blood. Uptake of the seven fatty acids over a 24 h period was greatest from PL greater than TGA greater than FFA greater than CE and was estimated to total 18.1 +/- 3.5 mg fatty acids g-1 for hepatoma 7288CTC and 25.9 +/- 3.5 mg fatty acids g-1 for hepatoma 7777. Both hepatoma 7288CTC and 7777 grew at a rate of about 1 g day-1 and contained 13.4 +/- 2.5 and 10.6 +/- 3.9 mg of these 7 fatty acids g-1 tumour wet weight, respectively. We conclude that these two tumours obtain all of the fatty acids needed for daily growth from host arterial blood.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Male; Myristic Acid; Myristic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Inbred BUF; Stearic Acids

The incorporation of [1-14C]linoleic and [1-14C]stearic acid and of their delta 6 and delta 9 desaturation products (gamma-linolenic and oleic acids, respectively) into different classes of lipids was studied in liver microsomes of rats in function of the diet (blackcurrant seed oil diet, containing gamma-linolenic acid, versus control diet) and in function of age (3, 6 and 9 months). After delta 6 desaturation, total radioactivity was distributed between phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine, and neutral lipids. The desaturation product, gamma-linolenic acid, was totally recovered in the phospholipid fraction. Blackcurrant seed oil, which decreased the rate of delta 6 desaturation in 6- and 9-month-old rats, also decreased the incorporation of radioactivity in total phospholipids, especially in phosphatidylcholine. At 6 months of age, after delta 9 desaturation, the majority of radioactivity was recovered in neutral lipids principally as oleic acid, the desaturation product. The precursor, stearic acid, was highly incorporated into phospholipids, especially in rats on a diet of blackcurrant seed oil.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acid Desaturases; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Linolenic Acids; Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Plant Oils; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stearic Acids; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase

Phospholipid class, peak profile of each phospholipid class, loosely bound fatty acids, covalently (tightly) bound fatty acids of the erythrocyte membranes, and plasma fatty acids were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography in six patients with chorea-acanthocytosis and 14 age- and sex-matched normal control subjects. Additionally, six patients with Huntington's disease were included as disease control subjects in the study of covalently bound fatty acids. Study of covalently (tightly) bound fatty acids in erythrocyte membrane proteins after alkaline hydrolysis, hitherto undescribed in chorea-acanthocytosis, revealed that palmitic acid (C16:0) was significantly increased and stearic acid (C18:0) was decreased in the patients with chorea-acanthocytosis. Analyses for total covalently bound fatty acids disclosed that palmitic and docosahexaenoic (C22:6) acids were increased and stearic acid was decreased in chorea-acanthocytosis. Phospholipid class (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylserine) and peak profile of each phospholipid class from the erythrocyte membranes did not differ between the patients with chorea-acanthocytosis and the control subjects. Of the loosely bound fatty acids, linoleic acid (C18:2) was significantly decreased in those with chorea-acanthocytosis, which seemed to be nonspecific.

Topics: Acanthocytes; Adult; Chorea; Erythrocyte Membrane; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Huntington Disease; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Membrane Lipids; Membrane Proteins; Middle Aged; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Phospholipids; Stearic Acids; Syndrome

We have investigated the patterns of incorporation of stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids into phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of intact red blood cells of differing age isolated by centrifugation on discontinuous density gradient. Acylation rates of PC and PE elicited marked declines from the reticulocyte to the young erythrocyte stage followed by minimal changes of acylating potency in older cells; this biphasic decay pattern was similar with the three fatty acids. Molar acylation rates were higher for PC than for PE in reticulocytes, whereas they were comparable in erythrocytes. PC served as preferred fatty acid acceptor in circulating red blood cells, a function which was largely accounted for by PC contained in the small percentage of circulating reticulocytes. On a per cell basis, this function of PC was due to the cumulative effects of higher molar acylation rates in reticulocytes and higher content in PC over PE in the red blood cell membrane. Acylation rates in PC and PE increased with the number of unsaturated bonds in the acylating fatty acid, regardless of cell age.

Topics: Acylation; Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Erythrocyte Aging; Erythrocytes; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Phospholipids; Radioisotope Dilution Technique; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stearic Acids

Intestinal enterocytes contain two homologous fatty acid-binding proteins, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP)2 and liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP). Since the functional basis for this multiplicity is not known, the fatty acid-binding specificity of recombinant forms of both rat I-FABP and rat L-FABP was examined. A systematic comparative analysis of the 18 carbon chain length fatty acid binding parameters, using both radiolabeled (stearic, oleic, and linoleic) and fluorescent (trans-parinaric and cis-parinaric) fatty acids, was undertaken. Results obtained with a classical Lipidex-1000 binding assay, which requires separation of bound from free fatty acid, were confirmed with a fluorescent fatty acid-binding assay not requiring separation of bound and unbound ligand. Depending on the nature of the fatty acid ligand, I-FABP bound fatty acid had dissociation constants between 0.2 and 3.1 microM and a consistent 1:1 molar ratio. The dissociation constants for L-FABP bound fatty acids ranged between 0.9 and 2.6 microM and the protein bound up to 2 mol fatty acid per mole of protein. Both fatty acid-binding proteins exhibited relatively higher affinity for unsaturated fatty acids as compared to saturated fatty acids of the same chain length. cis-Parinaric acid or trans-parinaric acid (each containing four double bonds) bound to L-FABP and I-FABP were displaced in a competitive manner by non-fluorescent fatty acid. Hill plots of the binding of cis- and trans- parinaric acid to L-FABP showed that the binding affinities of the two sites were very similar and did not exhibit cooperativity. The lack of fluorescence self-quenching upon binding 2 mol of either trans- or cis-parinaric acid/mol L-FABP is consistent with the presence of two binding sites with dissimilar orientation in the L-FABP. Thus, the difference in binding capacity between I-FABP and L-FABP predicts a structurally different binding site or sites.

Topics: Carrier Proteins; Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Intestinal Mucosa; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Liver; Mathematics; Neoplasm Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Recombinant Proteins; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Stearic Acids

We have investigated the fatty-acid composition of plasma phospholipids in 61 patients with leprosy of various clinical types with either a short or long duration of treatment. All patients had significantly decreased levels of linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid, the parent fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 families, respectively. Patients with a treatment duration of more than 6 months had significantly low levels of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid compared to controls or to patients with a treatment duration of less than 6 months. There were no differences in the fatty-acid composition between multibacillary patients and paucibacillary patients. We conclude that dietary supplementation with essential fatty acids may be indicated in patients with leprosy, particularly in those with a long treatment duration.

Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids, Essential; Humans; Leprosy; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Phospholipids; Stearic Acids

Erythrocyte membranes and their liposomes were prepared from clinically normal dogs and Labrador retrievers with hereditary muscular dystrophy. The "static" and "dynamic" components of fluidity of each membrane were then assessed by steady-state fluorescence polarization techniques using limiting hindered fluorescence anisotropy and order parameter values of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and fluorescence anisotropy values of DL-2-(9-anthroyl)-stearic acid and DL-12-(9-anthroyl)-stearic acid, respectively. Membrane lipids were extracted and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography. The results of these studies demonstrated that the lipid fluidity of erythrocyte membranes, and their liposomes, prepared from dystrophic dogs were found to possess significantly lower "static and dynamic components of fluidity" than control counterparts. Analysis of the composition of membranes from dystrophic dogs revealed a higher ratio of saturated fatty acyl chain/unsaturated chains (w/w) and lower double-bond index. Alterations in the fatty acid composition such as decrease in levels of linoleic (18:2) and arachidonic (20:4) acids and increase in palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acids were also observed in the membranes of dystrophic animals. These associated fatty acyl alterations could explain, at least in part, the differences in membrane fluidity between dystrophic and control dogs.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Diphenylhexatriene; Dogs; Erythrocyte Membrane; Fluorescence Polarization; Fluorescent Dyes; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Membrane Fluidity; Membrane Lipids; Muscular Dystrophy, Animal; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Stearic Acids

A methanol extract of air-borne particulates collected in a suburban area of Okayama City showed not only mutagenicity but also antimutagenicity in the Ames test. Thus, when the mutagenicity of this preparation in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 (with metabolic activation) was measured, we observed that the dose response reached a plateau at 27 m3 air equivalent of the particulate, showing approximately equal numbers of revertants in the dose range 27-270 m3 equivalent. This plateau formation was not seen in the dose response of a blue-cotton extract of this preparation: the extract gave a linearly increasing dose response up to 270 m3 equivalent. This finding suggests that some factors that inhibit the mutagenicity were present in this methanol extract and that these inhibitors were not adsorbable to blue cotton, an adsorbent selective for compounds having 3 or more fused rings. From the portion unadsorbed to blue cotton, we isolated the antimutagenic factors and identified them as long-chain fatty acids: palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids. Analysis of several samples, including those from other parts of Japan, has suggested that these antimutagenic fatty acids are ubiquitous in air-borne particulates.

Topics: Air Pollutants; DNA; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Mutagenesis; Mutagenicity Tests; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Salmonella typhimurium; Stearic Acids

The fatty acid desaturation-elongation ability of human T-lymphocytes during blastic transformation was determined both by gas-liquid chromatography and incubation with radiolabeled precursors. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were activated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and cultured in media supplemented with different fatty acids (18:0, 18:1(n - 9), 18:2(n - 6), 18:3(n - 3) and 20:4(n - 6)) at a final concentration of 30 microM. All the fatty acids added were elongated by activated PBMC and the maximal activity was observed on 20:4(n - 6) (a 25% of conversion to 22:4(n - 6)). Supplementation with stearic acid increased the proportion of oleic (from 21.4% to 23.7%) and eicosaenoic (from 3.1% to 5.7%) acids in cellular lipids, indicating the existence of a delta 9-desaturase activity. Supplementation with linoleic and linoleic acids increased slightly the cell content in their more unsaturated derivatives. Direct measurement of desaturase activities was performed by incubating quiescent and activated PBMC with [1-14C]stearic, [1-14C]linoleic and [1-14C]linolenic acids. Quiescent cells exhibited a very low delta 9-desaturase and no sign of delta 6-desaturase activity. A moderate and progressive activation of delta 9-, delta 6- and delta 5-desaturases was observed during blastic transformation of human PBMC. Up to 8% of 18:0 was converted to monoenes, 4% and 1.5% of 18:2(n - 6) was converted to trienes and tetraenes, respectively, and 14.5% of 18:3(n - 3) was converted to pentaenes. The maximal relative activities were found after 48 h of PHA-stimulation for delta 9-desaturase (around 90 pmol of 18:0 converted per 10(6) cells in the last 24 h) and at 72 h for delta 6- and delta 5-desaturases (around 75 and 140 pmol of 18:2 and 18:3, respectively, converted per 10(7) cells in the last 24 h). Although these activities are not enough to explain all the changes in fatty acid composition of human PBMC during blastic transformation, they may contribute to a more controlled cell phospholipid composition.

Topics: Acetyltransferases; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Cells, Cultured; Enzyme Activation; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acid Elongases; Fatty Acids; Humans; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Linolenic Acids; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Phytohemagglutinins; Stearic Acids

The influence of dietary fats on azoxymethane-induced colorectal carcinogenesis and erythrocyte, adipose, colon mucosa and tumour tissue fatty acids was investigated in 228 Wistar rats. The two main diets compared were beef suet rich in saturated fatty acids and corn oil rich in a linoleic acid, an N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid. The animals were placed in one of four dietary groups: A = 5% saturated fat, B = 20% saturated fat, C = 5% N-6 fat and D = 20% N-6 fat. There was no difference in the number of adenomas between any of the dietary groups. The mean (+/- SEM) carcinoma yield per rat was A = 0.93 +/- 0.28, B = 1.93 +/- 0.50, C = 0.70 +/- 0.07, D = 0.13 +/- 0.04; the tumour yields in rats fed the saturated fat diets were significantly different from each other and from those fed the N-6 fat diets. The fatty acid profiles in all tissues were dependent upon the type and level of dietary fat and the tissue type. Arachidonate was higher in tumours compared to normal mucosa. Significant correlations were found between adipose linoleate (reflecting dietary intake) and tumour oleate and tumour arachidonate but not with the colorectal mucosa of control animals. This is the first in vivo study to show reduced colorectal carcinogenesis by N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Topics: Adenoma; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Azoxymethane; Carcinoma; Cell Membrane; Colorectal Neoplasms; Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids; Intestinal Mucosa; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stearic Acids; Weight Gain

The in vitro inhibitory effects of cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids, linolenic (18:2 delta 9,12), alpha-linoleic (18:3 delta 9,12,15) and eicosatrienoic (20:3 delta 11,14,17) acid, on bovine platelet aggregation and their inhibitory mechanism were investigated. These fatty acids inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP and thrombin to similar extent. Fluorescence analyses with fura-2-loaded platelets showed that, in the concentration ranges that inhibited aggregation, they also inhibited agonist-induced increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+. According to radioimmunoassay study, addition of these fatty acids increased cyclic AMP contents in the presence of theophylline corresponded with their inhibitory effects on aggregation. These fatty acids induced a 1.6-1.8-fold increase over basal concentration of cyclic AMP in the concentration ranges that fully inhibited aggregation. On the other hand, saturated fatty acid, stearic acid, affected neither aggregation nor cyclic AMP levels. As reported previously [1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 818, 391), these unsaturated fatty acids induced increase in membrane fluidity in the same concentration range. These results suggest that inhibition of platelet aggregation by cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids is due to the increase in cyclic AMP levels. This increase seems to be due to stimulation of adenylate cyclase which is mediated by membrane perturbation.

Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Adenylyl Cyclases; Animals; Calcium; Cattle; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic AMP; Cytoplasm; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Fluorescence Polarization; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Linolenic Acids; Membrane Fluidity; Platelet Aggregation; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Stearic Acids; Stereoisomerism

Improved serum-free media were developed for the anchorage-dependent growth of A549 human lung carcinoma and B16 mouse melanoma cell lines in vitro. Type 1 transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta 1) inhibited the growth of A549 or B16 cells under serum-free conditions or in the presence of 10% serum by 15-33%. In contrast, in the presence of micrograms/ml concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), picomolar concentrations of TGF-beta 1 irreversibly inhibited the serum-free growth of A549 or B16 cells by 90-100%. The PUFAs alone had little effect on cell growth. Cell growth inhibition by TGF-beta 1 was not potentiated by saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, or prostaglandins. Inhibition of A549 or B16 cell growth by TGF-beta 1 in the presence of PUFAs was almost completely reversed by the antioxidant vitamin E, suggesting a role for lipid peroxidation in this process. Inhibition of A549 or B16 cell growth by TGF-beta 1 in the presence of 5% fetal calf serum was also potentiated by PUFAs and partially reversed by antioxidants. The presence of retinoic acid was required for maximal PUFA-dependent growth inhibition of A549 or B16 cells by TGF-beta 1 under some, but not all, conditions. These results suggest that inhibition of carcinoma and melanoma cell growth by TGF-beta 1 is mediated, in large part, by PUFAs.

Topics: Animals; Carcinoma; Cell Division; Cell Line; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lung Neoplasms; Melanoma, Experimental; Mice; Palmitic Acids; Stearic Acids; Transforming Growth Factors; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Vitamins

Perturbation of the fatty acid composition of human lymphocytes in vitro was investigated by addition of linoleic acid complexed to bovine serum albumin (BSA-LA) and by mitogenic stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). BSA-LA resulted in a 45% increase in linoleic acid in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and over 100% in phosphatidylcholine (PC) in peripheral blood cells. Supplementation with BSA-LA in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes produced even greater changes: 100% increase in linoleic acid content for PE and over 300% for PC. There was a large decrease in oleic acid: 40% for PE and almost 100% in PC. Significant decreases in arachidonic acid occurred in both phospholipid fractions. PHA alone also altered membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition, with reductions in palmitic, stearic and linoleic acid for PE and increases in oleic acid and arachidonic acid (almost 100%). For PC, there were large decreases in stearic (40%), linoleic (30%) and arachidonic (40%) acids, together with an increase in oleic acid (65%). Cells supplemented with linoleic acid grown in the presence of PHA, compared with those grown in linoleic acid-supplemented medium alone, showed a 40% decrease in palmitic acid and a 55% increase in arachidonic acid in PE. For PC, there were large decreases in stearic acid (40%) and arachidonic acid (57%). Antibody-induced redistribution of surface molecules ('capping') was inhibited by some 14% after incubation with BSA-LA. However, no consistent alterations in PHA-induced cell proliferation were observed. These data suggest that profound alterations of membrane fatty acid composition occur spontaneously during the mitotic cycle, and may be further induced by experimental manipulation, without gross perturbation of cell function.

Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Fatty Acids; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Membrane Lipids; Mitogens; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phytohemagglutinins; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Stearic Acids

The dependence of liver retinyl ester (vitamin A ester) composition on dietary fatty acid composition was studied in rats. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed purified test diets containing 8% of one of 10 test triglycerides (either tributyrin, tricaproin, tricaprylin, tricaprin, trilaurin, trimyristin, tripalmitin, tristearin, triolein, trilinolein) or corn oil (a mixed triglyceride) for 23 d after an initial 1-wk stabilization period. Essential fatty acids were provided by safflower oil (8 g/kg diet). Total liver fatty acid composition showed the expected responses to dietary fatty acid intake; short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids were readily elongated to palmitate and stearate, and palmitate and stearate were readily desaturated. Consumption of oleate or linoleate (as their triglycerides) markedly enriched their concentrations in liver lipids. The proportions of palmitate were generally greater in liver retinyl esters than in total liver fatty acids, and the proportions of oleate were less. However, retinyl ester composition was significantly affected by dietary triglyceride, particularly by diets providing long-chain fatty acids. Total liver vitamin A levels were depressed in the group fed trilinolein.

Topics: Animals; Dietary Fats; Diterpenes; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Liver; Male; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Retinyl Esters; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides; Vitamin A

Thymocytes, obtained from young rats, were incubated in the presence of either diheptadecanoylphosphatidylcholine or dioleylphosphatidylcholine vesicles and desaturation of either [1-14C]stearic acid or [1-14C]linoleic acid was followed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Incubation with diheptadecanoylphosphatidylcholine resulted in an accumulation of heptadecanoic acid in the plasma membrane, but not in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and an increase in membrane ordering as assessed by diphenylhexatriene fluorescence polarization. A shift to higher temperature of the phase separation in the plasma membrane was also observed. Both delta 9 and delta 6 desaturase activities were enhanced in these cells, with delta 6 responding more intensly. Accumulation of oleic acid in the plasma membrane could not be observed when the cells were incubated in the presence of dioleylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, but all the membranes separated, including the microsomes, became more fluid. This can be attributed to removal of cholesterol by the vesicles. Fluidization of plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum depressed the conversion of stearate to oleate and linoleate to gamma-linolenate. It is concluded that there is an exchange of information between the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum in order to maintain the proper fluidity relationships and that this occurs without transfer of lipids from the former to the latter.

Topics: Animals; Cell Membrane; Diphenylhexatriene; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids; Fluorescent Dyes; Intracellular Membranes; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Membrane Fluidity; Microsomes; Mitochondria; Rats; Stearic Acids; T-Lymphocytes

Previously we demonstrated that in vivo exposure of humans to NO2 resulted in significant inactivation of alpha 1-protease inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. However, alpha 1-PI retains its elastase inhibitory activity in vitro when exposed to 10 times the concentration of NO2 used in vivo. We suggested exogenous oxidants such as O2 and NO2 exert their effect in vivo in part through lipid peroxidation. We investigated the mechanism of inactivation of alpha 1-PI in the presence or absence of lipids under oxidant atmosphere. alpha 1-PI in solutions containing phosphate buffer (control), 0.1 mM stearic acid (saturated fatty acid, 18:0), or 0.1 mM linoleic acid (polyunsaturated fatty acid, 18:2) was exposed to either N2 or NO2 (50 ppm for 4 h). Elastase inhibitory capacity of alpha 1-PI was significantly diminished in the presence of 0.1 mM linoleic acid and under NO2 atmosphere (75 +/- 8% of control, P less than 0.01), whereas there was no change in elastase inhibitory capacity of alpha 1-PI in the presence or absence (buffer only) of 0.1 mM stearic acid under a similar condition (109 +/- 11 and 94 +/- 6%, respectively). The inactivated alpha 1-PI as the result of peroxidized lipid could be reactivated by dithiothreitol and methionine sulfoxide peptide reductase, suggesting oxidation of methionine residue at the elastase inhibitory site. Furthermore the inhibitory effect of peroxidized lipid on alpha 1-PI could be prevented by glutathione and glutathione peroxidase and to some extent by alpha-tocopherol.

Topics: alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Antioxidants; Blood Proteins; Dithiothreitol; Humans; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipid Bilayers; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipid Peroxides; Magnesium; Magnesium Chloride; Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Pancreatic Elastase; Protease Inhibitors; Stearic Acids

Ecdysteroid levels detected by RIA in extracts of mature ovaries from Periplaneta americana increased approximately fourfold (53 +/- 10 to 184 +/- 38 ng/g; +/- SEM, n = 3) on treatment with Helix pomatia "sulphatase" enzymes. HPLC analysis showed that this increase in immunoreactivity resulted from the hydrolysis of six apolar compounds that cochromatographed with the ecdysteroid esters previously shown to be present in newly laid oothecae (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6; A. J. Slinger, L. N. Dinan, and R. E. Isaac (1986). Insect Biochem. 16 (i), 115-119). Intact ovaries cultured in saline were able to take up [3H]ecdysone from the medium and synthesize ecdysone esters, most of which cochromatographed with immunoreactive peaks from ovaries and oothecae. Crude homogenates and membranes prepared from mature ovaries were also able to esterify ecdysone in vitro. The enzyme activity associated with a high-speed pellet was greatly enhanced by the addition of coenzyme A fatty acyl esters, each reaction resulting in the synthesis of a single major metabolite. The three esters formed on incubating ecdysone with coenzyme A-palmitate, -lineate, and -oleate could be characterized by their retention times on HPLC which were identical to compounds A2, A5, and A6, respectively. These compounds were the three quantitatively important immunoreactive esters found in ovaries and newly laid oothecae. The data presented indicates that ovaries can esterify ecdysone with palmitic, linoleic, and oleic acids and that these apolar derivatives are transferred to the egg. The esters appear to be different from the ecdysone 22-fatty acyl esters that have been isolated from ticks and other insects.

Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Animals; Cell Membrane; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cockroaches; Ecdysone; Ecdysteroids; Ecdysterone; Esterification; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Invertebrate Hormones; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Ovary; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Periplaneta; Radioimmunoassay; Stearic Acids

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; In Vitro Techniques; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Myocardium; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Phospholipids; Rats; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

Fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes and plasma were determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography in 27 controls and 44 subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Significant decreases in stearic acid (P less than 0.00003) and arachidonic acid (P less than 0.001) and significant increases in palmitic acid (P less than 0.00003) were observed in erythrocytes from diabetic patients. The stearic:oleic acid ratios and arachidonic:linoleic acid ratios in erythrocytes were significantly lower in diabetic patients than in controls (P less than 0.0003 and less than 0.0007, respectively). The relative concentration of palmitic acid in plasma (as a percentage of the sum of the five major fatty acids) was increased in diabetic patients, as compared with controls (P less than 0.0125). We observed no other significant differences in fatty acids in plasma, making it unlikely that changes in fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes in diabetic patients can be accounted for simply by alterations in the fatty acids in plasma. We propose that impaired metabolic control associated with diabetes mellitus may interfere with the maintenance of fatty acid profiles in erythrocyte membranes against the concentration gradients in plasma.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Blood Glucose; Chromatography, Gas; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Erythrocyte Membrane; Fatty Acids; Female; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Stearic Acids

Mixtures of triglycerides containing deuterium-labeled hexadecanoic acid (16:0), octadecanoic acid (18:0), cis-9-octadecenoic acid (9c-18:1), cis-9,cis-12-octadecadienoic acid (9c, 12c-18:2) and cis-12,trans-15-octadecadienoic acid (12c,15t-18:2) were fed to two young-adult males. Plasma lipid classes were isolated from samples collected periodically over 48 hr. Incorporation and turnover of the deuterium-labeled fats in plasma lipids were followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the methyl ester derivatives. Absorption of the deuterated fats was followed by GC-MS analysis of chylomicron triglycerides isolated by ultracentrifugation. Results were the following: (i) endogenous fat contributed about 40% of the total fat incorporated into chylomicron triglycerides; (ii) elongation, desaturation and chain-shortened products from the deuterated fats were not detected; (iii) the polyunsaturated isomer 12c,15t-18:2 was metabolically more similar to saturated and 9c-18:1 fatty acids than to 9c,12c-18:2; (iv) relative incorporation of 9c,12c-18:2 into phospholipids did not increase proportionally with an increase of 9c,12c-18:2 in the mixture of deuterated fats fed; (v) absorption of 16:0, 18:0, 9c-18:1, 9c,12c-18:2 and 12c,15t-18:2 were similar; and (vi) data for the 1- and 2-acyl positions of phosphatidylcholine and for cholesteryl ester fractions reflected the known high specificity of phosphatidylcholine acyltransferase and lecithin:cholesteryl acyltransferase for 9c,12c-18:2. These results illustrate that incorporation of dietary fatty acids into human plasma lipid classes is selectively controlled and that incorporation of dietary 9c,12c-18:2 is limited. These results suggest that nutritional benefits of diets high in 9c,12c-18:2 may be of little value to normal subjects and that the 12c,15t-18:2 isomer in hydrogenated fat is not a nutritional liability at the present dietary level.

Topics: Adult; Cholesterol Esters; Chylomicrons; Deuterium; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Phospholipids; Radioisotope Dilution Technique; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

The effects of a serial dilution of linoleic acid on human spermatozoa in whole semen was tested on 21 semen samples obtained from 11 normal volunteers. The minimal concentration of linoleic acid required to stop the movement of at least 75% of the moving sperm ranged from 1 to greater than 100 mg/dl. Fifteen of 21 (71%) of the semen samples were inhibited by added free fatty acids (FFA) concentrations that were less than or close to the physiologic concentration ranges of FFA in blood plasma (1 to 30 mg/dl). The immobilized sperm often formed aggregates similar to those formed by the action of autoantibodies against sperm cells. Preliminary studies conducted on a variety of other FFA have indicated that oleic acid (18/1) was less toxic than linoleic acid (18/2) and that linolenic acid (18/3) was more toxic than linoleic acid. The saturated FFA palmitic acid (16/0) and stearic acid (18/0) at concentrations up to 100 mg/dl showed little or no toxicity to sperm cells. It is suggested that FFA toxicity be included among physiologic factors that affect the motility and spontaneous aggregation of sperm cells.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Ascorbic Acid; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Linolenic Acids; Male; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Semen; Sperm Agglutination; Sperm Motility; Stearic Acids

The effect of long-chain fatty acids on the binding of thyroxine to highly purified human thyroxine-binding globulin has been studied by equilibrium dialysis performed at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. At a fixed molar ratio of 2000:1 of fatty acid to thyroxine-binding globulin, the degree of binding inhibition based on the percent change in nK value relative to the control as determined from Scatchard plots was: palmitic, 0%; stearic, 0%; oleic, 76%; linoleic, 69%; and linolenic, 61%. At a 500:1 molar ratio of oleic acid to thyroxine-binding globulin, equivalent to 0.125 mM free fatty acid in serum, thyroxine binding was inhibited by 18%, increasing to 93% at a 4500:1 molar ratio. At molar ratios of oleic acid to thyroxine-binding globulin of 1000:1, 2000:1 and 4000:1, the degree of inhibition of triiodothyronine binding was 24%, 41% and 76%, respectively. The results indicate that the unsaturated long-chain fatty acids are potent inhibitors of thyroxine binding to thyroxine-binding globulin, whereas the saturated fatty acids have little or no effect on thyroxine binding.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Fatty Acids; Humans; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Linolenic Acids; Molecular Weight; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Stearic Acids; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thyroxine; Thyroxine-Binding Proteins; Triiodothyronine

The effects of unsaturated fatty acids on the activities of peroxisomal enzymes of Tetrahymena pyriformis were investigated. When saturated fatty acids and the corresponding unsaturated fatty acids (C18) were added to the culture medium at 0.05%, the activities of peroxisomal enzymes [fatty acyl-CoA oxidase (FAO), carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT), isocitrate lyase (ICL), and malate synthase (MS)] were significantly increased. The order of effectiveness was linoleic acid greater than oleic acid greater than stearic acid. However, alpha-linolenic acid and gamma-linolenic acid at the same concentration were lethal to the cells. The inhibitory effect on growth disappeared upon addition of an antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol. Lipid peroxides derived from unsaturated fatty acids induced marked cell lysis. In the presence of a low concentration (0.005%) of linolenic acid the production of lipid peroxide was lower and no inhibitory effect on the growth was observed, while the activities of peroxisomal enzymes participating in lipid metabolism and that of catalase were significantly increased. These results indicate that the peroxisomal enzyme systems related to the beta-oxidations of fatty acids and the glyoxylate cycle are regulated by unsaturated long-chain fatty acids, including linolenic acid, at low concentrations, as well as by saturated fatty acid in the medium.

Topics: Acyl-CoA Oxidase; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Isocitrate Lyase; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Linolenic Acids; Malate Synthase; Microbodies; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Oxidoreductases; Stearic Acids; Tetrahymena pyriformis

Incorporation of various exogenous saturated or unsaturated [14C]labeled fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic) into triacylglycerols by hamster fibroblasts was markedly enhanced (two- to fourfold) in the presence of theophylline or dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP). This effect was observed for short-term (1-6 hr) as well as long-term (15-24 hr) preincubation with dbcAMP. In the presence of sodium fluoride, a phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor, measurement of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity in cells pretreated with dbcAMP pointed out a marked increase (3 X) in specific activity. The results suggest that DGAT activity in fibroblasts could be activated by a cAMP-dependent phosphorylation process.

Topics: Acyltransferases; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Bucladesine; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cells, Cultured; Cricetinae; Cyclic AMP; Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fibroblasts; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Stearic Acids; Theophylline; Triglycerides

The effects of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital on lipids metabolism were studied by quantification of lipids in human serum with GC-MS. The ratios of palmitic acid to stearic, oleic and linoleic acids decreased in patients on diphenylhydantoin therapy. Increases of free palmitic, stearic and oleic acids concentrations as well as higher cholesterol ester levels were observed in patients receiving either diphenylhydantoin or phenobarbital. With respect to fatty acids composition of cholesterol esters and phosphatidyl-choline, higher concentrations of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were observed in patients on diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital therapy. Although the concentration of palmitic acid in serum phosphatidylcholine remained the same for all groups, a marked decrease in stearic, oleic and linoleic acids concentrations in serum phosphatidylcholine was observed in diphenylhydantoin treated group, and oleic acid in phenobarbital treated group. These results suggested the relationship to lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity by these drugs.

Topics: Anticonvulsants; Child; Cholesterol; Cholesterol Esters; Fatty Acids; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Phosphatidylcholines; Stearic Acids

Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Hepatectomy; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Liver; Male; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Rats; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

Human peripheral blood monocytes possessed increased thromboplastin activity when exposed to 10 micrograms/ml of bacterial endotoxin for 2 h. The effects of endotoxin were strongly inhibited by 10-20 microM of several unsaturated fatty acids: arachidonic, dihomo-gamma-linolenic, linoleic, linolenic and oleic acids. Two saturated fatty acids, arachidic and stearic acids, produced minimal inhibition at 20 microM. Three lipoxygenase-derived hydroxyfatty acids were also inhibitory, with IC50 values of 10 microM (5- and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids) and 20 microM (15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid). Leukotriene B4, 1 nM to 1 microM, was inactive. None of the fatty acids affected the ability of standard thromboplastin to shorten the clotting time of normal plasma or affected the activity of endotoxin as measured by a Limulus clotting assay.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Eicosanoic Acids; Endotoxins; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Humans; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; Indomethacin; Leukotriene B4; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Linolenic Acids; Male; Monocytes; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Stearic Acids; Thromboplastin

Twenty-one women were treated with high doses of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (1000 mg/week im) for 6 months as part of the treatment of endometrial carcinoma. The relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin and cholesterol ester were analyzed. In previous studies low doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), in contrast to progestins of the 19-nor-testosterone series, have been shown not to affect the fatty acid composition of serum lecithin and cholesterol ester. However, the high doses of MPA used in this study increased linoleic acid and decreased arachidonic and di-homogammalinolenic acids in serum lecithin. The ability of a steroid to induce this shift has been ascribed to its androgenicity. MPA is considered to have weak, if any, such properties. The findings of this study emphasize the necessity to delineate effects on metabolism of different doses and administrative routes of any particular steroid.

Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Aged; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Cholesterol Esters; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Medroxyprogesterone; Medroxyprogesterone Acetate; Middle Aged; Palmitic Acids; Phosphatidylcholines; Stearic Acids; Uterine Neoplasms

Whole body oxidation of dietary stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid was measured in males consuming a test diet of normal foods at a level commensurate with energy requirements for 16 days. Labeled stearic, oleic or linoleic acid was consumed with the breakfast meal on either day 8, 11, or 14. Breath samples were analyzed for total CO2 content and 13CO2 abundance. Breath enrichment of 13CO2 after ingestion of labeled substrate was calculated over background 13C abundance with diet only and expressed as fraction of substrate dose absorbed. Fecal excretion of labeled and diet fatty acids was determined for pooled stool collections. Stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids were separated from fecal fat extracts and combusted to determine 13CO2 enrichment over background. Both dietary and labeled stearic acid were less well absorbed than either oleic or linoleic acids. At hours 7-9 after ingestion of the labeled breakfast, significant differences in percent of absorbed dose excreted in breath were observed between all three fatty acids. Significant differences were observed in apparent amounts of labeled oleate, linoleate, and stearate oxidized after 3 to 9 h. This difference in fatty acid oxidation challenges the assumption that dietary fat is oxidized at a rate independent of its long chain fatty acid composition.

Topics: Absorption; Adult; Breath Tests; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography, Gas; Diet; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Stearic Acids

The effect of high levels of dietary fat on the promotion phase of rat mammary tumorigenesis and the effect of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids on metabolic cooperation in hamster cells were examined. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given iv injections of 5 mg 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and subsequently placed on 20% high-fat (HF) and 4.5% corn oil control (CF) diets. Rats treated with DMBA and fed HF diet for the entire duration of the experiment developed more tumors with shorter latency than rats fed CF diet for the entire experiment. Rats fed HF diet for 3 weeks at different times after DMBA treatment showed similar, enhanced mammary tumor development. Lengthening the duration of HF diet treatment (0, 3, 6, 16 wk) increased mammary tumor development, suggesting a time dose-response relationship. Removal of the HF diet treatment partially reversed its stimulatory effects on tumor development. These results indicate that dietary fat acts as a classical tumor promoter to enhance mammary tumorigenesis. The influence of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids on metabolic cooperation between 6-thioguanine-sensitive (6-TGS) and 6-thioguanine-resistant (6-TGr) Chinese hamster V79 cells was examined. Linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, and arachidonic acid significantly increased the recovery of 6-TGr cells at noncytotoxic concentrations. Stearic acid, palmitic acid, and arachadic acid had no effect on the recovery of 6-TGr cells at either cytotoxic or noncytotoxic concentrations. These results demonstrate that unsaturated fatty acids but not saturated fatty acids can inhibit metabolic cooperation between Chinese hamster V79 cells, and suggest, mechanistically, that high dietary levels of polyunsaturated fat could promote tumorigenesis by inhibition of intercellular communication.

Topics: 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Cell Communication; Cell Line; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; Dietary Fats; Female; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lung; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stearic Acids; Thioguanine; Time Factors

The effects of dietary unsaturated and saturated fats on chemically induced colon carcinogenesis were examined in male Donryu rats. The rats were fed two types of semipurified diets consisting of 5% linoleic acid or 4.7% stearic acid plus 0.3% essential fatty acid as dietary fats. The rats were treated with azoxymethane (7.4 mg/kg body weight) s.c. once a week for 11 weeks and sacrificed 15 weeks after the last injection of the carcinogen. The rats fed unsaturated fat diet demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of colon tumors [100%], more tumors per rat [2.68 +/- 1.60 (S.D.)], and greater malignant differentiation histologically than did those fed saturated fat diet [76%, 1.79 +/- 1.59, respectively]. Lipid analysis of colon tumors and colon mucosa showed that unsaturated fat diet altered the phosphatide fatty acyl composition of colon mucosa markedly and increased the content of arachidonic acid in the neutral lipid of colon tumors. The altered lipid composition of the mucosa may increase the sensitivity of the colon to the carcinogen, and the excess of arachidonic acid or its metabolites may be the primary agents of cocarcinogenesis of colon tumors. These findings suggest that dietary unsaturated fats have potent cocarcinogenic effects on colon carcinogenesis.

Topics: Animals; Azoxymethane; Body Weight; Colon; Colonic Neoplasms; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Intestinal Mucosa; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Liver; Male; Phospholipids; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stearic Acids

Previously, we have shown that the capping of surface immunoglobulins on murine lymphocytes can be affected by modulating the lipid environment of the surface membrane with free fatty acids. In the present study, murine lymphocytes were depleted of cholesterol by incubation with phospholipid vesicles. As the cellular cholesterol:phospholipid ratio decreased, the capping of the surface immunoglobulin was seen to decrease. This inhibition of capping could not be reversed by calcium and is not accompanied by changes in either the cytoskeletal element alpha-actinin or cellular ATP levels. Incubation of the cholesterol-depleted cells with cholesterol-containing phospholipid vesicles raised both the cholesterol:phospholipid ratio and capping levels to values close to those of untreated control cells. Remarkably, stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid, could also restore the capping levels in the cholesterol-depleted cells. On the basis of the present data and measurements of the fluorescence polarization of the probe diphenyl hexatriene, we propose a model in which the protein(s) involved in capping is located in a gel-like lipid domain, and that removal of cholesterol makes this domain less gel-like and inhibits capping. Restoration of the gel-like nature of this domain by the addition of either cholesterol or stearic acid enables the protein(s) to function normally.

Topics: Actinin; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Calcium; Cholesterol; Immunoglobulin G; Immunologic Capping; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lymphocytes; Mice; Mice, Inbred A; Receptors, IgG; Receptors, Immunologic; Stearic Acids

Autoxidation of non-esterified cholesterol, in the solid state, at 100 degrees C, is known to be a relatively slow reaction. The presence of carefully chosen cholesteryl esters considerably increases the ratio of autoxidation. Using this method, mixtures of autoxidized free cholesterol (oxycholesterol) labelled on carbon 4 can be obtained almost quantitatively, in the presence of benzoyl peroxide. The ratio of [4-14C] ester produced by transesterification at the end of the reaction is about 10%.

Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Cholesterol; Cholesterol Esters; Esterification; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Oxidation-Reduction; Stearic Acids

Human skin fibroblasts incorporate and actively desaturate long-chain fatty acids. Growth of these cells in lipid-free medium can be used to enhance delta 9 and delta 6 desaturation of [14C]stearate and [14C]linoleate, respectively. Medium supplementation with cis fatty acids inhibits delta 9 desaturation; effectiveness as inhibitors is linoleate (9c,12c-18:2) greater than oleate (9c-18:1) greater than vaccenate (11c-18:1). Linoelaidate (9t,12t-18:2), trans-vaccenate (11t-18:1) and saturated fatty acids are without effect; elaidate (9t-18:1) appears stimulatory. By contrast, the trans fatty acids elaidate and linoelaidate are potent inhibitors of delta 6 desaturation; inhibition by trans-vaccenate is 50% of that of elaidate. Desaturation of [14C]linoleate is only slightly inhibited by oleate, cis-vaccenate, or (6c,9c,12c)-linolenate. The relative effectiveness of isomeric cis- and trans-octadecenoic acids as inhibitors of delta 9 and delta 6 desaturation in intact human cells is different from that found in microsomal studies. The cell culture system can thus be important in evaluating physiological effects of isomeric fatty acids on cellular metabolic processes.

Topics: Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Enzyme Activation; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids; Fibroblasts; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Skin; Stearic Acids; Stereoisomerism

Fasting vein blood samples from 21 apparently normal pregnant women were collected in 4-week intervals from the 24th week of gestation until delivery. The relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Palmitic acid increased successively concomitant with a decrease in stearic acid which indicates that serum lecithin is predominantly synthesized along pathway I. Linoleic acid decreased successively parallel to an increased incorporation of longer polyunsaturated fatty acids and non-essential monoenoic (palmitoleic and oleic) acids. The increased incorporation of longer polyunsaturated fatty acids is suggested to be associated with the increased activity of the deacylation-reacylation cycle. The increase of nonessential monoenoic fatty acids is suggested to be associated with a reduced de novo incorporation of linoleic acid.

Topics: Adult; Chromatography, Gas; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Phosphatidylcholines; Pregnancy; Stearic Acids

Topics: Angina Pectoris; Blood Coagulation; Blood Coagulation Tests; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fats; Geriatrics; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Myocardial Infarction; Palmitic Acid; Pharmacology; Stearic Acids; Thromboplastin; Triolein

Topics: Arachis; Cottonseed Oil; Emulsions; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fats; Glycerides; Glycine max; Injections, Intravenous; Linoleic Acid; Oils; Oleic Acid; Oryza; Palmitic Acid; Pharmacology; Research; Sesame Oil; Stearic Acids; Surface Tension; Surface-Active Agents

Topics: Chromatography; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Lecithins; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Microsomes; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene; Pharmacology; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phosphatidylinositols; Phospholipids; Rats; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Cholesterol; Chromatography; Chromatography, Gas; Ependymoma; Fatty Acids; Glioma; Glycerides; Linoleic Acid; Mice; Neoplasm Transplantation; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Chromatography; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Radiation Effects; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Choline; Choline Deficiency; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Liver; Fish Oils; Histocytochemistry; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Proteins; Rats; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Acetates; Chromatography; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Germ-Free Life; Insecta; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Blood Chemical Analysis; Chloroform; Cholesterol; Colorimetry; Copper; Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Humans; Lecithins; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Stearic Acids; Surface-Active Agents

Topics: Albumins; Cell Cycle; Cell Division; Chick Embryo; Fatty Acids; In Vitro Techniques; Linoleic Acid; Research; Stearic Acids; Tissue Culture Techniques

Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Butyrates; Caproates; Caprylates; Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Reptiles; Research; Stearic Acids; Turtles

Topics: Animals; Biochemical Phenomena; Biochemistry; Chromatography; Fatty Acids; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mammary Glands, Human; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Mice; Nucleic Acids; Oncogenic Viruses; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Phosphorus; Proteins; Research; Stearic Acids; Ultracentrifugation

Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Chromatography; Fatty Acids; Glycerides; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Rats; Research; Sheep; Stearic Acids

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Antimetabolites; Butyrates; Caproates; Caprylates; Cattle; Coenzyme A; Cytochromes; Fatty Acids; Hexokinase; Ketoglutaric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Manometry; Metabolism; Mitochondria; Mitochondria, Liver; NAD; Oleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitic Acid; Pharmacology; Phosphorylation; Rats; Research; Serum Albumin; Stearic Acids; Succinates

Topics: Acetates; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Fatty Acids; Glucose; Insulin; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; NADP; Oleic Acid; Oxygen; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Animals; Anura; Cats; Cattle; Chromatography; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fishes; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Rabbits; Research; Retina; Sheep; Stearic Acids; Vitamin A

Topics: Absorption; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Brain; Carbon Isotopes; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Oleic Acid; Phospholipids; Rabbits; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Ascites; Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography; Exudates and Transudates; Leukocytes; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Metabolism; Neutrophils; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Peritoneum; Phagocytosis; Rabbits; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chromatography; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Research; Stearic Acids; Trichophyton

Topics: Acetates; Blood Chemical Analysis; Carbon Isotopes; Cholesterol; Electrophoresis; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Liver; Histocytochemistry; Isoleucine; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Lipoproteins; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Nitrogen; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Protein Deficiency; Proteins; Rats; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Bile; Chromatography; Dogs; Ethanolamine; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Linoleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Research; Serine; Stearic Acids

Topics: Chromatography; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Hemolysis; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Osmosis; Palmitic Acid; Research; Sodium Chloride; Stearic Acids

Topics: Chromatography; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Dinitrophenols; Equipment and Supplies; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Humidity; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oxygen; Phenylhydrazines; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Cardiac Catheterization; Cholesterol; Coenzymes; Coronary Vessels; Cytochromes; Dogs; Electron Transport; Electrons; Epinephrine; Fatty Acids; Glucose; Lactates; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Myocardium; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Pyruvates; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Acanthamoeba; Acetates; Amoeba; Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography; Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Oleic Acid; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Liver; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Lysine; Metabolism; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Protein Deficiency; Rats; Research; Stearic Acids; Threonine

Topics: Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography; Glycerol; Glycerophosphates; Guinea Pigs; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Metabolism; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Phosphatidic Acids; Phospholipids; Rats; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Carbon Isotopes; Cholesterol; Cholesterol Esters; Chromatography; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Linoleic Acid; Microchemistry; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Acetates; Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography; Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids; In Vitro Techniques; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Macrophages; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Rabbits; Stearic Acids

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Carbon Isotopes; Cholesterol; Cholesterol Esters; Chromatography; Coenzyme A; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Glutathione; Glycerides; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Microsomes; Mitochondria; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Rats; Research; Stearic Acids; Tritium

Topics: Amoeba; Biological Evolution; Carbon Isotopes; Euglena; Eukaryota; Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Physiology, Comparative; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Animals; Chromatography; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Lecithins; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Muscles; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phospholipids; Rabbits; Research; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum; Sphingomyelins; Stearic Acids

Topics: Body Fluids; Chromatography; Exudates and Transudates; Fatty Acids; Heart Failure; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Neoplasms; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Peritoneum; Pleural Effusion; Stearic Acids

Topics: Chromatography; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Chromatography; Esters; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Blood; Epididymis; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Glycerides; Humans; Hypophysectomy; Hypothyroidism; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Liver; Male; Metabolism; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Stearic Acids; Thyroidectomy; Thyroxine

Topics: Acetates; Butyrates; Caproates; Caprylates; Chromatography; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Esters; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Propionates; Research; Stearic Acids; Sterols

Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Biochemical Phenomena; Biochemistry; Butyrates; Caproates; Caprylates; Cholesterol; Esterases; In Vitro Techniques; Linoleic Acid; Lipase; Magnesium; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Pancreatic Juice; Phospholipids; Propionates; Research; Salts; Serum Albumin; Stearic Acids; Sterol Esterase; Triolein

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Diet; Diet, Reducing; Fatty Acids; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Obesity; Oleic Acid; Sex; Stearic Acids

Topics: Bromine; Chromatography; Esters; Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Rats; Research; Skin; Stearic Acids

Topics: Euglena; Euglena gracilis; Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Galactose; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phospholipids; Research; Stearic Acids; Tritium

Polan, C. E. (North Carolina State of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh), J. J. McNeill, and S. B. Tove. Biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids by rumen bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 88:1056-1064. 1964.-A simple, rapid, specific assay for the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids was developed. With this assay, it was shown that washed suspensions of mixed rumen bacteria hydrogenate linoleic and oleic acids. Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, a common rumen bacterium, is capable of hydrogenating linoleic acid to octadecenoic acid but not to stearic acid. Complete anaerobiosis is required, and with mixed rumen bacteria more activity is obtained in an atmosphere of hydrogen than of either nitrogen or helium, whereas carbon dioxide is inhibitory. The extent of biohydrogenation varies with the season of the year, and a variable stimulatory effect is obtained upon the addition of boiled rumen fluid. Biohydrogenation activity in B. fibrisolvens is markedly dependent upon the age of the organism and concentration of cells used in the medium. The presence of certain other rumen bacteria, which by themselves are incapable of carrying out the biohydrogenation reaction, can prevent loss of activity of B. fibrisolvens due to age or dilution. Two systems are involved in the complete hydrogenation of linoleic acid: one specific for the conversion of linoleic acid to a monoenoic acid, and the other for the hydrogenation of a monoenoic acid to stearic acid.

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Eubacterium; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Hydrogenation; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Nitrogen; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Research; Rumen; Stearic Acids

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Pernicious; Butter; Celiac Disease; Cottonseed Oil; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fats; Fats; Feces; Gastroenterostomy; Geriatrics; Glycerides; Glycerol; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Linoleic Acid; Stearic Acids; Steatorrhea

Topics: Acetoacetates; Fasting; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Myocardium; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids

Topics: Carbon Isotopes; Cholesterol; Chromatography; Esterases; Esterification; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Glycerides; Hot Temperature; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Rats; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Acetoacetates; Acidosis; Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Fatty Acids; Female; Ketone Bodies; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Manometry; Metabolism; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Research; Rumen; Sheep; Stearic Acids; Toxicology

Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Chemical Analysis; Cholesterol; Diet; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Rabbits; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Cholesterol; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Oleic Acid; Poultry; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Animals; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Collagen; Dietary Carbohydrates; Fatty Acids; Histocytochemistry; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Liver; Mice; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Research; Reticulin; Schistosomiasis; Starch; Stearic Acids; Sucrose

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Glucose; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Mice; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Radiation Effects; Research; Stearic Acids; X-Rays

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Aging; Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography; Epididymis; Fasting; Fatty Acids; Glycerides; Glycerophosphates; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Mice; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Pharmacology; Research; Stearic Acids; Tritium

Topics: Cholesterol; Female; Fetus; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Mothers; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Pregnancy; Stearic Acids

Topics: Fats; Fatty Acids; Food-Processing Industry; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids

Johnson, R. C. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.) and N. D. Gary. Nutrition of Leptospira pomona. II. Fatty acid requirements. J. Bacteriol. 85:976-982. 1963.-The albumin fraction of rabbit serum, obtained by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) fractionation, supported good growth of Leptospira pomona Wickard when added to a medium containing phosphate buffer, NH(4)Cl, and thiamine. Extraction of the albumin fraction with ethanol and ether (3:1) resulted in a loss of its growth-supporting activity, which could be restored upon the addition of the extract or various fatty acids. The growth-supporting activity of fatty acids containing 2 to 18 carbon atoms was investigated with the extracted albumin medium. The activity of the fatty acid was found to be related to the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Maximal growth was obtained with palmitic, heptadecanoic, stearic, and oleic acids. The amount of growth of L. pomona increased at a fixed concentration of albumin as the molecular ratio of extracted albumin to the long-chain fatty acids increased from 1:1 to 1:6. At higher ratios, growth decreased sharply. Direct utilization of fatty acids during growth of L. pomona was shown by the incorporation of palmitic acid-1-C(14) or -2-C(14) into cellular material. A medium composed of 0.02 m Na(2)HPO(4)-KH(2)PO(4) buffer (pH 7.4), 0.8% extracted albumin, 4 x 10(-4)m palmitic acid, 10(-3)m NH(4)Cl, and 5 mug/ml of thiamine supported good growth. L. pomona was transferred ten times, and seven other serotypes were transferred five times, in this medium without any decrease in the amount of growth. Growth of L. pomona was initiated with approximately four organisms per ml.

Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Culture Media; Fatty Acids; Freeze Drying; Leptospira; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Rabbits; Research; Serum Albumin; Stearic Acids; Thiamine

Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Acetates; Acetylcholine; Adenine Nucleotides; Amino Acids; Aminobenzoates; Cellulose; Cholecalciferol; Cholesterol; Choline; Chromatography; Epinephrine; Ergocalciferols; Ethionine; Fatty Acids; Fumarates; Glass; Lactates; Lecithins; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Paper; Paraffin; Phosphatidylcholines; Research; Stearic Acids; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Carbon Isotopes; Cholesterol; Dietary Fats; Feces; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Oleic Acid; Rats; Research; Stearic Acids; Sterols

Topics: Absorption; Acetates; Esters; Intestine, Small; Intestines; Linoleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Rats; Research; Stearic Acids; Vitamin A

Topics: Absorption; Acetates; Bile Acids and Salts; Diphosphates; In Vitro Techniques; Intestine, Small; Intestines; Isoflurophate; Linoleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Salts; Stearic Acids; Vitamin A

Topics: Blood Chemical Analysis; Butyrates; Caproates; Caprylates; Chromatography; Fasting; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Insulin; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Research; Sodium Chloride; Stearic Acids

Topics: Carbon Isotopes; Fatty Acids; Glycerides; Lecithins; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Myocardium; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Perfusion; Phosphatidylcholines; Phospholipases; Phospholipids; Rats; Research; Stearic Acids; Tritium

Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Euglena; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Light; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids

Topics: Animals; Fatty Acids; Glycerides; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Research; Stearic Acids; Swine

Topics: Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Coagulation; Blood Platelets; Caprylates; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Heparin; Histamine Release; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Plasma; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Absorption; Animals; Chickens; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipid Metabolism; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Pharmacology; Poultry; Research; Stearic Acids

Topics: Acholeplasma laidlawii; Animals; Cattle; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Mycoplasma; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Research; Serum Albumin; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Stearic Acids; Surface-Active Agents

Topics: Abdomen; Adipose Tissue; Chromatography; Chromatography, Gas; Fatty Acids; Kidney; Linoleic Acid; Mesentery; Oleic Acid; Omentum; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids; Thorax

Topics: Dietary Fats; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Dietetics; Fatty Acids; Food Analysis; Hypercholesterolemia; Linoleic Acid; Oils; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Research; Seeds; Stearic Acids; Vitis

Topics: Carbon; Chromatography; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Stearic Acids

Topics: Acetates; Animals; Cholesterol; Esters; Fatty Acids; Hydrolysis; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Rats; Stearic Acids

Topics: Acetates; Cholesterol; In Vitro Techniques; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Stearates; Stearic Acids

Topics: Fats; Humans; Lecithins; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Lymph; Phosphatidylcholines; Stearic Acids

Topics: Animals; Fats; Fatty Acids, Essential; Linoleic Acid; Mice; Oleic Acid; Stearates; Stearic Acids