linoleic-acid and palmitoleic-acid

To assess whether ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment has any beneficial effect on essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency in patients who have had a Kasai operation for extrahepatic atresia (EBA), responses of serum fatty acids to UDCA administration (15 mg/kg/d) were investigated in eight jaundice-free patients and in eight patients with jaundice (serum total bilirubin > or = 1.0 mg/dL). All patients were also given taurine supplementation (100 mg/kg/d). Serum fatty acid composition was determined before and 6 months after UDCA treatment. Serum total bile acid concentration and serum total bilirubin value, as a part of conventional liver function tests, were measured before and during UDCA therapy. Before UDCA treatment, the concentrations of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid were significantly lower (P > .05 for the former; P > .01 for the latter) in both the jaundice and jaundice-free groups than in the controls. After 6 months of treatment, the linoleic acid concentration significantly increased (P > .05), to the normal range, in the jaundice-free group, but not in the jaundice group. The arachidonic acid concentration did not increase significantly in either group. The serum total bile acid concentration was lower in six of the eight jaundice-free patients and in four of the eight jaundice patients. The serum total bilirubin value decreased in six of the eight jaundice-free patients and in four of the eight jaundice patients; however, the degree of improvement was not statistically significant in either group. No side effects developed, and there were no changes in blood chemistry values unrelated to liver disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Bile Acids and Salts; Biliary Atresia; Bilirubin; Child, Preschool; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Jaundice, Neonatal; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Portoenterostomy, Hepatic; Postoperative Complications; Time Factors; Ursodeoxycholic Acid

Recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing 8,11-linoleate diol synthase (LDS) from Penicillium chrysogenum convert oleic and palmitoleic acids to 8-hydroperoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid (HPOME) and 8-hydroperoxy-9(Z)-hexadecenoic acid (HPHME) only, respectively. However, recombinant E. coli cells expressing Q889A variant 6,8-LDS from Penicillium oxalicum as an 8,11-LDS converted oleic and palmitoleic acids to 8,11-dihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid (DiHOME) and 8,11-dihydroxy-9(Z)-hexadecenoic acid (DiHHME), respectively, which were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. To select suitable variants for producing these compounds, position 889 of 6,8-LDS from P. oxalicum was substituted with other amino acids, and recombinant E. coli cells expressing Q889L and Q889A variants were chosen as the best biocatalysts for producing 8,11-DiHOME and 8,11-DiHHME, respectively. The optimal conditions for producing 8,11-DiHOME or 8,11-DiHHME using cells expressing Q889L or Q889A variant 6,8-LDS were pH 6.5 and 30 °C with 5% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide, 60 g L

Topics: Amino Acids; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Escherichia coli; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oxygenases; Penicillium

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atherosclerosis; Biomarkers; Brachial Artery; Carotid Artery, Common; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Dilatation; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Regional Blood Flow; Risk Factors; Ultrasonography

There has been controversial evidence regarding the relationship between isomers of circulating trans-fatty acids (TFAs) and mortality. This study aimed to ascertain the relationships between plasma TFAs and overall or cause-specific mortality of the general population in two independent subsets from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2000 and 2009-2010 cycles).. Plasma TFA isomers (C16:1n-7t, C18:1n-7t, C18:1n-9t and C18:2n-6,9t) in 3439 adults free of cancer or severe cardiovascular disease were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Overall, 259 died among 1376 individuals over a median follow-up of 15.6 years in the 1999-2000 cycle, and 105 died in the latter subset of 2063 subjects during a median of 5.9 years. Cox proportional hazards regression was conducted to estimate the hazard ratios of mortality. The main isomer of industrially derived TFAs, elaidic acid (C18:1n-9t) was considerably associated with long-term total mortality in the 1999-2000 cycle after adjusting for confounders, with a 54% increase in the top tertile compared with the bottom one. However, the association disappeared with halving C18:1n-9t by 2009-2010. In contrast, neither of the ruminant-derived TFAs (C16:1n-7t and C18:1n-7t) suggested any inverse correlations with all-cause death, mortality due to heart disease, cancer or other causes.. The major isomer of industrial TFAs, the higher circulating C18:1n-9t might be associated with increased long-term mortality. The associations with death risk turned slight with the reduction of TFAs consumption by half. However, dietary guidelines should rigorously identify the healthy effect of animal TFAs consumption.

Topics: Adult; Cause of Death; Diet; Eating; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Nutrition Surveys; Oleic Acids; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Trans Fatty Acids; United States

Chlorella vulgaris is a popular microalga used for biofuel production; nevertheless, it possesses a strong cell wall that hinders the extraction of molecules, especially lipids within the cell wall. For tackling this issue, we developed an efficient and cost-effective method for optimal lipid extraction. Microlaga cell disruption by acid hydrolysis was investigated comparing different temperatures and reaction times; after hydrolysis, lipids were extracted with n-hexane. The best recoveries were obtained at 140°C for 90 min. The microalgae were then analyzed by an untargeted approach based on liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry, providing the tentative identification of 28 fatty acids. First, a relative quantification on the untargeted data was performed using peak area as a surrogate of analyte abundance. Then, a targeted quantitative method was validated for the tentatively identified fatty acids, in terms of recovery (78-100%), intra- and interday relative standard deviations (<10 and <9%, respectively) and linearity (R

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Biofuels; Biomass; Calibration; Chlorella vulgaris; Chromatography, Liquid; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Hexanes; Hydrolysis; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Mass Spectrometry; Microalgae; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Reproducibility of Results; Stearic Acids; Temperature

The vermilion of the human lip is a unique facial area because of certain distinguishing features from the adjacent tissues such as the white lip (skin) and oral mucosa. However, the distinction in terms of molecular distribution between the vermilion and skin has remained unexplored. Therefore, we aimed to map the human lip by mass spectrometry imaging to gain understanding of the free fatty acid distribution in the vermilion. The lip specimens trimmed off during cheiloplasty were analyzed using desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging. Distributions of two monounsaturated fatty acids and three polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed in the human lip tissue: palmitoleic acid (POA) and oleic acid (OA) and linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. Although POA, OA, LA, and AA were differentially distributed across the vermilion and skin, DHA showed a higher accumulation in the epithelium of the vermilion compared to that in the skin. Our results clearly demonstrated the difference in fatty acid distributions between the vermilion and skin. The highly abundant DHA in the epithelium of the vermilion may have an antioxidant role and may thus protect the lip from aging. Our findings can provide a novel strategy for treating lip disorders.

Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Humans; Infant; Linoleic Acid; Lip; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Oleic Acid; Skin; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Tissue Distribution

Previous studies on health effects of trans fatty acids (TFA) have focused mainly on cardiovascular health. Little is known about the association of TFA with brain or mental health. In this study, we examined the associations of objectively-measured plasma TFA concentrations with depression in a large population-based cross-sectional study among U.S. adults.. We included 2136 non-pregnant participants aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010. Four major TFAs, including palmitelaidic acid (C16:1n-7t), elaidic acid (C18:1n-9t), vaccenic acid (C18:1n-7t), and linoelaidic acid (C18:2n-6t, 9t), were measured in fasting plasma using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the validated Patient Health Questionnaire-9.. Participants with depressive symptoms had a higher plasma concentration of total TFA compared with those without depressive symptoms (6.6 vs 6.0 μmol/g lipids, P = 0.046). After adjustment for other major risk factors, the odds ratio (OR) of depressive symptoms comparing the highest with lowest tertile of TFAs was 1.44 (95% CI, 0.86-2.39) for total TFAs (P for trend 0.15). For each individual type of TFA, the corresponding OR was 1.78 (1.03-3.07) for elaidic acid (P for trend 0.049), 1.23 (0.76-2.00) for linoelaidic acid (P for trend 0.37), 1.19 (0.75-1.87) for palmitelaidic acid (P for trend 0.46), and 1.20 (0.75-1.94) for vaccenic acid (P for trend 0.43).. The cross-sectional study design limited causal inferences of the findings.. In a nationally representative population, plasma elaidic acid, a major trans fatty acid, was positively associated with depressive symptoms in adults. A positive but non-significant association of depressive symptoms was observed for total TFAs, linolelaidic acid, palmitelaidic acid, and vaccenic acid.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Fasting; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Oleic Acids; Patient Health Questionnaire; Risk Factors; United States

The effect of different individual TFA isomers on cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been a limited study, especially for stroke. We aimed to investigate the relationships between four major plasma TFA isomer (elaidic, vaccenic, palmitelaidic and linolelaidic acid) concentrations and the risk of CVD, stroke and non-stroke CVD. A cross-sectional study was conducted, utilising a nationally representative sample of US adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Among the 3504 participants, 304 participants self-reported CVD history. The highest quintile of elaidic acid intake was associated with a 233% higher CVD risk (p = .010). Adjusted for age, gender and race, palmitelaidic acid was associated with a decreased CVD risk, but the effect size was diminished in a subsequent analysis model. For stroke risk, we failed to identify any associations. In addition to elaidic acid, the health effect of palmitelaidic acid should be paid more attention in the future studies.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Humans; Isomerism; Linoleic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Risk Factors; Self Report; Trans Fatty Acids; United States; Young Adult

A diet high in trans-fatty acids (TFA) induces insulin resistance in rodent models and primates. However, previous epidemiological studies on the association between TFAs, based primarily on self-reported intake from the diet, and diabetes in humans have yielded conflicting results. Herein we examined the associations of objectively measured plasma TFA concentrations with diabetes in a large population-based study among US adults.. We included 3801 participants aged ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000 and 2009-10. Four major TFAs, namely palmitelaidic acid (C16:1 n-7t), elaidic acid (C18:1 n-9t), vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7t), and linolelaidic acid (C18:2 n-6t, 9t), were measured in fasting plasma using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Diabetes was defined by self-reported physician diagnosis, plasma fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or HbA1c ≥6.5%.. After adjustment for other major risk factors, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of diabetes comparing the highest with lowest quintile of plasma TFAs was 2.19 (1.27-3.79) for total TFAs (P. In a nationally representative population, plasma TFAs, in particular elaidic acid, were positively associated with diabetes and biomarkers of glucose metabolism.

Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Fasting; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Linoleic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Risk Factors; Trans Fatty Acids; United States

Topics: Animals; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Droplets; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Toxoplasma

A method of on-line pyrolytic methylation-gas chromatography was developed for the analysis of fatty acid composition in cottonseed. Fatty acids in cottonseeds were converted to their corresponding fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of trimethylsulfonium hydroxide at 300℃. The major fatty acids were linoleic acid (C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), myristic acid (C14:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), arachidic acid (C20:0) and docosanoic acid (C22:0). The unsaturated fatty acid content varied from 66.30% to 72.54%, and linoleic acid content varied from 43.20% to 53.61%. The RSDs of the peak areas of the fatty acids were less than 10% (

Topics: Chromatography, Gas; Cottonseed Oil; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Methylation; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids

Islet adaptation to pregnancy is largely influenced by prolactin and placental lactogens. In addition serum lipids are significantly increased. Here, we report the novel observation that prolactin and oleic acid synergistically stimulate islet cell proliferation and islet growth. In neonatal rat islets, prolactin increased proliferation 6-fold, oleic acid 3.5-fold, and their combination 15-fold. The expression of insulin in these dividing cells establishes them as β-cells. Similar changes were seen in islet growth. This synergy is restricted to monounsaturated fatty acids and does not occur with other islet growth factors. Oleic acid increases prolactin-induced STAT5 phosphorylation, even though by itself it is unable to induce STAT5 phosphorylation. Their effects on Erk1/2 phosphorylation are additive. Some of the synergy requires the formation of oleoyl CoA and/or its metabolites. Unexpectedly, methyl oleic acid, a non-metabolizable analog of oleic acid, also shows synergy with prolactin. In summary, prolactin and oleic acid synergistically stimulate islet cell proliferation and islet growth in rat islets, oleic acid increases prolactin-induced STAT5 activation, and requires both the metabolism of oleic acid and non-metabolized oleic acid. Since oleic acid is the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid in serum that is elevated during pregnancy, it may contribute to increased β-cell proliferation seen during pregnancy.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biomarkers; Cell Proliferation; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Growth Hormone; Insulin; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Islets of Langerhans; Linoleic Acid; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Phosphorylation; Prolactin; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; STAT5 Transcription Factor; Tissue Culture Techniques; Up-Regulation

Laurencia obtusa (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) has tremendous nutritional value, being high in proteins, oligosaccharides, vitamins, essential minerals, and fatty acids, and it is a rich source of amino acids and trace elements. In this study, L. obtusa was extracted and subjected to phenolic, sugar and flavonoid analyses.The fatty acid, vitamin and phytosterol contents in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were evaluated when it was incubated with L. obtusa dry biomass. The fatty acids in the lipid extract were analysed after converting them into methyl esters using gas chromatography, and vitamin concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). According to the achieved results, the total fatty acid levels and vitamin contents of the S. cerevisiae prepared with algal extract increased at different rates. Our results showed that α-tocopherol decreased in the group in which the S. cerevisiae was added the algal extract. When compared to the control group, ergesterol increased in the group in which L. obtusa extract was added. Additionally, when compared to the control group in which L. obtusa extract was added, stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2) increased in the other groups. Palmitoleic acid (16:1) increased in the L. obtusa culture medium, but palmitic acid decreased in the L. obtusa culture medium. In conclusion, it was determined that the L. obtusa extract added to the development medium of S. cerevisiae caused differences in the synthesis of some vitamins and fatty acids.

Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Complex Mixtures; Culture Media; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fermentation; Laurencia; Linoleic Acid; Minerals; Palmitic Acid; Probiotics; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Stearic Acids; Vitamins

In contrast to mild infections of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) invasive infections of GAS still pose a serious health hazard: GAS disseminates from sterile sites into the blood stream or deep tissues and causes sepsis or necrotizing fasciitis. In this case antibiotics do not provide an effective cure as the bacteria are capable to hide from them very quickly. Therefore, new remedies are urgently needed. Starting from a myxobacterial natural products screening campaign, we identified two fatty acids isolated from myxobacteria, linoleic and palmitoleic acid, specifically blocking streptokinase-mediated activation of plasminogen and thereby preventing streptococci from hijacking the host's plasminogen/plasmin system. This activity is not inherited by other fatty acids such as oleic acid and is not attributable to the killing of streptococci. Moreover, both fatty acids are superior in their inhibitory properties compared to two clinically used drugs (tranexamic or ε-amino caproic acid) as they show 500-1000 fold lower IC

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Cell Line; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Plasminogen; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes; Streptokinase

Fatty acids (C6-C18) found in human amniotic fluid, colostrum, and maternal milk reduce behavioral indicators of experimental anxiety in adult Wistar rats. Unknown, however, is whether the anxiolytic-like effects of fatty acids provide a natural mechanism against anxiety in young offspring. The present study assessed the anxiolytic-like effect of a mixture of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, and linoleic acid in Wistar rats on postnatal day 28. Infant rats were subjected to the elevated plus maze, defensive burying test, and locomotor activity test. Diazepam was used as a reference anxiolytic drug. A group that was pretreated with picrotoxin was used to explore the participation of

Topics: Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety Disorders; Diazepam; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Humans; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Maze Learning; Motor Activity; Myristic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Rats; Receptors, GABA-A; Stearic Acids

Ivacaftor has produced significant improvement in certain individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), though the full metabolic effects of treatment remain unknown. Abnormalities in fatty acid metabolism have previously been shown to be a characteristic of CFTR dysfunction. We hypothesized that as a reflection of this clinical improvement, ivacaftor would improve plasma fatty acid levels and decrease urine prostaglandin E metabolite levels.. This study analyzed plasma fatty acid levels and urine prostaglandin E metabolites (PGE-M) in 40 subjects with CF participating in the G551D observational (GOAL) study who demonstrated response to the medication by a significant decrease in sweat Cl levels. Paired samples were analyzed before and after 6months of ivacaftor treatment.. Linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels, which are typically low in individuals with CF, did not significantly increase with ivacaftor treatment. However, arachidonic acid levels did decrease with ivacaftor treatment and there was a significant decrease in the arachidonic acid metabolite PGE-M as measured in the urine [median: before treatment 17.03ng/mg Cr; after treatment 9.06ng/mg Cr; p<0.001]. Furthermore, there were fatty acid age differences observed, including pediatric participants having significantly greater linoleic acid levels at baseline.. Ivacaftor reduces inflammatory PGE without fully correcting the plasma fatty acid abnormalities of CF. Age-related differences in fatty acid levels were observed, that may be a result of other clinical factors, such as diet, clinical care, or drug response.

Topics: Adult; Aminophenols; Arachidonic Acid; Child; Chloride Channel Agonists; Cystic Fibrosis; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; Drug Monitoring; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Mutation; Pilot Projects; Prostaglandins E; Quinolones

Lipase was used to hydrolyse the lard, and four pork flavours (PFs) were prepared through Maillard reaction using different enzyme-treated lards. Volatile compounds and free fatty acids of lard, and volatile compounds of PFs were analysed by GC-MS. The results showed that the total free fatty acids (FFAs) were 89.40%, 85.80% and 89.92% lower in lard control compared with three different enzyme-treated lards (S1, S2 and S3), respectively. Analysis of volatiles of PFs indicated that the effect of lard with moderate lipase treatment on Maillard reaction was more prominent than that of others. The results of descriptive sensory analysis confirmed that PF3 from S3 had the strongest porky, meaty and odour-tenacity. The relationship between FFAs in lard and volatile compounds and sensory attributes of the PFs showed that 9c-C18:1 oleic acid, 9t-C18:1 elaidic acid, 10c-C17:1 heptadecenoic acid, 9c,12c-C18:2 linoleic, C18:0 stearic and 9c-C16:1 palmitoleic might be pork flavour precursors which were present at highest concentrations in lipase MER "Amano" pretreated lard.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Food Handling; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Hydrolysis; Least-Squares Analysis; Linoleic Acid; Lipase; Maillard Reaction; Male; Middle Aged; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Red Meat; Stearic Acids; Swine; Taste; Volatile Organic Compounds; Young Adult

A putative diol synthase from the fungus Glomerella cingulate was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The putative diol synthase from G. cingulate was purified by His-Trap affinity chromatography with a specific activity of 0.87 U mg(-1), an eightfold purification, and a yield of 28%. One unit of activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required to produce 1 μmol of 7,8-dihydroxy-9,12(Z,Z)-octadecadienoic acid (7,8-DiHODE) per min. The purified enzyme was estimated as a 127-kDa tetramer with a molecular mass of 510 kDa by gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme converted linoleic acid to a product, identified as 7S,8S-DiHODE by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The specific activity and catalytic efficiency (k cat/K m) of 7,8-diol synthase from G. cingulate for the conversion of fatty acid to dihydroxy fatty acid followed the order linoleic acid > α-linolenic acid > oleic acid > palmitoleic acid, indicating that the enzyme is a 7,8-linoleate diol synthase (7,8-LDS). The activity of the enzyme for the conversion of 7,8-DiHODE from linoleic acid was maximal at pH 6.5, 40 °C, and 2.5% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Under these conditions, 7,8-LDS from G. cingulate converted 1.0 mM linoleic acid to 0.62 mM 7,8-DiHODE for 30 min, with a conversion yield of 62% (mol/mol), via 8-hydroperoxy-9,12(Z,Z)-octadecadienoic acid (8-HPODE) as an intermediate. The accumulation of 8-HPODE was due to a higher 8-dioxygenase activity in the N-terminal domain than hydroperoxide isomerase activity in the C-terminal domain.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Cloning, Molecular; Colletotrichum; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Escherichia coli; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Molecular Weight; Oleic Acid; Oxygenases; Protein Domains; Recombinant Proteins; Sequence Alignment; Substrate Specificity

Alcohol is a known carcinogen that may be associated with colorectal cancer. However, most epidemiologic studies assess alcoholic beverage consumption using self-reported data, leading to potential exposure misclassification. Biomarkers of alcohol consumption may provide an alternative, complementary approach that reduces misclassification and incorporates individual differences in alcohol metabolism. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between previously identified alcohol consumption-related metabolites and colorectal cancer and adenoma using serum metabolomics data from two studies. Data on colorectal cancer were obtained from a nested case-control study of 502 US adults (252 cases, 250 controls) within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Data on colorectal adenoma were obtained from a case-control study of 197 US adults (120 cases, 77 controls) from the Navy Colon Adenoma Study. Unconditional multivariable logistic regression models were fit to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for eight alcohol consumption-related metabolites identified in a previous analysis: ethyl glucuronide; 4-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol disulfate 1; 5-alpha-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol disulfate; 16-hydroxypalmitate; bilirubin (E,Z or Z,E); cyclo (-leu-pro); dihomo-linoleate (20:2n6); and palmitoleate (16:1n7). We found no clear association between these alcohol consumption-related metabolites and either endpoint. However, we did observe an inverse association between cyclo (-leu-pro) and colorectal adenoma that was only observed in the highest metabolite quantile (OR 4th vs. 1st Quantile = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12-0.78; P-trend = 0.047), but no association for colorectal cancer. In conclusion, there were no adverse associations between alcohol consumption-related metabolites and colorectal cancer or adenoma.

Topics: Adenoma; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Beverages; Androstane-3,17-diol; Bilirubin; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Colorectal Neoplasms; Dipeptides; Ethanol; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Glucuronates; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Palmitic Acids; Peptides, Cyclic

Nemo-like protein kinase (NLK) is a key enzyme in the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway and it is involved in adipogenesis. In this study, the associations of the polymorphisms of the NLK gene with intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid (FA) composition traits were analyzed in crossbred commercial pigs. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the porcine NLK gene were identified in 5'-flanking region and introns, consisting of g.403739_403764insdel, g.574462T>C and g.630426A>G. The NLK g.403739_403764insdel was significantly associated with IMF content and palmitoleic acid levels. No association of the NLK g.574462T>C SNP with IMF content was observed. However, this SNP was significantly associated with arachidic and eicosenoic acid levels. Moreover, the NLK g.630426A>G SNP was significantly associated with IMF content and the fatty composition of arachidic, linoleic, as well as polyunsaturated FA and ω6 FA levels. These results indicate the importance of porcine NLK as a candidate gene for porcine IMF content and fatty acid composition traits.

Topics: Adipogenesis; Animals; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Genotyping Techniques; Linoleic Acid; Muscle, Skeletal; Phenotype; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Red Meat; Swine; Wnt Signaling Pathway

During the lifespans of most animals, reproductive maturity and mating activity are highly coordinated. In Drosophila melanogaster, for instance, male fertility increases with age, and older males are known to have a copulation advantage over young ones. The molecular and neural basis of this age-related disparity in mating behavior is unknown. Here, we show that the Or47b odorant receptor is required for the copulation advantage of older males. Notably, the sensitivity of Or47b neurons to a stimulatory pheromone, palmitoleic acid, is low in young males but high in older ones, which accounts for older males' higher courtship intensity. Mechanistically, this age-related sensitization of Or47b neurons requires a reproductive hormone, juvenile hormone, as well as its binding protein Methoprene-tolerant in Or47b neurons. Together, our study identifies a direct neural substrate for juvenile hormone that permits coordination of courtship activity with reproductive maturity to maximize male reproductive fitness.

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Copulation; Courtship; Drosophila melanogaster; Drosophila Proteins; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Juvenile Hormones; Linoleic Acid; Male; Methoprene; Mutation; Pheromones; Receptors, Odorant; Sensory Receptor Cells

The obese lipid profile is associated with increased free fatty acids and triacylglycerides. Currently, little is known about the plasma lipid species associated with obesity. In this study, we compared plasma lipid fatty acid (FA) profiles as a function of BMI. Profiling phospholipid (PL) FAs and their respective oxylipids could predict which obese individuals are more likely to suffer from diseases associated with chronic inflammation or oxidative stress. We investigated the relationship between BMI and plasma PL (PPL) FA composition in 126 men using a quantitative gas chromatography analysis. BMI was inversely associated with both PPL nervonic and linoleic acid (LA) but was positively associated with both dihomo-γ-linolenic and palmitoleic acid. Compared to lean individuals, obese participants were more likely to have ω-6 FAs, except arachidonic acid and LA, incorporated into PPLs. Obese participants were less likely to have EPA and DHA incorporated into PPLs compared to lean participants. Non-esterified plasma PUFA and oxylipid analysis showed ω-6 oxylipids were more abundant in the obese plasma pool. These ω-6 oxylipids are associated with increased angiogenesis (i.e. epoxyeicosatrienoates), reactive oxygen species (i.e. 9-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate), and inflammation resolution (i.e. Lipoxin A4). In summary, BMI is directly associated with specific PPL FA and increased ω-6 oxylipids.

Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Aged; Body Mass Index; Chromatography, Gas; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Triglycerides

Animal and human adult studies indicate that long-term intake of trans fatty acids (TFAs) may be associated with weight gain. High intake of fast foods and snacks, which are rich in TFAs, is linked to overweight status among school-age children. However, the specific effects of TFAs in this population are unknown.. We examined whether serum TFAs, used as biomarkers of intake, are associated with faster weight gain and linear growth during school years.. We quantified TFAs by GLC in serum samples of 668 children aged 5-12 y at the time of recruitment into an ongoing cohort study performed in Bogota (Colombia) since 2006. Serum proportions of trans palmitoleic acid (16:1t), trans oleic acid (18:1t), trans linoleic acid (18:2t), and total TFAs were used as biomarkers of intake. Anthropometric characteristics were measured periodically for a median of 30 mo. Body mass index-for-age z scores (BAZs) and height-for-age z scores (HAZs) were calculated with the use of the WHO reference. We estimated mean changes in BAZs and HAZs over follow-up according to quartiles of each TFA at baseline by using mixed-effects regression models with restricted cubic splines.. Proportions of trans palmitoleic acid, trans oleic acid, trans linoleic acid, and total TFAs (mean ± SD, % of total serum FAs), were 0.22 ± 0.06, 0.91 ± 0.37, 0.96 ± 0.27, and 2.10 ± 0.59, respectively. Serum TFAs were not associated with changes in BAZs and HAZs after adjusting for sex, baseline age, and socioeconomic status. In a subgroup analysis by sex, serum trans palmitoleic acid was positively associated with the estimated change in HAZs from ages 6 to 14 y in boys (with use of the first quartile as the reference, differences in HAZs for trans palmitoleic acid quartiles were 0.73, 0.53, and 0.70, P-trend = 0.03).. Proportions of serum TFAs, used as biomarkers of TFA intake, were not associated with weight gain in children aged 6-14 y in low- and middle-income populations in Bogota. The proportion of trans palmitoleic acid was positively associated with linear growth in boys. Longer follow-up and studies in diverse cohorts with wider ranges of TFA intake are warranted.

Topics: Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Child; Child Development; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Colombia; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Oleic Acid; Snacks; Socioeconomic Factors; Trans Fatty Acids; Weight Gain

The significance of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids (EMFAs) and their ratios to predict hyperglycemia and incident type 2 diabetes is unclear.. We investigated EMFAs as predictors of the worsening of hyperglycemia and incident type 2 diabetes in a 5-y follow-up of a population-based study.. We measured EMFAs in 1346 Finnish men aged 45-73 y at baseline [mean ± SD age: 55 ± 6 y; body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 26.5 ± 3.5]. Our prospective follow-up study included only men who were nondiabetic at baseline and who had data available at the 5-y follow-up visit (n = 735).. Our study showed that, after adjustment for confounding factors, palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7; P = 2.8 × 10(-7)), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n-6; P = 2.3 × 10(-4)), the ratio of 16:1n-7 to 16:0 (P = 1.6 × 10(-8)) as a marker of stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1 activity, and the ratio of 20:3n-6 to 18:2n-6 (P = 9.4 × 10(-7)) as a marker of Δ(6)-desaturase activity significantly predicted the worsening of hyperglycemia (glucose area under the curve in an oral-glucose-tolerance test). In contrast, linoleic acid (18:2n-6; P = 0.0015) and the ratio of 18:1n-7 to 16:1n-7 (P = 1.5 × 10(-9)) as a marker of elongase activity had opposite associations. Statistical significance persisted even after adjustment for baseline insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and glycemia. Palmitoleic acid (P = 0.010) and the ratio of 16:1n-7 to 16:0 (P = 0.004) nominally predicted incident type 2 diabetes, whereas linoleic acid had an opposite association (P = 0.004), and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids did not show any associations.. EMFAs and their ratios are associated longitudinally with changes in glycemia and the risk type 2 diabetes.

Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Aged; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Erythrocyte Membrane; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Finland; Follow-Up Studies; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Insulin Secretion; Linear Models; Linoleic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase; White People

Dietary and endogenous fatty acids could play a role in low-grade inflammation. In this cross-sectional study the proportions of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids (EMFA) and the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and adiponectin were measured and their confounder-adjusted associations examined in 1373 randomly selected Finnish men aged 45-70 years participating in the population based Metsim study in Eastern Finland. The sum of n-6 EMFAs, without linoleic acid (LA), was positively associated with concentrations of CRP and IL-1Ra (r partial=0.139 and r partial=0.115, P<0.001). These associations were especially strong among lean men (waist circumference <94 cm; r partial=0.156 and r partial=0.189, P<0.001). Total n-3 EMFAs correlated inversely with concentrations of CRP (r partial=-0.098, P<0.001). Palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) correlated positively with CRP (r partial=0.096, P<0.001). Cis-vaccenic acid (18:1n-7) was associated with high concentrations of adiponectin (r partial=0.139, P<0.001). In conclusion, n-6 EMFAs, except for LA, correlated positively with the inflammatory markers. Palmitoleic acid was associated with CRP, whereas, interestingly, its elongation product, cis-vaccenic acid, associated with anti-inflammatory adiponectin.

Topics: Adiponectin; Aged; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Erythrocyte Membrane; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; Linoleic Acid; Male; Middle Aged

Because alterations in blood fatty acid (FA) composition by dietary lipids are associated with insulin resistance and related metabolic disorders, we hypothesized that serum phospholipid FA composition would reflect the early alteration of fasting glycemic status, even in people without metabolic syndrome (MetS). To examine this hypothesis, serum phospholipid FA, desaturase activities, fasting glycemic status, and cardiometabolic parameters were measured in study participants (n = 1022; 30-69 years; male, n = 527; female, n = 495; nondiabetics without disease) who were stratified into normal fasting glucose (NFG) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) groups. Total monounsaturated FA (MUFA), oleic acid (OA; 18:1n-9), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA; 20:3n-6), Δ-9-desaturase activity (D9D; 18:1n-9/18:0), and DGLA/linoleic acid (20:3n-6/18:2n-6) in serum phospholipids were significantly higher in IFG subjects than NFG controls. Study subjects were subdivided into 4 groups, based on fasting glucose levels and MetS status. Palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) was highest in IFG-MetS and lowest in NFG-non-MetS subjects. Oleic acid and D9D were higher in IFG-MetS than in the other 3 groups. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and DGLA/linoleic acid were higher in MetS than in non-MetS, regardless of fasting glucose levels. The high-sensitivity C-reactive proteins (hs-CRPs) and 8-epi-prostaglandin-F2α were higher in IFG than in NFG, regardless of MetS status. Oxidized low-density lipoproteins were higher in IFG-MetS than in the other 3 groups. Total MUFAs, OA, and D9D were positively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, fasting glucose, triglyceride, hs-CRP, and 8-epi-prostaglandin-F2α. Palmitoleic acid was positively correlated with triglyceride and hs-CRP. Lastly, total MUFA, OA, palmitoleic acid, and D9D were associated with early alteration of fasting glycemic status, therefore suggesting that these may be useful markers for predicting the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic diseases.

Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dinoprost; Fasting; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Linoleic Acid; Lipoproteins, LDL; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Oleic Acid; Phospholipids; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase; Triglycerides

This study compares the composition and biophysical properties of lipids in non-diapausing and diapausing fifth instar larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis Hubn. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The majority of fat body lipids in both of these physiological states were comprised of ~90% triacylglycerols (TAGs), whereas the haemolymph contained a more even distribution of all lipid classes. The fatty acid composition and biophysical properties of the fat body lipids differed markedly between non-diapausing and diapausing larvae. Diapause was associated with a dramatic increase in the proportions of palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) and oleic acid (18:1n-9), with concurrent reductions in palmitic acid (16:0) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6). The increase in the level of unsaturation of the fat body lipids, which caused a marked shift in their phase transitions to lower temperatures, was triggered by diapause rather than low temperatures. Adjustments of fatty acid compositions are likely to be an important component of winter diapause mechanisms, possibly maintaining the fluidity of cell membranes and the functionality of the organism during lower winter temperatures.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Diapause, Insect; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Larva; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Moths; Seasons; Temperature; Triglycerides

The association of individual fatty acids with ischemic stroke has not been thoroughly studied, and results have been inconsistent. Few prospective studies have systematically explored the association of biomarkers of fatty acid intake with stroke. The aim of this study was to explore which individual plasma fatty acids would be associated with higher risk of ischemic stroke among whites.. We studied 3,870 white men and women from the Minneapolis field center of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, aged 45-64 years at baseline (1987-1989), who had plasma cholesterol ester (CE) and phospholipid (PL) fatty acids measured. Participants were followed through 2008 for incident ischemic stroke. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) across quartiles of each fatty acid, measured as the percentage of total fatty acids, were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model.. During a maximum of 22 years of follow-up, we identified 168 cases of ischemic stroke. After adjustment for age and sex, plasma levels of saturated fatty acids were associated positively: HR (95% CI) of the highest versus the lowest quartile for CE fraction was 1.93 (1.23-3.04, p for trend = 0.01) and that for PL fraction was 1.64 (1.05-2.57, p for trend = 0.03). There was also a positive linear association with monounsaturated fatty acids, especially with palmitoleic acid: HR (95% CI) of the highest versus the lowest quartile for CE fraction was 1.86 (1.20-2.87, p for trend = 0.003) and that for PL fraction was 1.52 (0.99-2.34, p for trend = 0.005). No associations of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with ischemic stroke were observed, but linoleic acid was inversely and nonlinearly associated with ischemic stroke: HR (95% CI) of the highest versus the lowest quartile for CE fraction was 0.64 (0.43-0.97, p for trend = 0.13) and that for PL fraction was 0.69 (0.45-1.05, p for trend = 0.24). These associations were generally unchanged after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors.. In this US cohort of whites, we found significant positive associations of plasma saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, especially of palmitoleic acid, with ischemic stroke. We also found an inverse nonlinear association between linoleic acid and ischemic stroke.

Topics: Age of Onset; Brain Ischemia; Cholesterol Esters; Confidence Intervals; Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Linoleic Acid; Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase; Male; Middle Aged; Phospholipids; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Risk; United States

NEFA plays numerous roles in the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and proteins. A number of experimental studies have shown that NEFA may have an important role in fatty acid metabolism in the liver, especially in dairy cows that experience negative energy balance (NEB) during early lactation.. In this study, using fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA, and primary hepatocytes cultured in vitro, we examined the effect of NEFA (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mmol/L) on fatty acid metabolism by monitoring the mRNA and protein expression of the following key enzymes: long chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL), carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA (CPT IA), long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADL), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC).. The mRNA and protein expression levels of ACSL and ACADL markedly increased as the concentration of NEFA in the media was increased. The mRNA and protein expression levels of CPT IA were enhanced significantly when the NEFA concentrations increased from 0 to 1.6 mmol/L and decreased significantly when the NEFA concentrations increased from 1.6 to 3.2 mmol/L. The mRNA and protein expression of ACC decreased gradually with increasing concentrations of NEFA.. These findings indicate that increased NEFA significantly promote the activation and β-oxidation of fatty acids, but very high NEFA concentrations may inhibit the translocation of fatty acids into mitochondria of hepatocytes. This may explain the development of ketosis or liver lipidosis in dairy cows. CPT IA might be the key control enzyme of the fatty acid oxidation process in hepatocytes.

Topics: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain; Animals; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Cattle; Cells, Cultured; Coenzyme A Ligases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Gene Expression Regulation; Hepatocytes; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a hardy, fruit-producing plant known historically for its medicinal and nutraceutical properties. The most recognized product of sea buckthorn is its fruit oil, composed of seed oil that is rich in essential fatty acids, linoleic (18:2 ω-6) and α-linolenic (18:3 ω-3) acids, and pulp oil that contains high levels of monounsaturated palmitoleic acid (16:1 ω-7). Sea buckthorn is fast gaining popularity as a source of functional food and nutraceuticals, but currently has few genomic resources; therefore, we explored the fatty acid composition of Canadian-grown cultivars (ssp. mongolica) and the sea buckthorn seed transcriptome using the 454 GS FLX sequencing technology.. GC-MS profiling of fatty acids in seeds and pulp of berries indicated that the seed oil contained linoleic and α-linolenic acids at 33-36% and 30-36%, respectively, while the pulp oil contained palmitoleic acid at 32-42%. 454 sequencing of sea buckthorn cDNA collections from mature seeds yielded 500,392 sequence reads, which identified 89,141 putative unigenes represented by 37,482 contigs and 51,659 singletons. Functional annotation by Gene Ontology and computational prediction of metabolic pathways indicated that primary metabolism (protein>nucleic acid>carbohydrate>lipid) and fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis pathways were highly represented categories. Sea buckthorn sequences related to fatty acid biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis were identified, and a subset of these was examined for transcript expression at four developing stages of the berry.. This study provides the first comprehensive genomic resources represented by expressed sequences for sea buckthorn, and demonstrates that the seed oil of Canadian-grown sea buckthorn cultivars contains high levels of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in a close to 1:1 ratio, which is beneficial for human health. These data provide the foundation for further studies on sea buckthorn oil, the enzymes involved in its biosynthesis, and the genes involved in the general hardiness of sea buckthorn against environmental conditions.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Base Sequence; Biosynthetic Pathways; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fruit; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Library; Hippophae; Linoleic Acid; Molecular Sequence Data; Plant Oils; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; Saskatchewan; Seeds; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Transcriptome

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) interferes with cellular membrane structure. The orientation of lipid molecules is changed, especially in the vicinity of proteins, leading to decreased membrane fluidity. Adaptation to HHP requires increased membrane fluidity, often achieved through a rise in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. In this work, a desaturase-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain (OLE1 gene deletion) was grown in media supplemented with fatty acids differing in size and number of unsaturations and submitted to pressure up to 200 MPa for 30 min. Desaturase-deficient yeast supplemented with palmitoleic acid demonstrated increased sensitivity to pressure compared to cells supplemented with oleic acid or a proportionate mixture of both acids. In contrast, yeast cells grown with linoleic and linolenic acids were more piezoresistant than cells treated with oleic acid. Furthermore, growth with palmitoleic acid led to higher levels of lipid peroxidation. Intracellular trehalose during HHP treatment increased cell tolerance to pressure. However, when trehalose remained extracellular cells were sensitised to pressure. Therefore, fatty acid composition and trehalose content might play a role in the protection of the cell membrane from oxidative damage produced by HHP, confirming that alteration in cell membrane fluidity is correlated with pressure resistance in yeast.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Cell Membrane; Culture Media; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Gene Deletion; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Hydrostatic Pressure; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Peroxidation; Oleic Acid; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase; Stress, Physiological; Trehalose

The association of fatty acid composition with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes has been reported in Western populations, but there is limited evidence of this association among the Japanese, whose populace consume large amounts of fish. To test the hypothesis that high palmitic, palmitoleic, and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids and low levels of linoleic and n-3 fatty acids are associated with higher insulin resistance among the Japanese, the authors investigated the relationship between serum fatty acid composition and serum C-peptide concentrations in 437 Japanese employees aged 21 to 67 years who participated in a workplace health examination. Serum cholesterol ester and phospholipid fatty acid compositions were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Desaturase activity was estimated by fatty acid product-to-precursor ratios. A multiple regression was used to assess the association between fatty acid and C-peptide concentrations. C-peptide concentrations were associated inversely with linoleic acid levels in cholesterol ester and phospholipid (P for trend = .01 and .02, respectively) and positively with stearic and palmitoleic acids in cholesterol ester (P for trend =.02 and .006, respectively) and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid in cholesterol ester and phospholipid (P for trend < .0001 for both). C-peptide concentrations were not associated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. C-peptide concentrations significantly increased as δ-9-desaturase (16:1 n-7/16:0) and δ-6-desaturase (18:3 n-6/18:2 n-6) increased (P for trend = .01 and .03, respectively) and δ-5-desaturase (20:4 n-6/20:3 n-6) decreased (P for trend = .004). In conclusion, a fatty acid pattern with high levels of serum stearic, palmitoleic, or dihomo-γ-linolenic acids; δ-9-desaturase (16:1 n-7/16:0) or δ-6-desaturase (18:3 n-6/18:2 n-6) activities; and low levels of serum linoleic acid or δ-5-desaturase (20:4 n-6/20:3 n-6) activity might be associated with higher insulin resistance in Japanese adults.

Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Adult; Aged; Asian People; C-Peptide; Cholesterol Esters; Chromatography, Gas; Cross-Sectional Studies; Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Linoleic Acid; Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Phospholipids; Regression Analysis; Stearic Acids; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase; Young Adult

Caenorhabditis elegans FAT-2 has been characterized as fatty acid Δ12-desaturase able to desaturate C16 and C18 fatty acids. However, in this report we show that when expressed in yeast cells this enzyme can also catalyze Δ15 desaturation. This results in the production of both linoleic acid (ω6 C18:2Δ9,12) and linolenic acid (ω3 C18:3Δ9,12,15) from oleic acid (C18:1Δ9) substrate, and hexadecadienoic acid (ω4 C16:2Δ9,12) and hexadecatrienoic acid (ω1 C16:3Δ9,12,15) from palmitoleic acid (C16:1Δ9) substrate. In addition, this enzyme can also produce C14:2Δ9,12, C15:2Δ9,12, C17:2Δ9,12, and C18:4Δ6,9,12,15 when C14:1Δ9, C15:1Δ9, C17:1Δ9, and C18:3Δ6,9,12 substrates are available in yeast cells. Mass spectrometry analysis of 2,4-dimethyloxazoline modification of fatty acid methyl esters confirms the positions of all newly formed double bonds. These results indicate that when expressed in yeast the C. elegans Δ12-desaturase CeFAT-2 shows a characteristic of a bifunctional Δ12/Δ15-desaturase and has a great deal of elasticity with respect to fatty acid chain length in being able to accept fatty acids ranging from C14 to C18. Interestingly, despite possessing a bifunctional Δ12/Δ15 desaturation activity, phylogenetic analysis suggests that C. elegans Δ12-desaturase CeFAT-2 might have arisen independently from other reported dual Δ12/Δ15-desaturases from fungi and protozoa.

Topics: Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; Chromatography, Gas; Cloning, Molecular; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Gene Expression Regulation; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Models, Genetic; Oleic Acid; Phylogeny; Protein Binding

In the lactating mammary gland, prolactin (PRL) stimulates the synthesis of lactose as well as fatty acid uptake, lipogenesis, and triacylglycerol synthesis. Associations between bovine PRL receptor (PRLR) genotype and fat yield have been reported, which illustrates the role of PRL in conveying lipids toward the udder as well as in stimulating their local synthesis during lactation. Conversely, and to the best of our knowledge, the effects of PRLR genotype on milk fatty acid content have not been studied so far in any mammalian species. In this study, we sequenced most of the coding region of the caprine PRLR gene in several individuals from the Malagueña and Murciano-Granadina breeds. This approach allowed us to identify 2 long and short mRNA isoforms, produced by alternative splicing, and 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely, c.177T>C, c.1131G>A, c.1201G>A and c.1355C>T. Two of these SNPs are nonsynonymous and involve G401R (c.1201G>A) and T452I (c.1355C>T) amino acid substitutions in the cytoplasmic domain of PRLR, which plays a fundamental role in signal transduction. Performance of an association analysis with milk composition traits in a Murciano-Granadina goat population revealed highly suggestive effects on palmitoleic acid content, whereas suggestive effects were detected for other fatty acids, such as palmitic and linoleic. These results are consistent with the pleiotropic effects of PRL on mammary gland lipid metabolism and milk composition.

Topics: Alternative Splicing; Animals; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Genetic Association Studies; Genetic Variation; Goats; Lactation; Linoleic Acid; Mammary Glands, Animal; Milk; Palmitic Acid; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Protein Isoforms; Receptors, Prolactin; RNA, Messenger; Species Specificity

This study is to assess the antibacterial activity of omega-6, -7, -9 (n-6, n-7, n-9) fatty acids against various oral microorganisms.. The n-6, n-7, n-9 fatty acids, such as gamma-linoleic acid (GLA), linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (ARA), palmitoleic acid (PA), and oleic acid (OA), their fatty acid ethyl esters, GLA-EE, LA-EE, ARA-EE, PA-EE, OA-EE, and their fatty acid methyl esters, GLA-ME, LA-ME, ARA-ME, PA-ME, OA-ME, were investigated for antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Various concentrations of the fatty acids, their methyl and ethyl esters were tested against various oral pathogens in 96-well plates and blood-agar plate. The plates were incubated anaerobically or aerobically at 37 degrees C for 48h, and the colony forming units (CFU) were determined.. The data demonstrated that select n-6, n-7, n-9 fatty acids and their esters exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against these oral microorganisms, demonstrating some specificity for individual microbial species.. The potential use or the combinations of the n-6, n-7, n-9 fatty acids and/or their esters, provided in a local delivery vehicle to infected sites in the oral cavity, could be considered as an additional therapeutic approach to improving oral health.

Topics: Aerobiosis; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Anaerobiosis; Anti-Infective Agents; Arachidonic Acid; Candida albicans; Colony Count, Microbial; Esters; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Fusobacterium nucleatum; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Mouth; Oleic Acid; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Streptococcus gordonii; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis; Temperature; Time Factors

1. A study was conducted to evaluate how body weight and age of each female are related to the number and physical and chemical characteristics of the eggs produced throughout a breeding season in a captive-bred population of Greater Rheas (Rhea americana). 2. Reproductive performance of 15 females of three age classes (5 individuals per class) was monitored; female body weight was recorded before laying-onset. All the eggs laid were collected and identified, and different morphometric variables, percentage of components and fatty acid composition were determined. 3. The earlier the female started egg-laying, the longer the laying period and the greater the overall number of eggs produced. The onset of egg-laying in turn seemed to be related to the attainment of a high body weight. 4. Except for length, the values of the morphometric variables of the egg and unsaturated fatty acids (palmitoleic, oleic and linoleic) increased with female age. 5. High body weight was associated with low palmitic and palmitoleic fatty acids and high linoleic, linolenic and total unsaturated fatty acids. 6. Live weight and age of females can determine several physical and chemical characteristics of eggs.

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Clutch Size; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Linoleic Acid; Ovum; Palmitic Acid; Reproduction; Rheiformes; Time Factors

Fatty acid composition has become an important trait in the beef industry in terms of beef flavor and decreasing the circulating concentration of LDL cholesterol. In this study, we examined the association between polymorphisms of six genes, adipocytes-type fatty acid binding protein (FABP4), liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha), cytochrome b5 (Cyt b5), long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL) 1, ACSL4 and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) and fatty acid composition.. Sequence comparisons revealed 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms in six genes. Four of them, I74V and V110M in FABP4 and G51E and V133I in LXRalpha, were nonsynonymous substitutions. The associations between the genotypes and fatty acid compositions were analyzed by using 234 Japanese Black cattle. The genotypes of FABP4 I74V and LXRalpha V133I were significantly associated with palmitoleic acids (C16:1, P = 0.0086) and linoleic acid (C18:2, P = 0.0121) content in intramuscular fat, respectively.. Our findings suggest that the two polymorphisms of FABP4 I74V and LXRalpha V133I might be genetic factors in part associated with palmitoleic acid (FABP4 I74V) and linoleic acid (LXRalpha V133I) composition in intramuscular fat of Japanese Black cattle, respectively. Especially, FABP4 I74V had highly significant effect (P < 0.01) on C16:1 proportion, indicating that the I/I homozygote exhibited 0.5% higher percentage than V/V homozygote.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Body Composition; Cattle; DNA-Binding Proteins; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Genetic Markers; Genotype; Linoleic Acid; Liver X Receptors; Male; Orphan Nuclear Receptors; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear

Peroxyl radicals were derived from the one-electron oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by sulfate radicals that were generated by the photodissociation of peroxodisulfate anions in air-equilibrated aqueous solutions. Reactions of these peroxyl and neutral guanine radicals, also generated by oxidation with sulfate radicals, were investigated by laser kinetic spectroscopy, and the guanine oxidation products were identified by HPLC and mass spectrometry methods. Sulfate radicals rapidly oxidize arachidonic (ArAc), linoleic (LnAc), and palmitoleic (PmAc) acids with similar rate constants, (2-4) x 10 (9) M (-1) s (-1). The C-centered radicals derived from the oxidation of ArAc and LnAc include nonconjugated Rn(.) ( approximately 80%) and conjugated bis-allylic Rba(.) ( approximately 20%) radicals. The latter were detectable in the absence of oxygen by their prominent, narrow absorption band at 280 nm. The Rn(.) radicals of ArAc (containing three bis-allylic sites) transform to the Rba(.) radicals via an intramolecular H-atom abstraction [rate constant (7.5 +/- 0.7) x 10 (4) s (-1)]. In contrast, the Rn(.) radicals of LnAc that contain only one bis-allylic site do not transform intramolecularly to the Rba(.) radicals. In the case of PmAc, which contains only one double bond, the Rba(.) radicals are not observed. The Rn(.) radicals of PmAc rapidly combine with oxygen with a rate constant of (3.8 +/- 0.4) x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). The Rba(.) radicals of ArAc are less reactive and react with oxygen with a rate constant of (2.2 +/- 0.2) x 10 (8) M (-1) s (-1). The ArAc peroxyl radicals formed spontaneously eliminate superoxide radical anions [rate constant = (3.4 +/- 0.3) x 10 (4) M (-1) s (-1)]. The stable oxidative lesions derived from the 2',3',5'-tri- O-acetylguanosine or 2',3',5'-tri- O-acetyl-8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine radicals and their subsequent reactions with ArAc peroxyl radicals were also investigated. The major products found were the 2,5-diamino-4 H-imidazolone (Iz), dehydroguanidinohydantoin (Gh ox), and diastereomeric spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp) nucleosides from 2',3',5'-tri- O-acetylguanosine and the Gh ox and Sp nucleosides from 2',3',5'-tri- O-acetyl-8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine. In air-saturated aqueous solutions, covalent alkylated guanine adducts were not detected.

Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Free Radicals; Guanine; Linoleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxides; Photolysis; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

Previously observed relationships between dietary composition and production of a small number of individual milk fatty acids were the motivation to examine whether equations could be developed to predict production of all the major individual milk fatty acids. Such equations could be incorporated into ration formulation programs and used to examine factors that influence milk fat composition. Data from 29 published experiments on Holstein cows that provided 120 dietary treatments were entered into CPM-Dairy to obtain estimates of amounts of individual long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) absorbed from the intestines. These derived data and other dietary and animal data including the reported fatty acid composition of milk fat were entered into a spreadsheet. Descriptors of diet included daily intake of dry matter, total fermentable carbohydrate, total fatty acids, and profile of dietary fatty acids, intake of neutral detergent fiber, supplemental fish-oil, buffer, and magnesium oxide. Cow data included body weight and days in milk (DIM). Multiple linear regression was used to develop equations to predict the production (g/d) of each of 26 major LCFA. The equations developed generally had R(2) values in excess of 0.5. Production (g/d) of total de novo fatty acids (C4:0 to C15:0) (PTdenovo) was found to be positively related to the intake of fermentable carbohydrate, and negatively related to the intake of fish oil fatty acids and the estimated total amount of unsaturated fatty acids absorbed from the intestines. The PTdenovo was greater in pasture-fed cows than total mixed ration-fed cows and was negatively related to the square root of DIM. Production of each individual de novo fatty acid was described by a fixed proportion of PTdenovo. These proportions were 0.12 +/- 0.006 (C4:0), 0.083 +/- 0.0039 (C6:0), 0.0516 +/- 0.0025 (C8:0), 0.111 +/- 0.003 (C10:0), 0.134 +/- 0.0037 (C12:0), 0.441 +/- 0.007 (C14:0), 0.046 +/- 0.0024 (C14:1), and 0.0432 +/- 0.0017 (C15:0). Separate independent equations were developed to describe the daily production of C16:0, C16:1, and the main individual preformed fatty acids (>C16). The productions of each of the main individual pre-formed fatty acids were generally strongly related to the corresponding estimated amount (g/d) of specific fatty acids absorbed from the intestines. Percentage estimates for the direct transfer of the major absorbed LCFA to their corresponding LCFA in milk were 42% (C16:0); 9.5% (C18:0); 47.5% (cis-9 C18:1

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Eating; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Fermentation; Fish Oils; Intestinal Absorption; Lactation; Linear Models; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Magnesium Oxide; Milk; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Rumen; Stearic Acids

Polyunsaturated free fatty acids (PUFAs) participate in normal functioning of the cell, particularly in control intracellular cell signalling. As nutritional components they compose a human diet with an indirect promoting influence on tumourogenesis. The PUFAs level depends on the functional state of the membrane. This work is focused on changes only of free unsaturated fatty acids amount (AA - arachidonic acid, LA - linoleic acid, ALA - alpha-linolenic acid, palmitoleic acid (PA) and oleic acid) in cell membranes of colorectal cancer of pT3 stage, G2 grade without metastasis. Qualitative and quantitative composition of free unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. It was shown that the malignant transformation was accompanied by a decrease in amount of LA and ALA while arachidonic and oleic acids increased. It is of interest that free AA levels are elevated in colon cancer, as AA is the precursor to biologically active eicosanoids.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Arachidonic Acid; Cell Membrane; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Colorectal Neoplasms; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including linoleic acid (C18 : 2) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18 : 3), are major components of membranes. PUFAs are produced from monounsaturated fatty acids by several fatty acid desaturases (FADs) in many fungi, but Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and humans do not have these enzymes. Although the fungal pathogen Candida albicans produces C18 : 2 and C18 : 3, the enzymes that synthesize them have not yet been investigated. In this report, two ORFs, CaFAD2 and CaFAD3, were identified based on their homology to other yeast FADs, and CaFAD2 and CaFAD3 gene disruptants were constructed. Cafad2Delta and Cafad3Delta lost their ability to produce C18 : 2 and C18 : 3, respectively. Furthermore, S. cerevisiae cells expressing CaFad2p converted palmitoleic acid (C16 : 1) and C18 : 1 to hexadecadienoic acid (C16 : 2) and C18 : 2, respectively, and CaFad3p-expressing cells converted C18 : 2 to C18 : 3. These results strongly supported that CaFAD2 encodes the Delta12 FAD and that CaFAD3 encodes the omega3 FAD. However, phenotypic analysis demonstrated that the presence of these PUFAs did not affect the virulence to mice, or morphogenesis in the culture media used to induce morphological change of C. albicans.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Gene Deletion; Linoleic Acid; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutagenesis, Insertional; Recombinant Proteins; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Virulence

An increase in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a natural fatty acid present in our diet, which possesses anticarcinogenic and antiatherogenic activities in experimental models, has been found in both the plasma and adipose tissue of end-stage chronic renal failure (ESCRF) patients. Increased levels of retinol have also been found in those patients, due to a reduced excretion of the retinol-binding protein. Since retinol is known to influence lipid metabolism, we evaluated whether changes in retinol, CLA, and other fatty acids are correlated in the plasma of CRF patients. We measured CLA, retinol, and unsaturated fatty acids in the plasma of the following groups: (A) 35 ESCRF patients; (B) 20 hemodialysis (HD) patients; (C) 20 healthy controls. Subjects with total cholesterol and/or triglycerides higher than 250 mg/dL were excluded. We found a significant increase in CLA, retinol, palmitoleic (16:1), and oleic (18:1) acids in ESCRF patients. In HD patients we found a similar pattern, however, CLA increase was not significant. No changes were observed in the other fatty acids measured. In the groups of ESCRF and HD patients, a positive correlation between the levels of plasma retinol and CLA, and between retinol and 16:1 was found. These correlations were not detected in controls. The abnormal levels of plasma retinol in CRF patients might partly explain the changes in CLA and 16:1. The influence of retinol levels on these fatty acids might be due to an induction of delta 9 desaturase. In fact, 16:1 is known to be produced, partly, by delta 9 desaturation of palmitic acid. Moreover, the formation of CLA from delta 9 desaturation of vaccenic acid-a trans-monounsaturated fatty acid present in our diet-has recently been demonstrated in humans. Nevertheless, our data do not represent direct evidence supporting an increased delta 9 desaturase activity in CRF patients. Another possible explanation might be a variation in the exogenous intake.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Aged; Albumins; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Hemoglobins; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Linoleic Acid; Middle Aged; Renal Dialysis; Triglycerides; Uric Acid; Vitamin A

Effect of various fatty acids on the membrane potential of an alkaliphilic Bacillus, YN-2000, was examined. Addition of unsaturated fatty acids such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid at 30 microM caused the instantaneous depolarization of the membrane potential of the bacterium, which appears to result in the drastic decrease of viability. On the other hand, no depolarization was detected by the addition of saturated acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and 12-hydroxystearic acid even at 1 mM.

Topics: Bacillus; Cell Membrane; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fluorescence; Linoleic Acid; Membrane Potentials; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Rhodamines; Stearic Acids

The aim of this study was to compare the contents of the main biochemical compounds and the antioxidant capacity of five Spanish olive oils by four different antioxidant tests and to find out the most valuable oil for disease preventing diets. Fatty acids, sterols and individual antioxidant compounds in Arbequina, Hojiblanca, Extra Virgin, Picual and Lampante Spanish olive oils were determined. Antioxidant activities were done as well using different radical scavenging activities: total radical-trapping antioxidative potential by ABAP (TRAP-ABAP), radical scavenging activity by DPPH (RSA-DPPH), antioxidant assay by beta-carotene-linoleate model system (AA-beta-carotene) and total antioxidant status by ABTS (TAA-ABTS). The highest content of all studied antioxidant compounds (353; 329; 4.6 and 2.7 mg/kg for tocopherols, tocotrienols, polyphenols and o-diphenols, respectively) was found in Extra Virgin oil. Also the highest antioxidant capacity was observed in Extra Virgin oil (668 nM/ml; 29.4%; 40.4% and 2.64 mM TE/kg for TRAP-ABAP, RSA-DPPH, AA- beta-carotene and TAA-ABTS, respectively). The correlation between total phenols and antioxidant capacities measured by four methods was very high, but the highest for the beta-carotene (R = 0.9958). In conclusion, the best method for determination of the antioxidant capacity of olive oils is the beta-carotene test. Extra Virgin olive oil has high organoleptic properties and the highest antioxidant activity. The above-mentioned makes this oil a preferable choice for diseases preventing diets.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Antioxidants; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Linoleic Acid; Myristic Acid; Oleic Acid; Olive Oil; Palmitic Acid; Phenols; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Polymers; Polyphenols; Sitosterols; Spain; Stearic Acids

We showed the inhibitory effect of oleic and palmitoleic acids (OA and POA) on this trans10, cis12 (10t, 12c)-CLA induced cytotoxic activity. When cells were cultured in the presence of 10t, 12c-CLA, this potent cytotoxic effect on dRLh-84 cells was clearly obvious when compared to the control vehicle group. It was revealed that the levels of cellular OA and POA levels decreased upon cis9, trans11 (9c,11t) or 10t, 12c-CLA treatment in a time course dependent manner. OA or POA demonstrates a dose dependent inhibition of the 10t, 12c-CLA induced cytotoxicity. Notable nuclear fragmentation or activation of caspase-3 and 9 by 10t, 12c-CLA in dRLh-84 was counteracted by treatment with OA or POA. Results also suggest that 10t, 12c-CLA induced apoptosis can be inhibited by treatment with OA or POA.

Topics: Animals; Caspase 3; Caspase 9; Caspases; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Liver Neoplasms; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Oleic Acid; Rats; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Reduced protein intake during pregnancy decreased maternal hepatic and plasma docosahexaenoic acid concentrations and impaired docosahexaenoic acid accumulation into fetal brain in the rat. The present study investigated whether restriction of maternal protein intake during pregnancy in the rat alters membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition in the offspring after weaning. Female rats (six per group) were mated and fed diets containing either 180 or 90 g protein/kg throughout pregnancy. Mothers were transferred to standard chow after delivery and the litters reduced to eight pups. Weaning was at 28 d and pups were killed 5 to 6 d later. Tissue weights or membrane total phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) concentrations in the offspring did not differ between dietary groups. There were significant differences between the 180 and 90 g/kg groups in liver, brain, lung and heart fatty acid composition that differed between tissues and phospholipid classes. For example, docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid concentrations were 23 and 10 % lower respectively in hepatic PC, but not PE, in the 90 g/kg group. In brain, docosahexaenoic acid concentration was 17 % lower in PC, but not PE, while arachidonic acid content was 21 % greater in PE but unchanged in PC. The greatest differences were in unsaturated fatty acids, which suggests alterations to desaturase activities and/or the specificity of phospholipid biosynthesis. These results suggest that restricted maternal protein intake during pregnancy results in persistent alterations to membrane fatty acid content.

Topics: Animals; Brain; Cell Membrane; Dietary Proteins; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Lung; Myocardium; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phospholipids; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Weaning

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the transfer of dietary CLA to broiler chicken tissues (breast, drumstick meat, skin, and abdominal fat) and its effect on productive traits and on carcass yields of birds. Cobb 500 females (n=360), divided into three groups, received from 22 d to slaughtering age (47 d) a grower diet supplemented with 2% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) source containing 60% CLA methyl esters (CLA2) or 4% CLA source (CLA4). The control group had no supplementation. The addition of CLA source to chicken diet decreased the content of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (oleic and palmitoleic acids) in breast and drumstick meat. The deposition of CLA in muscles significantly increased as the dietary CLA increased, whereas only little amounts of CLA were detected in the control group. Arachidonic acid (ARA) content was significantly depressed and linearly related to the addition of CLA to the chicken diet. Other non-CLA polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were little affected by the dietary CLA supplementation. Saturated fatty acids (myristic and stearic acids) significantly increased about 30% in abdominal fat pad of both treated groups enhancing the firmness of abdominal fat. Productive performances--as well as carcass yields--were similar across dietary treatment of birds.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Chickens; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Linoleic Acid; Meat; Muscle, Skeletal; Myristic Acid; Oleic Acid; Reproduction; Stearic Acids

In anthropology, objective parameters to adequately describe storage conditions and the preservation of mummies have yet to be identified. Considering that fatty acids degrade to stable products, we analysed their profile in human mummies and in control samples by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Originating from different epochs and civilizations, samples of the Tyrolean Iceman, other glacier corpses, a freeze dried mummy, corpses from a permafrost region, a corpse mummified immersed in water, and a desert mummy were evaluated. Chemometric analysis based on the concentrations of 16 fatty acids revealed the degree of similarity between anthropologic and fresh corpse samples, which was mainly influenced by the content of palmitic acid, oleic acid, and 10-hydroxystearic acid. The presence of 10-hydroxystearic acid was associated with immersion in water, whereas dry mummification was accompanied by high contents of oleic acid. Samples of the Tyrolean Iceman clustered between fresh tissue and those of other glacier corpses indicating the good preservation of this mummy. Thus, environmental post-mortem conditions were associated with characteristic fatty acid patterns suggesting that chemometric analysis of fatty acid contents may add to our knowledge about post-mortem storage conditions and the preservation of human corpses.

Topics: Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Mummies; Oleic Acid; Waxes

The sebaceous gland is an integral part of the pilosebaceous unit of mammalian skin, which produces and secretes a unique mixture of lipids, known as sebum. Wax esters, which account for approximately 25% of human sebaceous lipids, are unique in that they are not synthesized by other cells in the body. To explore the biosynthesis of wax esters, the metabolic fate of exogenously supplied saturated (16:0, 18:0), mono-unsaturated Delta9 (16:1, 18:1), and polyunsaturated (18:2, Delta9,12) fatty acids was followed in biopsy punches from human facial skin rich in sebaceous glands. Acetate was incorporated into all of the cellular and secreted lipids and 16:0 was incorporated into all of the fatty-acid-containing lipids. The 16:0 was elongated to 18:0 and the 16:1 was incorporated primarily into polar lipids, secondarily into triglycerides, but not into other lipids and was elongated to 18:1 (Delta11). As proven by HPTLC analysis, both 18:0 and 18:1 were incorporated into the cellular lipids but at a lower rate into wax esters. Moreover, addition of exogenous 18:1 was not further processed following initial incorporation. Linoleic acid (18:2, Delta9,12) was the only fatty acid tested that appeared to be subjected to beta-oxidation. This was proven to be specific to linoleic acid, as it did not induce the oxidation of other fatty acids. The ability of the sebaceous cells to synthesize wax esters correlated with the beta-oxidation activity in these cells. Thus, the oxidation of linoleic acid is specific for the sebaceous cells and correlates with their function and differentiation. Our results provide evidence that the sebaceous gland selectively utilizes fatty acids as 16:0 is the preferred fatty acid that is incorporated into wax esters and linoleic acid undergoes beta-oxidation.

Topics: Aged; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Middle Aged; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitic Acid; Sebaceous Glands

Fatty acids have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on insulin secretion. Long-term exposure to fatty acids results in impaired insulin secretion whilst acute exposure has generally been found to enhance insulin release. However, there are conflicting data in the literature as to the relative efficacy of various fatty acids and on the glucose dependency of the stimulatory effect. Moreover, there is little information on the responses of human islets in vitro to fatty acids. We have therefore studied the acute effects of a range of fatty acids on insulin secretion from rat and human islets of Langerhans at different glucose concentrations. Fatty acids (0.5 mM) acutely stimulated insulin release from rat islets of Langerhans in static incubations in a glucose-dependent manner. The greatest effect was seen at high glucose concentration (16.7 mM) and little or no response was elicited at 3.3 or 8.7 mM glucose. Long-chain fatty acids (palmitate and stearate) were more effective than medium-chain (octanoate). Saturated fatty acids (palmitate, stearate) were more effective than unsaturated (palmitoleate, linoleate, elaidate). Stimulation of insulin secretion by fatty acids was also studied in perifused rat islets. No effects were observed at 3.3 mM glucose but fatty acids markedly potentiated the effect of 16.7 mM glucose. The combination of fatty acid plus glucose was less effective when islets had been first challenged with glucose alone. The insulin secretory responses to fatty acids of human islets in static incubations were similar to those of rat islets. In order to examine whether the responses to glucose and to fatty acids could be varied independently we used an animal model in which lactating rats are fed a low-protein diet during early lactation. Islets from rats whose mothers had been malnourished during lactation were still able to respond effectively to fatty acids despite a lowered secretory response to glucose. These data emphasise the complex interrelationships between nutrients in the control of insulin release and support the view that fatty acids play an important role in glucose homeostasis during undernutrition.

Topics: Animals; Caprylates; Cells, Cultured; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Islets of Langerhans; Lactation; Linoleic Acid; Models, Animal; Nutrition Disorders; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitates; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stearates; Stimulation, Chemical

Rumenic acid (cis-9, trans-11-C(18:2)) represents approx. 80% of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in dairy products. CLA has been shown to exert beneficial effects on health, but little work has been devoted to the ability to oxidize CLA isomers and the role of these isomers in the modulation of beta-oxidation flux. In the present study, respiration on rumenic acid was compared with that on linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12-C(18:2)) with the use of rat liver mitochondria. In state-3, respiration was decreased by half with rumenic acid in comparison with linoleic acid. In the uncoupled state, respiration on CLA remained 30% lower. The lower ability to oxidize CLA was investigated through characterization of the enzymic steps. Rumenic acid was 33% less activated by acyl-CoA synthase than was linoleic acid. However, after such activation, the transfer of both acyl moieties to carnitine by carnitine acyltransferase I (CAT I) was of the same order. Moreover, CAT II activity was comparable with either isomer. After prior incubation with rumenic acid, oxidation of octanoic acid by re-isolated mitochondria was unimpaired, but that of palmitoleic acid was impaired unless linoleic acid was used in the prior incubation. The slower respiration on cis-9, trans-11-C(18:2) is suggested to arise from lower carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase activity towards the acylcarnitine form, causing an upstream increase in the corresponding acyl-CoA.

Topics: Animals; Caprylates; Carnitine Acyltransferases; Cattle; Cell Respiration; Coenzyme A Ligases; Dairy Products; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Mitochondria, Liver; Oxygen Consumption; Rats; Stearic Acids; Stereoisomerism

The effects of capsaicin, a major pungent agent of capsicum fruits, on biliary free fatty acids (FFAs) were studied in male rats. Animals were dosed 100 mg/kg capsaicin after the administration of olive oil, and the bile was obtained for 6 hours continuously after dosing with capsaicin for analysis of FFAs using HPLC methods. Capsaicin significantly decreased the total biliary FFA concentration in the animals which had been previously increased by the administration of olive oil. The main FFAs in the bile of control rats are lauric and palmitic acids, followed by linoleic, oleic, stearic and palmitoleic acids. Capsaicin alone decreased the values of these main FFAs. While lauric, palmitic, linoleic, stearic and arachidonic acids were increased significantly by the treatment with olive oil, elevation of these FFAs was inhibited by the treatment with capsaicin.

Topics: Animals; Bile; Capsaicin; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Male; Oleic Acid; Olive Oil; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Rats; Stearic Acids

Determination of free fatty acids (FFAs) in control serum and human plasma was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Peak height for palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids at a detection potential of -415 mV vs a saturated calomel electrode showed a linear relation to acid amount in the range 50-1600 pmol. The present method for plasma free fatty acid determination required only 10 microL of plasma sample. The method is simple and the time for blood pretreatment is short. Change in plasma FFA with blood glucose level was monitored before and after meal ingestion by this method, using one male and one female subject. It was possible to rapidly reduce plasma FFA and increase blood glucose subsequent to the meal. The present method is thus shown to have potential for clinical application.

Topics: Adult; Arachidonic Acid; Blood Glucose; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Electrochemistry; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acids; Stearic Acids; Time Factors

After 21 days on a diet containing 1 g% cholesterol and 0.5 g% cholic acid, rats had an increased content of cholesterol in liver microsomal lipids. In liver, both cholesterol content and delta9 desaturase activity increased, whereas delta6 and delta5 desaturase activities decreased. These changes correlated with increases in oleic, palmitoleic, and linoleic acids and decreases in arachidonic and docosahexenoic acids in total microsomal lipids. Similar fatty acid changes were found in phosphatidylcholine (PC), the principal lipid of the microsomal membrane. In PC the predominant molecular fatty acid species (67% of the total) in the control rats were 18:0/20:4, 16:0/20:4, and 16:0/18:2; and they mainly determined the contribution of PC to the biophysical and biochemical properties of the phospholipid bilayer. The cholesterol diet decreased specifically the 18:0/20:4 species, and to a lesser extent, 16:0/20:4 and 18:0/22:6. The 18:1-containing species, especially 18:1/18:2 and less so 16:0/18:1 and 18:1/20:4, were increased. A new 18:1/18:1 species appeared. The independent effects of the presence of cholesterol and change of the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid bilayer of liver microsomes on the packing were studied by fluorescence methods using 6-lauroyl-2,4-dimethylaminonaphthalene, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and 1-(4-trimethylammonium phenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, which test different parameters and depths of the bilayer. Data showed that the increase of cholesterol in the membrane, and not the change of the fatty acid composition of phospholipids, was the main determinant of the increased bulk packing of the bilayer. The increase of fluid oleic- and linoleic-containing species almost compensated for the drop in 20:4- and 22:6-containing molecules. But the most important effect was that the general drop in essential n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids meant that this endogenous source for the needs of the animal decreased.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cholesterol; Cholic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase; Diphenylhexatriene; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase; Lipid Bilayers; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Models, Theoretical; Oleic Acid; Phosphatidylcholines; Phospholipids; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase; Time Factors

Fatty acids (FA) that are utilized for triglyceride (TG) synthesis in the liver and principally from two sources: FA synthesized de novo in the liver and preformed FA. We have measured the contribution from the two sources to very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) TG synthesis individually for palmitate, oleate, stearate, and linoleate (approximately 98% of the total FA of VLDL TG (VLDL TGFA)) by isotopomer analysis. Five healthy men were studied in the basal state, and 1 (day 1) and 4 days (day 4) after the start of a hypercaloric carbohydrate-enriched diet (approximately 2.5 times energy expenditure). The secretion of de novo palmitate was increased 15- and 43-fold after 1 and 4 days of hyperalimentation (2.6+/-1.2 (basal state), 40.8+/-20.0 (day 1), and 113.3+/-42.0 micromol/kg per d (day 4)). Even though 4 days of hyperalimentation increased the secretion of de novo stearate 43-fold and de novo oleate 70-fold (stearate; 0.2+/-0.2 (basal), 8.6+/-3.3 micromol/kg per d (day 4), oleate; 0.4+/-0.4 (basal), 28.2+/-12.7 micromol/kg per d (day 4)), palmitate accounted for 75-85% of all the de novo VLDL TGFA. One day of carbohydrate hyperalimentation tended to decrease the secretion while 4 days increased the secretion of all preformed FA in VLDL TG. The rate of secretion of preformed palmitate and oleate were almost identical (palmitate; 80.2+/-22.2 (basal), 45.1+/-23.8 (day 1), and 256.2+/-74.1 micromol/kg per d (day 4), oleate; 95.2+/-22.8 (basal), 46.2+/-24.2 (day 1), and 356.8+/-74.1 micromol/kg per d (day 4)) and collectively these two FA accounted for 80-90% of the secretion from the preformed source. Palmitate is the predominant product of acute and prolonged carbohydrate mediated lipogenesis in the human liver. The pathway of further elongation and subsequent desaturation of de novo synthesized palmitate to generate stearate and oleate is inducible but, quantitatively, of minor significance in hepatic lipogenesis.

Topics: Dietary Carbohydrates; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glucose; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Lipoproteins, VLDL; Liver; Male; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides

It has been suggested that lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. To test this hypothesis, we aimed to compare PUFA composition of small arteries and veins (< 500 microm diameter) obtained from diabetic or non-diabetic Guadeloupean patients undergoing arterio-venous shunt surgery before renal dialysis. Small forearm subcutaneous vessels were analysed by a new TLC method which involved inclusion of vascular biopies directly in alveoles made in the TLC gel and lyophilization onto the plate. The TLC plate was then chromatographed and lipids were both extracted and eluted during this step. Fatty acid composition of phospholipid and neutral lipid fractions were determined. Similar fatty acid composition was obtained for arteries and veins from diabetic or non-diabetic subjects. In phospholipids from diabetic vessels, major changes consisted of a 20% decrease of arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6), a 40% decrease of its elongation product 22:4 n-6 and 30% increase of 18:2 n-6. In neutral lipids, 20:4 n-6 was also diminished by 60% whereas oleic acid increased by 15%. This loss of arachidonic acid in small diabetic vessels suggests impaired delta6-desaturase forming 20:4 n-6 or alternatively increased peroxide formation, in the vascular wall of small vessels in diabetic patients.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Aged; Animals; Aorta; Arachidonic Acid; Arteries; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Cricetinae; Diabetes Mellitus; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Oleic Acid; Phospholipids; Veins

Previous studies have shown that phenylketonuric patients display a deficiency in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. A study has now been performed on 13 cases (5 with methylmalonic acidaemia and 8 with urea cycle disorders) whose dietary treatment also implies a limitation in protein-rich food. Plasma and red-cell phospholipid fatty acid profiles were studied. The most relevant results were a lower percentage of docosahexaenoic acid in plasma and red-cell phospholipids (0.91% +/- 0.53% vs 2.88% +/- 1.17% and 2.07% +/- 0.92% vs 3.62% +/- 1.01% (p < 0.001)) and a lower percentage of arachidonic acid in plasma (5.22% +/- 2.02% vs 8.3% +/- 2.11% (p < 0.001)). A long-chain polyunsaturated acid deficiency has also been confirmed in this group of metabolic patients and a dietary supplement is recommended since this population is subject to a special risk factor with regard to adequate psychomotor development. By extrapolating these data to the general population, the possibility can be inferred that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are semi-essential in infant nutrition far beyond the breast-feeding period.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Arachidonic Acid; Child; Child, Preschool; Citrulline; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Linoleic Acid; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Methylmalonic Acid; Myristic Acid; Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease; Phospholipids

The effect of seven levels of Cd2+ viz. 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80 ppm (micrograms/g soil) supplied as cadmium chloride, on lipid components of sunflower seeds was studied in a pot experiment. The total and neutral lipids decreased while polar lipids (phospho and glycolipids) increased with the increasing levels of Cd2+. Oleic acid and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids in the total, polar and neutral lipid fractions. Oleic acid generally increased while linoleic acid decreased in all the lipid fractions with Cd2+ levels. The neutral lipid fraction had higher levels of palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acid as compared to the total and polar lipid fractions. The plant dry weight and seed yield decreased whereas cadmium concentration in seeds increased consistently with increasing Cd2+ levels.

Topics: Cadmium; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Glycolipids; Helianthus; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Phospholipids; Seeds; Stearic Acids

The maximal activity of the overt from of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I; EC 2.3.1.21) and its sensitivity to inhibition by malonyl CoA were measured in mitochondria prepared from the livers of rats which had been fed for 10 weeks on either a low fat diet (LF; 2.4% fat by weight) or on one of four high fat diets which contained 20% by weight of either hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO), olive oil (OO), safflower oil (SO) or menhaden (fish) oil (MO). CPT I activity (i.e. activity per g of liver tissue), was elevated in animals fed the OO, SO or MO diets compared with those fed the LF or HCO diets. Feeding the HCO diet did not result in elevation of CPT I activity compared with feeding the LF diet. CPT I specific activity (i.e. activity per mg mitochondrial protein) was elevated in animals fed SO diet, but not in animals fed any of the other high fat diets. These observations suggest that an elevated fat load is not solely responsible for increasing CPT I activity, but that the fatty acid composition of the diet also plays a role. Hepatic CPT I activity of rats fed the LF diet was most sensitive to inhibition by malonyl CoA ([I50] = 0.53 microM). Each of the high fat diets decreased the sensitivity of CPT I to inhibition by malonyl CoA; CPT I activity in the livers from animals fed the MO diet was the least sensitive to malonyl CoA inhibition ([I50] = 1.8 microM). The fatty acid compositions of the major mitochondrial membrane phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin were modified according to the fatty acid composition of the diet. Each of these phospholipids had a distinct fatty acid composition and similar effects of dietary lipid manipulation on the fatty acid compositions were observed. Feeding the SO diet resulted in fatty acid compositions which were most similar to those found after feeding the LF diet. Feeding the HCO and OO diets increased the proportions of stearic and oleic acids, respectively, while decreasing the proportion of linoeic acid. Feeding the MO diet resulted in increased proportions of palmitic, palmitoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids and decreased proportions of linoleic and arachidonic acids in each of the phospholipids. It is proposed that the effects of dietary lipid manipulation upon CTP I activity and sensitivity to inhibition by malonyl CoA are due to alterations in the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids in the mitochondrial membrane where CPT I resides.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cardiolipins; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Coconut Oil; Dietary Fats; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fish Oils; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Malonyl Coenzyme A; Mitochondria, Liver; Olive Oil; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phospholipids; Plant Oils; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Safflower Oil

Methanol extracts of the hepatopancreas of mussels (Mytilus edulis) harvested at two locations (Ship Harbour and Wine Harbour) in eastern Nova Scotia, Canada, were found to be toxic to mice after intraperitoneal injection. The commonly known toxins, such as those associated with diarrhetic shellfish poison (DSP), paralytic shellfish poison, and domoic acid, were not present in the extracts. However, they were found to contain elevated levels of free fatty acids. Using a modified DSP extraction procedure the quantities of free fatty acids determined (by latroscan TLC/FID) in the hepatopancreases of mussels were 2.9 mg/g (Ship Harbour 1), 2.2 mg/g (Ship Harbour 2), 1.2 mg/g (Wine Harbour), and 0.15 mg/g (Prince Edward Island, control). After further investigation it was determined that certain unsaturated fatty acids were mainly responsible for the toxicity. These included palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, octadecatetraenoic, and eicosapentenoic acids. Artificial mixtures of pure standards of these acids prepared in the same concentrations as found in the shellfish samples were also toxic to mice. These results indicate that elevated levels of free fatty acids in mussel hepatopancreas from locations in eastern Canada can lead to mouse deaths when using the DSP mouse bioassay procedure.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Bivalvia; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Flame Ionization; Glycerides; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Male; Mice; Nova Scotia

Unabsorbed dietary unsaturated fatty acids may cause diarrhea in patients with steatorrhea, but their ability to cause colonic fluid secretion is not known. The present study investigated the effect of several dietary long-chain unsaturated fatty acids on colonic absorption and morphology in the rat colon in vivo. The fatty acids tested induced concentration-dependent net water secretion. The ability of these fatty acids to induce net water secretion varied as follows: linolenic acid (18:3) > linoleic acid (18:2), ricinoleic acid (18:1 OH) > oleic acid (18:1), palmitoleic acid (16:1). Net absorption of sodium and chloride were decreased in fatty acid perfusions. Mucosal activity of sodium potassium adenosine triphosphate and adenyl cyclase were not significantly altered by fatty acids. Epithelial cell damage was noted and correlated with the ability of the fatty acid to induce fluid secretion. Unsaturated fatty acids induce epithelial cell damage and fluid secretion in the colon, their effect being related to the degree of unsaturation.

Topics: Adenylyl Cyclases; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Colon; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Hydroxylation; In Vitro Techniques; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Potassium; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Ricinoleic Acids; Sodium; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase

Increase in dietary fat intake has been reported to be associated with progression of hormone-dependent cancers. To explore its mechanism, we examined the effects of fatty acids on the growth of androgen-dependent SC-3 cells cloned from mouse mammary cancer (Shionogi carcinoma 115). Their androgen-dependent growth was potentiated by linoleic acid in the defined medium. The effect of linoleic acid on fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-dependent growth was also addressed because androgen had been demonstrated to exert its mitogenic activity on SC-3 cells through an induction of the unique FGF family protein termed as androgen-induced growth factor. Exposure of SC-3 cells to basic FGF or androgen-induced growth factor exhibited only transient growth response. However, simultaneous addition of linoleic acid to the medium sustained the proliferation of FGF-stimulated, but not FGF-unstimulated, cells, although linoleic acid did not exert the significant effect on the process of S-phase entry of basic FGF-stimulated cells. Palmitoleic acid and oleic acid appeared to exert the actions similar to linoleic acid, while stearic acid was without any effect. Neither cyclooxygenase inhibitor nor 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor could block the growth-promoting ability of linoleic acid. Linoleic acid also enhanced their anchorage-independent growth in the presence of basic FGF. These results indicate that these unsaturated fatty acids play a role in sustaining the proliferation of FGF-stimulated SC-3 cells.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acids; Benzoquinones; Cell Adhesion; Cell Cycle; Cell Division; Culture Media, Serum-Free; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; Indomethacin; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal; Mice; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Testosterone; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Plasma lipids and fatty acids have been linked to coronary artery disease (CAD), and linoleic acid deficiency has been proposed as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but few studies have considered their multivariate effects or found the biochemical shifts associated with abnormal fatty acid metabolism or essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. We studied fatty acid patterns associated with CAD using high-resolution capillary column gas-liquid chromatography to analyze fasting plasma from 47 patients with angiographically documented CAD and 56 reference subjects. CAD patients exhibited a shift in fatty acid metabolism similar to that associated with EFA-deficient patients. Compared with reference subjects, CAD patients had (1) reduced percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids ([PUFA] 45% v 50%, P < .001), (2) increased monounsaturated fatty acids (26% v 22%, P < .001), (3) higher ratios of Mead (20:3 omega 9) to arachidonic (20:4 omega 6) acid (0.016 v 0.013, P < .04), (4) increased levels of 16:1 omega 7 (2.10% v 1.55%, P < .001), and (5) higher concentrations of total fatty acids (356 v 284 mg/dL, P < .001), saturated fatty acids (101 v 75 mg/dL, P < .001), monounsaturated fatty acids (91 v 63 mg/dL, P < .001), PUFA (159 v 143 mg/dL, P < .01), 20:3 omega 9 (0.5 v 0.3 mg/dL, P < .01) and 16:1 omega 7 (7.7 v 4.5 mg/dL, P < .01). On indices of EFA status that depend on percentages or ratios of fatty acids or on the production of abnormal fatty acids, CAD patients were between severely EFA-deficient patients and healthy subjects, a state referred to as EFA insufficiency. Patients had metabolic shifts toward increased production of monounsaturated fatty acids and increased ratios of derivatives to precursors of omega 6 fatty acids, shifts that occur when cells are EFA-deficient. Levels of EFAs were negatively correlated with levels of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. The percentage of 18:2 omega 6 was positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and the ratio of HDL to total cholesterol (r = .58, P < .001, and r = .61, P < .001, respectively) and negatively correlated with triglycerides and total cholesterol (r = .61, P < .001, and r = -.24, P < .01, respectively). Opposite correlations with these parameters were observed with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids, total cholesterol, and indicators of EFA deficiency increased and the HDL to total cholesterol ratio and PUFA decreased the pro

Topics: Adult; Aged; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Disease; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors

Total plasma fatty acids were analysed in 75 first trimester pregnant women, 32 second trimester pregnant women, 27 women at delivery and 38 non-pregnant women. Eleven fatty acids were studied by capillar gas chromatography SP-column. Compared with non-pregnant women, in the first trimester there was a significant percentual increase in palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and docosahexaenoic acids, whereas linoleic and eicosapentaenoic percentually decreased. Between the first and second trimester a significant increase in the proportion of palmitic acid and a significant percentual decrease in arachidonic acid was detected. Between the second trimester and delivery the aforementioned changes were more marked. Between the second trimester and delivery there was also a significant percentual increase in oleic and linolenic acids, whereas the proportions of stearic, linoleic, dihomogammalinolenic and docosahexaenoic acids significantly decreased. It is suggested that the intake in polyunsaturated fatty acids should be increased during pregnancy, specially in the third trimester.

Topics: Adult; Arachidonic Acid; Chromatography, Gas; Cross-Sectional Studies; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Humans; Labor, Obstetric; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Pregnancy

Epidemiological and laboratory animal model studies have provided evidence that the effect of dietary fat on colon tumorigenesis depends on the amount of fat and its composition. Because of the importance of the composition of dietary fat and of tissue membrane fatty acid composition in tumor promotion, experiments were designed to investigate the relative effects of high fat diets rich in omega 3, omega 6 and omega 9 fatty acids and colon carcinogen on the phospholipid fatty acid composition of liver, colon, small intestine, erythrocytes and blood plasma. At 6 wk of age, groups of animals were fed diets containing 5% corn oil (LFCO), 23.5% corn oil (HFCO), 23.5% olive oil (HFOO), and 20.5% fish oil plus 3% corn oil (HFFO). Two weeks later all the animals except the vehicle-treated animals received azoxymethane s.c. once weekly for 2 wk at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg body weight. Animals were sacrificed 5 d later and liver, colon, small intestine and erythrocytes and blood plasma were analyzed for phospholipid fatty acids. The results indicate that the phospholipid fatty acid composition of liver, colon and small intestine of HFCO diet fed animals, were not significantly different from those fed the LFCO diet. The levels of palmitoleic acid and linoleic acid were increased in erythrocytes and blood plasma of the animals fed the HFCO diet compared to those fed the LFCO diet. Feeding the HFOO diet significantly increased the oleic acid content and decreased the linoleic acid and arachidonic acid levels in various organs when compared to the HFCO diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Colon; Corn Oil; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Erythrocytes; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fish Oils; Intestine, Small; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Liver; Male; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Olive Oil; Phospholipids; Plant Oils; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344

Fatty acid esters of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA-FA) are present in the circulation, although no physiological function has yet been attributed to these metabolites. They are formed directly in serum and are predominantly localized in association with lipoproteins. The objective of this study was to determine the capacity of these lipoprotein-incorporated DHEA metabolites to generate nonconjugated steroids after incubation with cells in culture. A method for studying DHEA-FA using a radiolabeling technique that marks human low density lipoproteins (LDL) with tritiated DHEA-FA was elaborated. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of tritiated DHEA-FA-labeled LDL ([3H] DHEA-FA-LDL) indicated the prevalence of DHEA-linoleate/palmitoleate and DHEA-oleate. Incubation of [3H]DHEA-FA-LDL with ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells produced a time-dependent increase in labeled nonconjugated steroids in the cell culture medium, whereas the levels of tritiated DHEA-FA decreased. Lipoidal radioactivity in cells increased with time, but nonconjugated radioactivity associated with the cells showed no such increase. HPLC analysis of the culture medium indicated the presence of DHEA and androst-5-ene-3 beta,17 beta-diol. The endogenous levels of lipoidal DHEA were also determined in human plasma and its lipoprotein components to reveal that these metabolites circulate naturally in the range of 6.5 +/- 0.4 nM. Approximately 90% of this concentration was associated with the lipoprotein components, namely among the LDL and high density lipoprotein fractions. These results suggest that lipoidal DHEA may indeed act as a substrate for potent steroid formation after their entry into steroid target cells.

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Humans; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipoproteins; Lipoproteins, LDL; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Steroids; Tumor Cells, Cultured

The uptake of myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C:16,N-7), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1,N-9), linoleic (C18:2,N-6) and arachidonic (C20:4,N-6) acids from plasma free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TGA), phospholipids (PL) and cholesterol esters (CE) was measured in tissue-isolated hepatomas 7288CTC and 7777 in vivo. Adult tumour-bearing Buffalo rats were fed a normal chow diet ad libitum and were subjected to darkness from 1800 to 0600 h. Arterial plasma levels of FFA, TGA, PL and CE were increased during the dark period without change in fatty acid compositions. Arteriovenous difference measurements of tumour lipid uptake were performed between 0600 and 0900 h and included both high (dark) and low (light) arterial blood lipid concentrations. The rate of lipid uptake from each lipid class was directly dependent on the rate of supply of the lipid to the tumour. The efficiency of uptake, however, depended on the type of plasma lipid and the tumour. During one pass of arterial blood, hepatoma 7288CTC (n = 5 to 13) removed 46, 33, 36 and 31%, and hepatoma 7777 (n = 7 to 9) removed 48, 50, 52 and 49% of the fatty acids supplied in FFA, TGA, PL and CE, respectively. Perfusion of tissue-isolated tumours in situ with donor blood containing plasma free (1-14C)palmitic acid showed that 14C-palmitic acid was removed from the arterial blood and was incorporated into tumour lipids and that 14CO2 was released into the tumour venous blood. Uptake of the seven fatty acids over a 24 h period was greatest from PL greater than TGA greater than FFA greater than CE and was estimated to total 18.1 +/- 3.5 mg fatty acids g-1 for hepatoma 7288CTC and 25.9 +/- 3.5 mg fatty acids g-1 for hepatoma 7777. Both hepatoma 7288CTC and 7777 grew at a rate of about 1 g day-1 and contained 13.4 +/- 2.5 and 10.6 +/- 3.9 mg of these 7 fatty acids g-1 tumour wet weight, respectively. We conclude that these two tumours obtain all of the fatty acids needed for daily growth from host arterial blood.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Male; Myristic Acid; Myristic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Inbred BUF; Stearic Acids

Improved serum-free media were developed for the anchorage-dependent growth of A549 human lung carcinoma and B16 mouse melanoma cell lines in vitro. Type 1 transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta 1) inhibited the growth of A549 or B16 cells under serum-free conditions or in the presence of 10% serum by 15-33%. In contrast, in the presence of micrograms/ml concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), picomolar concentrations of TGF-beta 1 irreversibly inhibited the serum-free growth of A549 or B16 cells by 90-100%. The PUFAs alone had little effect on cell growth. Cell growth inhibition by TGF-beta 1 was not potentiated by saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, or prostaglandins. Inhibition of A549 or B16 cell growth by TGF-beta 1 in the presence of PUFAs was almost completely reversed by the antioxidant vitamin E, suggesting a role for lipid peroxidation in this process. Inhibition of A549 or B16 cell growth by TGF-beta 1 in the presence of 5% fetal calf serum was also potentiated by PUFAs and partially reversed by antioxidants. The presence of retinoic acid was required for maximal PUFA-dependent growth inhibition of A549 or B16 cells by TGF-beta 1 under some, but not all, conditions. These results suggest that inhibition of carcinoma and melanoma cell growth by TGF-beta 1 is mediated, in large part, by PUFAs.

Topics: Animals; Carcinoma; Cell Division; Cell Line; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Kinetics; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lung Neoplasms; Melanoma, Experimental; Mice; Palmitic Acids; Stearic Acids; Transforming Growth Factors; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Vitamins

Weaned rats (21-day old, 44 +/- 2 g) were distributed into 3 groups. The first group was raised on a laboratory diet for 7 or 20 days (control group). The second was fed a diet containing 0.07% fat for 1, 2, 3, 7 or 66 days. The third one was fed the low-fat diet for 7 days and then switched to a laboratory chow diet for 1, 2, 5 or 9 days. Cardiolipin (CL) on the one hand and other mitochondrial phospholipids taken as a whole (PLm) on the other hand were prepared from liver mitochondria and their fatty acids analysed. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in PLm (18:2 (n-6), 20:4 (n-6), 22:6 (n-3) acids) decreased abruptly during the first 3 days of fat deficiency and then remained rather stable till day 7. CL behaved in a quite different way. 18:2 (n-6) acid, the major polyunsaturated fatty acid of CL, decreased continuously between day 1 and day 7 from 79% to 33%. A value of 19.6% was reached on day 66. When deficient rats were transferred to an equilibrated diet, the fatty acid profile of PLm was rapidly restored. Major effects were already achieved during the first 24 h and a fatty acid composition identical to that of control rats was reached within 2 days. A considerably longer period (about 9 days) was necessary for CL to reach a level analogous to that of control rats. The diminution of linoleic acid in CL was brought about by increases in the levels of monoenoic acids: palmitoleic (16:1 (n-7)), oleic (18:1 (n-9)) and cis-vaccenic (18:1 (n-7)) acids which accounted for 18.0%, 17.7% and 17.9% respectively on day 7. Increases in the (n-7) monoenes remained comparatively low in PLm, which showed a sharp rise in their oleic acid content (from 3.9% to 12.7% in 3 days). The proportion of cis-vaccenic acid relative to total octadecenoic acids was decreased from 75% to 50% in CL. A similar trend, but of smaller magnitude, was also noticed in PLm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Cardiolipins; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Mitochondria, Liver; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acids; Phospholipids; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Ecdysteroid levels detected by RIA in extracts of mature ovaries from Periplaneta americana increased approximately fourfold (53 +/- 10 to 184 +/- 38 ng/g; +/- SEM, n = 3) on treatment with Helix pomatia "sulphatase" enzymes. HPLC analysis showed that this increase in immunoreactivity resulted from the hydrolysis of six apolar compounds that cochromatographed with the ecdysteroid esters previously shown to be present in newly laid oothecae (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6; A. J. Slinger, L. N. Dinan, and R. E. Isaac (1986). Insect Biochem. 16 (i), 115-119). Intact ovaries cultured in saline were able to take up [3H]ecdysone from the medium and synthesize ecdysone esters, most of which cochromatographed with immunoreactive peaks from ovaries and oothecae. Crude homogenates and membranes prepared from mature ovaries were also able to esterify ecdysone in vitro. The enzyme activity associated with a high-speed pellet was greatly enhanced by the addition of coenzyme A fatty acyl esters, each reaction resulting in the synthesis of a single major metabolite. The three esters formed on incubating ecdysone with coenzyme A-palmitate, -lineate, and -oleate could be characterized by their retention times on HPLC which were identical to compounds A2, A5, and A6, respectively. These compounds were the three quantitatively important immunoreactive esters found in ovaries and newly laid oothecae. The data presented indicates that ovaries can esterify ecdysone with palmitic, linoleic, and oleic acids and that these apolar derivatives are transferred to the egg. The esters appear to be different from the ecdysone 22-fatty acyl esters that have been isolated from ticks and other insects.

Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Animals; Cell Membrane; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cockroaches; Ecdysone; Ecdysteroids; Ecdysterone; Esterification; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Invertebrate Hormones; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Ovary; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Periplaneta; Radioimmunoassay; Stearic Acids

The effect of insulin on the oxidative desaturation of 1-14C palmitic acid to palmitoleic acid (delta 9 desaturase) 1-14C linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid (delta 6 desaturase) on rat liver microsomes and 1-14C eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid to arachidonic acid (delta 5 desaturase) on rat liver microsomes and hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells was studied. After 12 h of insulin injection, at a dose of 2.5-12.5 U/kg no change was found in delta 9 desaturation activity while delta 5 desaturation activity decreased. The conversion of linoleic to alpha-linolenic acid decreased when the amount of insulin injected was 5 U/kg or more. The effect of insulin (5 U/kg) on delta 9, delta 6 or delta 5 desaturation activity was tested from 1 to 12 h after the injection. The conversion of palmitic acid to palmitoleic acid showed no important changes along the time, while delta 5 desaturation activity decreased at all the times tested. delta 6 Desaturation activity showed a slight increase after 1 h of insulin treatment and then decreased significantly up to the end of the experiment. The addition of 400 mU/ml or more of insulin to the incubation medium of HTC cells produced a significant decrease on the conversion of eicosatrienoic acid to arachidonic acid. The effect of insulin on fatty acid desaturation activity of liver microsomes of normal rats differs from that of diabetic rats. The role of this hormone in relation to other hormones, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid biosynthesis on the activity of the desaturases was discussed.

Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Arachidonic Acids; Blood Glucose; Cells, Cultured; Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Insulin; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Linolenic Acids; Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase; Liver; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Palmitic Acids; Rats; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase

Fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography in lipid extracts of plasma and tissues obtained from three categories of 46 patients with cystic fibrosis. Low levels of the major essential fatty acid linoleate were found in plasma total lipids of patients who had malabsorption but not in those without evidence of steatorrhea. Circulating arachidonic acid was only slightly decreased, and the unusual triene reflecting pathologically altered fatty acid metabolism (20:3 omega 9) was generally not detected, nor was the triene/tetraene ratio abnormal except for in two patients. There was no correlation between plasma linoleate and age, clinical severity score, or vitamin E status. Decreased linoleate did correlate with two indices of malabsorption, namely plasma carotene (r = 0.64) and fecal fat excretion (r = 0.76). Our data therefore indicate that the abnormality in linoleate is associated with (secondary to) malabsorption of dietary fat despite pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy and consumption of a regular diet. The frequency of this alteration was determined to be quite high in 40 patients with steatorrhea, 85% of whom showed values below the lower limit of normal for plasma linoleate. It was of interest to find markedly decreased levels of linoleate in adipose tissue, cardiac muscle, and lung and lesser reductions in liver and psoas muscle taken at autopsies. Tissue arachidonic acid percentage was normal, however, and 20:3 omega 9 was rarely present. Thus, the physiological significance of this common abnormality in CF patients with malabsorption remains to be determined.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Child; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Cystic Fibrosis; Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipids; Malabsorption Syndromes; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency

The subcutaneous adipose tissue of genetically obese mice (ob/ob) differs from that of lean littermates not only by virtue of its larger cells but also in its fatty acid composition; it contains a higher proportion of palmitoleic acid and a lower proportion of linoleic acid. To determine whether these differences in fatty acid composition were inherent in fat cells, subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese and lean mice was transplanted under the kidney capsules of lean and obese host mice and the fatty acid composition of the neutral lipids of the graft and of the host perirenal and subcutaneous fat was determined 1 or 2 months later. The fatty acid composition of grafts from lean donors in obese mice resembled that of the perirenal adipose tissue of the obese hosts after 1 month, with a lower proportion of linoleic acid and a higher proportion of palmitoleic acid than in lean mice. Grafts from obese mice in lean mice had fatty acid compositions which were either unchanged, partially changed or which completely resembled that of the host. The use of grafts prelabeled by feeding the donor margaric acid indicated that total lack of fatty acid turnover, rather than selective metabolic processes, was responsible for the failure of some grafts from obese mice in lean mice to acquire the fatty acid composition of the perirenal adipose tissue of the host.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Obese; Obesity; Palmitic Acids; Triglycerides

Topics: Adult; Cholesterol Esters; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Gingiva; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Middle Aged; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acids; Periodontitis; Triglycerides

Topics: Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Microsporum; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acids; Phospholipids

Cytotoxic activities of unsaturated fatty acids against lymphocytes were studied by demonstrating the inhibition of RNA synthetic activity of incubated lymphocytes. In general, the cytotoxic activity of fatty acids increases with decreasing number of carbon atoms and increasing number of double bonds. An empirical formula predicting the degree of impairment of lymphocytes by various fatty acids was proposed. Furthermore, protective effects of serum on cytotoxic actions of unsaturated fatty acids to lymphocytes were studied and the significance of these findings was discussed.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Blood; Cytotoxins; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Linolenic Acids; Lymphocytes; Male; Palmitic Acids; Rats; RNA; Structure-Activity Relationship