linoleic-acid and lauric-acid

We analyzed in 31 subjects, regular guests of the University food service of the Central University of Venezuela (UCVFS), in Caracas, the effects of replacing sunflower oil, commonly used in the preparation of meals, by a mix of sunflower oil and palm olein 70/30 (v/v) respectively. Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, low and very low density lipoproteins were not changed after 40 days of the substitution. On the contrary, concentrations of high density lipoprotein and total triglycerides increased. The resistance to the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins increased considerably (p < 0.01). Today this resistance is considered as a protective factor of great importance in the prevention of the initiation of the atherogenic process. Taking into account the favorable modifications of HDL cholesterol and the clear increased resistance to the oxidation of LDL, we think that palm olein, mixed with other oils with a high ratio linoleic/palmitic (sunflower, corn, soya an the likes), can be used as a healthy alternative in human nutrition.

Topics: Adult; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Cholesterol, VLDL; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Female; Food Analysis; Humans; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Lipoproteins; Male; Myristic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Palm Oil; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Sunflower Oil; Triglycerides; Vitamin E; Young Adult

Dietary fatty acids that are more prone to oxidation than to storage may be less likely to lead to obesity.. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chain length, degree of unsaturation, and stereoisomeric effects of unsaturation on the oxidation of individual fatty acids in normal-weight men.. Fatty acid oxidation was examined in men consuming a weight-maintenance diet containing 40% of energy as fat. After consuming the diet for 1 wk, subjects were fed fatty acids labeled with (13)C in the methyl or carboxyl position (10 mg/kg body wt). The fatty acids fed in random order were laurate, palmitate, stearate, oleate, elaidate (the trans isomer of oleate), linoleate, and linolenate blended in a hot liquid meal. Breath samples were collected for the next 9 h and the oxidation of each fatty acid was assessed by examining liberated (13)CO(2) in breath.. Cumulative oxidation over the 9-h test ranged from a high of 41% of the dose for laurate to a low of 13% of the dose for stearate. Of the 18-carbon fatty acids, linolenate was the most highly oxidized and linoleate appeared to be somewhat conserved. (13)C recovery in breath from the methyl-labeled fatty acids was approximately 30% less than that from the carboxyl-labeled fatty acids.. In summary, lauric acid is highly oxidized, whereas the polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are fairly well oxidized. Oxidation of the long-chain, saturated fatty acids decreases with increasing carbon number.

Topics: Adult; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Breath Tests; Calorimetry, Indirect; Carbon Isotopes; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Humans; Lauric Acids; Linear Models; Linoleic Acid; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Consumption; Palmitic Acid; Pilot Projects; Reproducibility of Results; Stearic Acids

Amazonian plants possess high amounts of little-explored lipid compounds. Chemical parameters and lipophilic compounds present in twelve oils and fats from different Amazonian plants were characterized. The fatty acids identified reveal saturated fats, such as babassu oil and muru-muru fat (rich in lauric acid), ucuhuba fat (myristic acid), and bacuri fat (palmitic acid). Buriti, pracaxi, and patawa oils showed high oleic acid content. Passion fruit seed and Brazil nut oils had high levels of the polyunsaturated fatty acids rich in linoleic acid. The oleaginous plants had high unsaturation degree and high content of medium-length-chain fatty acids due to high values of iodine, saponification, and peroxide. For methyl tocols and total carotenes, a simultaneous determination method was used and revealed high levels of these vitamins in buriti oil. No previous work in the literature has described all these parameters in Amazonian oils and fats, especially regarding plant species such as bacuri, cupuassu, and ucuhuba. These results provide information on oils and fats that could be used as alternative sources of raw material for the food and pharmaceutics industries.

Topics: Bertholletia; Carotenoids; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Plants; Seeds; Tocopherols

Fatty acids (C6-C18) found in human amniotic fluid, colostrum, and maternal milk reduce behavioral indicators of experimental anxiety in adult Wistar rats. Unknown, however, is whether the anxiolytic-like effects of fatty acids provide a natural mechanism against anxiety in young offspring. The present study assessed the anxiolytic-like effect of a mixture of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, and linoleic acid in Wistar rats on postnatal day 28. Infant rats were subjected to the elevated plus maze, defensive burying test, and locomotor activity test. Diazepam was used as a reference anxiolytic drug. A group that was pretreated with picrotoxin was used to explore the participation of

Topics: Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety Disorders; Diazepam; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Humans; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Maze Learning; Motor Activity; Myristic Acid; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Rats; Receptors, GABA-A; Stearic Acids

Cyanobacterial mutants defective in acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase (Aas) secrete free fatty acids (FFAs) into the external medium and hence have been used for the studies aimed at photosynthetic production of biofuels. While the wild-type strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is highly sensitive to exogenously added linolenic acid, mutants defective in the aas gene are known to be resistant to the externally provided fatty acid. In this study, the wild-type Synechocystis cells were shown to be sensitive to lauric, oleic, and linoleic acids as well, and the resistance to these fatty acids was shown to be enhanced by inactivation of the aas gene. On the basis of these observations, we developed an efficient method to isolate aas-deficient mutants from cultures of Synechocystis cells by counter selection using linoleic acid or linolenic acid as the selective agent. A variety of aas mutations were found in about 70 % of the FFA-resistant mutants thus selected. Various aas mutants were isolated also from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, using lauric acid as a selective agent. Selection using FFAs was useful also for construction of markerless aas knockout mutants from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Thus, genetic engineering of FFA-producing cyanobacterial strains would be greatly facilitated by the use of the FFAs for counter selection.

Topics: Carbon-Sulfur Ligases; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gene Deletion; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Mutation; Selection, Genetic; Synechococcus; Synechocystis

The essential oils from the cladodes of Opuntia littoralis, Opuntia ficus-indica and Opuntia prolifera growing wild on Santa Catalina Island, California, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Terpenoids were the dominant class of volatiles in O. littoralis, with the two main components being the furanoid forms of cis-linalool oxide (10.8%) and trans-linalool oxide (8.8%). Fatty acid-derived compounds dominated the essential oil of O. ficus-indica with linoleic acid (22.3%), palmitic acid (12.7%), lauric acid (10.5%) and myristic acid (4.2%) as major fatty acids. O. prolifera oil was composed of 46.6% alkanes and the primary hydrocarbon component was heptadecane (19.2%). Sixteen compounds were common to all the three Opuntia species.

Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Alkanes; California; Fatty Acids; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Monoterpenes; Myristic Acid; Oils, Volatile; Opuntia; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Plant Stems

Evidence on the association between fatty acids and adiponectin and leptin concentrations is scarce and inconsistent, which may in part be due to limitations of dietary reporting methods. We aimed to estimate the association of fatty acids, derived from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and measured in the erythrocyte membrane, with adiponectin and leptin concentrations.. We studied 330 non-institutionalized inhabitants of Porto (52.4% women; age range: 26-64 years) evaluated in 2010-2011, as part of the EPIPorto cohort study. Fatty acids were derived from a validated semiquantitative FFQ and measured in the erythrocyte membrane by gas chromatography. Serum concentrations of adiponectin and leptin were determined through radioimmunoassay. Regression coefficients (β) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were obtained from linear regression models, after controlling for gender, age, education, leisure time physical activity and total body fat percentage (obtained from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry).. Fatty acids measured by FFQ showed no significant associations with both adipokines. Lauric and linoleic acids, measured in the erythrocyte membrane, were significantly and positively associated with adiponectin (β=0.292, 95% CI: 0.168-0.416; β=0.150, 95% CI: 0.020-0.280) and leptin (β=0.071, 95% CI: 0.003-0.138; β=0.071, 95% CI: 0.002-0.140), whereas total n-3, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were significantly but negatively associated with adiponectin (β=-0.289, 95% CI: -0.420 to -0.159; β=-0.174, 95% CI -0.307 to -0.040; β=-0.253, 95% CI -0.383 to -0.124) and leptin (β=-0.151, 95% CI: -0.220 to -0.083; β=-0.080, 95% CI: -0.151 to -0.009; β=-0.146, 95% CI: -0.214 to -0.078). Positive significant associations of palmitic and trans-fatty acids with adiponectin were also observed.. A positive association of lauric and linoleic acids and a negative association of total n-3 fatty acids with both adipokines were observed only with fatty acids measured in the erythrocyte membrane.

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adiponectin; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Dietary Fats; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Erythrocyte Membrane; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Lauric Acids; Leptin; Linear Models; Linoleic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Activity; Prospective Studies; Socioeconomic Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Trans Fatty Acids; Triglycerides

Chamaerops humilis L. var. argentea André (C. humilis) date palm seeds are an underutilized source of vegetable oil, and no studies describing their physicochemical characteristics to indicate the potential uses of this seed or seed oil have been reported. The oil content of the seeds is about 10%, mainly composed of oleic acid (38.71%), lauric acid (21.27%), linoleic acid (15.15%), palmitic acid (9.96%), and stearic acid (7.17%). The tocol (tocopherols and tocotrienols) content is 74 mg/100 g, with δ-tocotrienol as the major contributor (31.91%), followed by α-tocotrienol (29.37%), γ-tocopherol (20.16%), and γ-tocotrienol (11.86%). Furthermore, this oil shows high thermal stability. The differential scanning calorimetery curves revealed that the melting and crystallization points are 9.33 °C and -15.23 °C, respectively.

Topics: Diet; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Humans; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phoeniceae; Plant Oils; Seeds; Stearic Acids; Tocopherols; Tocotrienols

To develop edible films having controlled release properties for multiple bioactive compounds, hydrophobicity and morphology of zein films were modified by blending zein with oleic (C18:1)Δ⁹, linoleic (C18:2)Δ(9,12), or lauric (C₁₂) acids in the presence of lecithin. The blend zein films showed 2-8.5- and 1.6-2.9-fold lower initial release rates for the model active compounds, lysozyme (LYS) and (+)-catechin (CAT), than the zein control films, respectively. The change of fatty acid chain length affected both CAT and LYS release rates while the change of fatty acid double bond number affected only the CAT release rate. The film morphologies suggested that the blend films owe their controlled release properties mainly to the microspheres formed within their matrix and encapsulation of active compounds. The blend films showed antilisterial activity and antioxidant activity up to 81 μmol Trolox/cm². The controlled release of multiple bioactive compounds from a single film showed the possibility of combining application of active and bioactive packaging technologies and improving not only safety and quality but also health benefits of packed food.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Catechin; Dietary Proteins; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Food Packaging; Food Preservation; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Lauric Acids; Lecithins; Linoleic Acid; Listeria; Microbial Viability; Microspheres; Muramidase; Oleic Acid; Solubility; Surface Properties; Zein

Nowadays, data concerning the composition of Caryodendron orinocense Karst. (Euphorbiaceae) and Bactris gasipaes Kunth (Arecaceae) seed oils are lacking. In light of this fact, in this paper fatty acids and unsaponifiable fraction composition have been determined using GC-MS, HPLC-DAD (Diode Array Detector), NMR approaches and possible future applications have been preliminary investigated through estimation of antioxidant activity, performed with DPPH test. For C. orinocense linoleic acid (85.59%) was the main component, lauric (33.29%) and myristic (27.76%) acids were instead the most abundant in B. gasipaes. C. orinocense unsaponifiable fraction (8.06%) evidenced a remarkable content of β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, squalene and vitamin E (816 ppm). B. gasipaes revealed instead β-sitosterol and squalene as main constituents of unsaponifiable matter (3.01%). Antioxidant capacity evidenced the best performance of C. orinocense seed oil. These preliminary results could be interesting to suggest the improvement of the population's incomes from Amazonian basin. In particular the knowledge of chemical composition of C. orinocense and B. gasipaes oils could be helpful to divulge and valorize these autochthones plants.

Topics: Antioxidants; Arecaceae; Cholesterol; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Euphorbiaceae; Fatty Acids; Free Radical Scavengers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Myristic Acid; Nuts; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Seeds; Sitosterols; Squalene; Stigmasterol; Vitamin E

Bioactive compounds are capable of providing health benefits, reducing disease incidence or favoring body functioning. There is a growing search for vegetable oils containing such compounds. This study aimed to characterize the pulp and kernel oils of the Brazilian palm species guariroba (Syagrus oleracea), jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana) and macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata), aiming at possible uses in several industries.. Fatty acid composition, phenolic and carotenoid contents, tocopherol composition were evaluated. The majority of the fatty acids in pulps were oleic and linoleic; macaúba pulp contained 526 g kg⁻¹ of oleic acid. Lauric acid was detected in the kernels of all three species as the major saturated fatty acid, in amounts ranging from 325.8 to 424.3 g kg⁻¹. The jerivá pulp contained carotenoids and tocopherols on average of 1219 µg g⁻¹ and 323.50 mg kg⁻¹, respectively.. The pulps contained more unsaturated fatty acids than the kernels, mainly oleic and linoleic. Moreover, the pulps showed higher carotenoid and tocopherol contents. The kernels showed a predominance of saturated fatty acids, especially lauric acid. The fatty acid profiles of the kernels suggest that these oils may be better suited for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries than for use in foods.

Topics: Antioxidants; Arecaceae; Brazil; Carotenoids; Crops, Agricultural; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Fruit; Humans; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Nutritive Value; Oleic Acid; Palm Oil; Phenols; Plant Oils; Seeds; Spatio-Temporal Analysis; Species Specificity; Tocopherols

Increased circulating free fatty acids in subjects with type 2 diabetes may contribute to activation of macrophages, and thus the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of the saturated fatty acids (SFA) palmitate, stearate, myristate and laurate, and the unsaturated fatty acid linoleate, on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in phorbol ester-differentiated THP-1 cells, a model of human macrophages. Palmitate induced secretion and mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-8 and IL-1 beta, and enhanced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-1 beta secretion. Proinflammatory cytokine secretion was also induced by stearate, but not by the shorter chain SFA, myristate and laurate, or linoleate. Triacsin C abolished the palmitate-induced cytokine secretion, suggesting that palmitate activation to palmitoyl-CoA is required for its effect. Palmitate-induced cytokine secretion was decreased by knockdown of serine palmitoyltransferase and mimicked by C(2)-ceramide, indicating that ceramide is involved in palmitate-induced cytokine secretion. Palmitate phosphorylated p38 and JNK kinases, and blocking of these kinases with specific inhibitors diminished the palmitate-induced cytokine secretion. Palmitate also activated the AP-1 (c-Jun) transcription factor. Knockdown of MyD88 reduced the palmitate-induced IL-8, but not TNF-alpha or IL-1 beta secretion. In conclusion, our data suggest that the long-chain SFA induce proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages via pathways involving de novo ceramide synthesis. This might contribute to the activation of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques, especially in type 2 diabetes.

Topics: Cell Line, Tumor; Ceramides; Cytokines; Fatty Acids; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Lauric Acids; Leukemia; Linoleic Acid; Monocytes; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; Myristic Acid; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Palmitic Acid; Palmitoyl Coenzyme A; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Small Interfering; Stearic Acids; Transcription Factor AP-1; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Obesity is positively correlated to dietary lipid intake, and the type of lipid may play a causal role in the development of obesity-related pathologies. A major protein secreted by adipose tissue is adiponectin, which has antiatherogenic and antidiabetic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of four different high-fat diets (enriched with soybean oil, fish oil, coconut oil, or lard) on adiponectin gene expression and secretion by the white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice fed on a selected diet for either 2 (acute treatment) or 60 days (chronic treatment). Additionally, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated for 48 h with six different fatty acids: palmitic, linoleic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), lauric, or oleic acid. Serum adiponectin concentration was reduced in the soybean-, coconut-, and lard-enriched diets in both groups. Adiponectin gene expression was lower in retroperitoneal WAT after acute treatment with all diets. The same reduction in levels of adiponectin gene expression was observed in epididymal adipose tissue of animals chronically fed soybean and coconut diets and in 3T3-L1 cells treated with palmitic, linoleic, EPA, and DHA acids. These results indicate that the intake of certain fatty acids may affect serum adiponectin levels in mice and adiponectin gene expression in mouse WAT and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The effects appear to be time dependent and depot specific. It is postulated that the downregulation of adiponectin expression by dietary enrichment with soybean oil or coconut oil may contribute to the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis.

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes; Adiponectin; Adipose Tissue, White; Animals; Coconut Oil; Dietary Fats; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Down-Regulation; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids; Fish Oils; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Soybean Oil; Time Factors

To investigate the feasibility of developing a new tenoxicam transdermal delivery system (TDS), the pharmacokinetics of tenoxicam from various formulated TDS were evaluated and compared with values following oral administration of tenoxicam and with application of a piroxicam plaster (Trast) marketed in Korea. Based on previous in-vitro study results, a mixture of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME) and propylene glycol monolaurate (PGML) (40:60) was used as a vehicle, and caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, oleic acid or linoleic acid (each at 3%) was added as an enhancer. Triethanolamine (5%) was used as a solubilizer, and Duro-Tak 87-2510 as a pressure-sensitive adhesive. Among these fatty acids used for the formulation of tenoxicam TDS, caprylic acid showed the greatest enhancing effect; the area under the plasma concentration-time profile (AUC) decreased in the order of caprylic acid>linoleic acid>or=oleic acid>lauric acid>capric acid. Compared with oral administration, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was significantly lower, and time to reach Cmax (Tmax) delayed with all formulated tenoxicam TDS. All formulated TDS resulted in a lower AUC than with the oral formulation, except for TDS containing caprylic acid, although the difference was statistically significant only with capric acid. The AUC for all the formulated tenoxicam TDS was significantly higher than that of the piroxicam plaster; TDS with caprylic acid increased AUC 8.53-fold compared with the piroxicam plaster. Even though the Tmax of tenoxicam TDS was not significantly different from that of the piroxicam plaster, Cmax was higher; formulations containing caprylic acid and linoleic acid increased Cmax by 7.39- and 8.76-fold, respectively. In conclusion, a formulation containing 1.5 mL DGME-PGML (40:60) with 3% caprylic acid and 5% triethanolamine mixed with 6 g Duro-Tak 87-2510 could be a good candidate for developing a new tenoxicam TDS to maintain a comparable extent of absorption to oral delivery while attaining a prolonged effect with fewer toxic events.

Topics: Acrylates; Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Area Under Curve; Caprylates; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Decanoic Acids; Drug Delivery Systems; Ethanolamines; Ethylene Glycols; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Male; Oleic Acid; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Piroxicam; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Tissue Distribution

Bovine whey from the cheese-making industry contains several bioactive factors that promote health and prevent disease. Although many efforts have been made over the years to show that immunoglobulins, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, lysosyme and small peptides present in whey have antimicrobial activities against several pathogenic microorganisms, such activities have not been investigated so far for the lipid fraction of whey. Here, we have used an in vitro assay-based fractionation procedure to show that free fatty acids derived from whey cream specifically inhibit the germination of Candida albicans, a morphologic change associated with pathogenicity. Further fractionation by HPLC demonstrated that this activity can be mainly attributed to lauric acid, myristoleic acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid.

Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Arachidonic Acid; Candida albicans; Cattle; Cheese; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Culture Media; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Flavonoids; Hyphae; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid

We need information on the diet on which our genes evolved.. We studied the milk fatty acid [FA] composition of mothers living in the island of Chole [Tanzania, Indian Ocean]. These mothers have high intakes of boiled marine fish and coconut, and consume plenty amount of fruits and vegetables.. The outcome was compared with three fish-eating tribes living along Tanzanian freshwater lakes [Kerewe, Nyakius, Nyiramba], four tribes living in the Tanzanian inland [Hadzabe, Maasai, Sonjo, Iraqw] and our milk FA database.. Milk from Chole contained high levels of 12:0 [20.17 g%], 14:0 [21.19], 12:0/14:0 ratio [0.92 g/g], arachidonic acid [AA, 0.50 g%] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA, 0.73], but low levels of linoleic acid [LA, 4.23]. The combination of a high medium chain fatty acid [MCFA;

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Biological Evolution; Cocos; Diet; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids; Female; Fishes; Humans; Infant; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Milk, Human; Myristic Acid; Pregnancy; Tanzania

The objective in this work is to determine the antioxidant capacity and effectiveness of icariin (2-(4'-methoxylphenyl)-3-rhamnosido-5-hydroxyl-7-glucosido-8-(3'-methyl-2-butylenyl)-4-chromanone), the major component in herba epimedii being used widely in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of artherosclerosis and neuropathy, in which 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced peroxidation of linoleic acid (LH) in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) acts as the experimental system. By containing an intramolecular hydrogen bond, icariin protects LH against AAPH-induced peroxidation of LH only in SDS, an anionic micelle. The number of trapping peroxyl radicals (LOO(*)), n, by icariin is just 0.0167 whereas alpha-tocopherol (TOH) and L-ascorbyl-6-laurate (VC-12) are 2.14 and 1.25, respectively, with reference to the n of 6-hydroxyl-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2.00. This is also related to how the intramolecular hydrogen bond enhances the bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) of O-H in icariin. However, calculation of the inhibition rate constant, k(inh), a kinetic parameter to describe the reaction between the antioxidant and LOO(*), results in a k(inh) of icariin at about one magnitude larger than those of Trolox, TOH, and VC-12. This fact reveals that, by the view of kinetics, icariin is an antioxidant with much higher effectiveness. In addition, the antioxidant capacities of icariin used together with other antioxidants have been determined and the results indicate that the n of icariin decreases markedly while the n values of Trolox and TOH increase, even if the n of icariin is a negative value in the presence of VC-12. Furthermore, an analysis of k(inh) in this case reveals that the k(inh)(icariin) increases nearly one magnitude with the decrease of k(inh)(Trolox) and no remarkable change occurs for k(inh)(TOH). The negative value of k(inh)(icariin) in the presence of VC-12 can be regarded as the icariin functions as a prooxidant that can be rectified by VC-12 effectively. These findings implicate that the evaluation of antioxidant activity should not only focus on an n value, a thermodynamic possibility, but k(inh) and the charge property of the micelle should be also taken into account. To some extent, the latter factors are more important than the thermodynamic possibility.

Topics: Algorithms; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Chromans; Flavonoids; Free Radicals; Hydrogen Bonding; Kinetics; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Peroxidation; Micelles; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of fatty acids and iontophoretic mode of penetration enhancement on transdermal delivery of Arginine Vasopressin (AVP). Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat skin was pretreated with fatty acids (e.g. 5% w/v, lauric acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid in ethanol:water (EtOH:W, 2:1 system) for 2h and iontophoresis in vitro, separately or together. The results indicate that all fatty acids studied increased (P<0.05) the flux of AVP in comparison to control (not pretreated with enhancer) and their effectiveness in flux enhancement was comparable. Further, oleic acid in combination with iontophoresis significantly increased the permeation of AVP both in comparison to pretreatment with fatty acids and iontophoresis alone. However, iontophoresis did not further increase the permeation of AVP through linoleic acid pretreated skin. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic studies revealed that EtOH:W (2:1) system is not effective in lipid extraction. The shift to higher wavenumbers of the symmetric and asymmetric stretching peaks at 2850 and 2920cm(-1) revealed that at the concentration used, oleic acid and linoleic acid caused fluidization of stratum corneum (SC) lipids. This study provides direct evidence that oleic acid in EtOH:W (2:1) system causes disruption of the SC lipid lamellae and that a combination of oleic acid with iontophoresis further enhances the effects of oleic acid in a synergistic manner.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Arginine Vasopressin; Fatty Acids; Female; Iontophoresis; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Bilayers; Oleic Acid; Permeability; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skin; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared

The purpose of this work was to investigate if fatty acids can increase the iontophoretic delivery of midodrine hydrochloride through human dermatomed skin and to observe the effects of iontophoresis and fatty acids on skin using SEM.. After prehydration for 1 h, human dermatomed skin was treated with 0-0.3 M fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, decanoic acid, and lauric acid) in propylene glycol (PG) for 1 h. Then the fatty acid solution was replaced by 1% midodrine hydrochloride aqueous solution, and 0.1 mA/cm2 constant current was applied. Samples were taken over 24 h and analyzed by HPLC. After the treatments outlined above, the epidermis was separated, fixed with glutaraldehyde, and dehydrated for SEM.. SEM studies revealed that only 1 h of treatment with fatty acids opened up the tightly compact stratum corneum cell layer, and the permeation study showed a significant increase of the permeability of skin to midodrine hydrochloride after fatty acid treatment.. Using 5% oleic acid pretreatment, with the electrical current offset at 0.1 mA/cm2, the daily delivery of midodrine hydrochloride can provide an adequate clinical application. The enhancement of passive and iontophoretic delivery by fatty acids may be occurring through the same mechanism.

Topics: Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Administration, Cutaneous; Antihypertensive Agents; Decanoic Acids; Epidermis; Excipients; Fatty Acids; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Iontophoresis; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Midodrine; Oleic Acid; Prodrugs; Propylene Glycol; Skin Absorption; Skin Physiological Phenomena

Increasing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk fat from lactating dairy cattle has become a research interest due to the possible health benefits afforded humans consuming CLA. Dietary supplementation of CLA to lactating dairy cows is one potential method by which CLA content of milk and dairy products may be enhanced. Feeding CLA in calcium salt form could potentially deliver CLA to the lower digestive tract through prevention of biohydrogenation by rumen microbes. Milk fat depression (MFD) occurs when cows receive CLA-60, a commercially available CLA source containing numerous CLA isomers, abomasally. Our objectives were to determine the quantity of CLA as calcium salts required to elicit maximal MFD and to evaluate the effects of CLA supplementation on fatty acid composition of milk fat. Five Holstein cows at approximately 93 DIM were utilized in a 5 x 5 balanced Latin square crossover design. Periods were 14-d in length with a 5-d treatment phase and 9-d rest phase. Treatments were 5-d supplementation of 0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 g of CLA-60 in calcium salt form. Milk samples were collected on d 5 of CLA supplementation and analyzed for composition and fatty acid profile. Regression analysis of milk fat data suggested that MFD was not maximized over the dose levels investigated, despite delivery of 34.5 g of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in the 100-g dose of CLA. Supplementation with 50 and 100 g of CLA per day resulted in a reduction of milk fat percent of 29 and 34%, respectively. Trend analysis indicated a linear decrease in the milk fat content of caprylic, capric, and lauric acids as the dose of CLA increased. Milk fat content of cis-9, trans-11, and trans-10, cis-12 CLA increased at an increasing rate as dose increased.

Topics: Animals; Calcium, Dietary; Caprylates; Cattle; Decanoic Acids; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Female; Lactation; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Milk; Oleic Acid; Regression Analysis; Stearic Acids

In higher plants, long-chain fatty acid hydroperoxides are intermediates in the synthesis of a diverse group of bioactive compounds. We used the reverse trascriptase-polymerase chain reaction to isolate a gene responsible for the oxidization of fatty acids from Petunia hybrida. A P450 cDNA not isolated earlier, CYP92B1, contained an open reading frame predicted to encode a polypeptide consisting of 510 amino acid residues. The transcript of the cyp92B1 gene was expressed at a high level in the early stage of flower development. CYP92B1 cDNA was expressed in a yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and recombinant yeast microsomes containing CYP92B1, a hemoprotein, metabolized lauric acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid.

Topics: 5' Flanking Region; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Blotting, Southern; Catalysis; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Cloning, Molecular; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; DNA, Complementary; Fatty Acids; Flowers; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Molecular Sequence Data; Oxidation-Reduction; Petunia; Yeasts

6-O-Palmitoyl L-ascorbate was added to linoleic acid at various molar ratios of the ascorbate to the acid, the mixtures were emulsified with a maltodextrin or gum arabic solution, and the emulsions were spray-dried to produce microcapsules. At higher molar ratios, the oil droplets in the emulsions were smaller, and the oxidative stabilities of the encapsulated linoleic acid were higher for both the maltodextrin- and gum arabic-based microcapsules. 6-O-Capryloyl, caproyl, and lauroyl L-ascorbates, which were synthesized through lipase-catalyzed condensation in acetone, were also used for the microencapsulation of linoleic acid. Except for capryloyl L-ascorbate, the addition of a saturated acyl ascorbate, especially caproyl ascorbate, to linoleic acid was effective for preparing oil droplets of small particle diameter and for suppressing the oxidation of the encapsulated linoleic acid.

Topics: Acylation; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Caprylates; Capsules; Decanoic Acids; Drug Stability; Emulsions; Gum Arabic; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Polysaccharides; Solubility; Time Factors

The effects of capsaicin, a major pungent agent of capsicum fruits, on biliary free fatty acids (FFAs) were studied in male rats. Animals were dosed 100 mg/kg capsaicin after the administration of olive oil, and the bile was obtained for 6 hours continuously after dosing with capsaicin for analysis of FFAs using HPLC methods. Capsaicin significantly decreased the total biliary FFA concentration in the animals which had been previously increased by the administration of olive oil. The main FFAs in the bile of control rats are lauric and palmitic acids, followed by linoleic, oleic, stearic and palmitoleic acids. Capsaicin alone decreased the values of these main FFAs. While lauric, palmitic, linoleic, stearic and arachidonic acids were increased significantly by the treatment with olive oil, elevation of these FFAs was inhibited by the treatment with capsaicin.

Topics: Animals; Bile; Capsaicin; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Male; Oleic Acid; Olive Oil; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Rats; Stearic Acids

To study the effect of the chain length of medium-chain fatty acids on the intestinal absorption of long-chain fatty acids, we examined the lymphatic transport of fat following administration of five purified structured triacylglycerols (STAG) containing different medium-chain fatty acids in the sn-1,3 positions and long-chain fatty acids in the sn-2 position in a rat model. Significant amounts of medium-chain fatty acids were found in lymph samples after intragastric administration of 1,3-dioctanoyl-2-linoleyl-sn-glycerol (8:0/18:2/8:0), 1,3-didecanoyl-2-linoleyl-sn-glycerol, and 1,3-didodecanoyl-2-linoleyl-sn-glycerol. The accumulated lymphatic transport of medium-chain fatty acids increased with increasing carbon chain length. The recoveries of caprylic acid (8:0), capric acid (10:0), and lauric acid (12:0) were 7.3 +/- 0.9, 26.3 +/- 2.4, and 81.7 +/- 6.9%, respectively. No significant differences were observed for the maximal intestinal absorption of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) when the chain length of medium-chain fatty acids at the primary positions was varied, and the absorption of 18:2 and oleic acid (18:1) from 8:0/18:2/8:0 and 1,3-dioctanoyl-2-oleyl-sn-glycerol was similar. We conclude that the chain length of the medium-chain fatty acids in the primary positions of STAG does not affect the maximal intestinal absorption of long-chain fatty acids in the sn-2 position in the applied rat model, whereas the distribution of fatty acids between the lymphatics and the portal vein reflects the chain length of the fatty acids.

Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Caprylates; Decanoic Acids; Fatty Acids; Intestinal Absorption; Kinetics; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Lymph; Lymphatic System; Male; Oleic Acid; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Triglycerides

We investigated the effects of dietary fat saturation on very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) production in guinea pigs fed semipurified diets containing 15% (w/w) fat, either corn oil (CO, 58% linoleic acid), lard (LA, 42% oleic and 24% palmitic acids) or palm kernel oil (PK, 52% lauric and 18% myristic acids) for 4 weeks. Animals were given an intravenous injection of Triton WR 1339 to block VLDL catabolism and rates of VLDL triacylglycerol (TAG) and apolipoprotein (apo) B secretion were measured over time. Plasma TAG concentrations increased linearly for 8 h (r = 0.99) and VLDL-TAG secretion rates were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in guinea pigs fed LA (72.7 +/- 14.7 mg/kg-h, n = 12) compared to animals fed PK (55.4 +/- 13.4 mg/kg-h, n = 12) or CO (48.6 +/- 17.5 mg/kg-h, n = 15). VLDL apoB secretion rates were highest in PK-fed animals (3.1 +/- 1.8 mg/kg-h) compared to guinea pigs fed LA (1.5 +/- 0.8 mg/kg-h) or CO (1.1 +/- 0.6 mg/kg-h) diets (P < 0.005). Concurrent with analysis of VLDL secretion, turnover of 125I-labeled LDL was measured. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) fractional catabolic rates were not altered by Triton treatment and LDL apoB specific radioactivity (cpm/microgram) did not change over time indicating that: a) the Triton blockage of VLDL catabolism was complete, and b) there was no direct secretion of LDL by the liver. These data demonstrate that intake of lard increases the rate of VLDL-triacylglycerol secretion and that nascent VLDL particles from the lard and corn oil diet groups have the same relative triacylglycerol content, whereas palm kernel oil intake increases secretion of VLDL particles which have a reduced triacylglycerol content. These results demonstrate that dietary fat chain length and saturation have specific effects on VLDL secretion rates affecting both particle number and composition.

Topics: Animals; Apolipoproteins B; Corn Oil; Dietary Fats; Guinea Pigs; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipoproteins, VLDL; Male; Myristic Acid; Myristic Acids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Polyethylene Glycols; Triglycerides; Weight Gain

Gastric lipase activity in aspirates from premature human infants was tested for fatty acid and positional selectivity using racemic diacid triacylglycerols (TG) as substrates. The resulting free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols (MG) were recovered and analyzed. Octanoic acid (8:0) and decanoic acid (10:0) were hydrolyzed with a preference of 61.5:1 and 2.4:1 compared to palmitic acid (16:0) from rac-16:0-8:0-8:0 and rac-16:0-10:0-10:0, respectively. The ratio of lauric acid (12:0) to oleic acid (18:1) hydrolyzed from rac-18:1-12:0-12:0 was 13:1. Myristic acid (14:0), 18:1 and linoleic acid (18:2) were released at similar rates. These data and the composition of the MG suggest that, in vitro, the lipase is selective for shorter chain fatty acids and for fatty acids on the primary positions of the TG backbone.

Topics: Caprylates; Decanoic Acids; Fatty Acids; Gastric Juice; Humans; Hydrolysis; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipase; Myristic Acid; Myristic Acids; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Palmitic Acid; Palmitic Acids; Substrate Specificity; Triglycerides

The need for a better lipid system to satisfy the fuel requirements of patients while avoiding the adverse effects of current systems has led to suggestions that medium chain fatty acids (MCFs) be incorporated into TPN-lipid emulsions. Since clinical situations requiring TPN are associated with metabolic processes mediated by insulin, in the present study we have therefore examined the effects of a variety of medium chain fatty acids on insulin release. Using an isolated perifused mouse islet model, various doses of medium chain fatty acids and the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, were tested and compared. The possibility of an additive effect of an insulinotropic MCF and linoleate when both are provided together was also examined. Effluent perifusate samples collected on ice during these experiments were assayed for insulin by radioimmunoassay. It was found that the ability of 5 mM of a given MCF to stimulate insulin secretion was dependent upon its chain length. Thus, while adipic acid (C6) had no effect, Caprylic acid (C8) had a minimal effect that was not statistically significant, but capric acid (C10) and lauric acid had very potent effects that were of the same magnitude to the effect of linoleate on insulin secretion. When insulin output was assessed as the mean integrated area under the curve during a 20-min perifusion, 5 mM lauric acid enhanced insulin secretion from a basal 7351 +/- 666 pg to 15,756 +/- 1680 pg (P less than 0.01, n = 5). In the same experiments, 5 mM linoleic acid stimulated insulin release to 11,260 +/- 867 pg (P less than 0.05). When C12 and linoleate were added together, each at a submaximally effective concentration of 2.5 mM, insulin output was 12,712 +/- 1011 pg (P less than 0.05, n = 5), which was not statistically different from the values obtained when the islets were perifused with 5 mM of each fatty acid alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Combinations; Fatty Acids; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Male; Mice; Parenteral Nutrition, Total

Purified diets varying in dietary protein, namely casein (CA), soy protein (SP), fish protein (FP), and lipid origin (corn oil (CN), coconut oil (CO)) were fed to rabbits to evaluate the effects of protein and fat source, as well as protein-lipid interactions, on serum total, lipoprotein and hepatic lipid levels. Dietary proteins and lipids exerted a separate effect on serum total cholesterol (C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) ratio. Hence, CA increased serum cholesterol compared to SP, while coconut oil enhanced serum and VLDL-C, and decreased LDL-C/HDL-C compared to corn oil. Dietary proteins interacted with dietary lipids to modulate HDL-C levels. Thus, FP maintained a high level of HDL-C regardless of lipid origin, compared to CA and SP whose HDL-C levels were decreased by corn oil, compared to coconut oil. A dietary protein-lipid interaction was also observed in the regulation of liver cholesterol levels. Coconut oil, compared to corn oil, decreased liver cholesterol in rabbits fed FP, whereas hepatic cholesterol concentration was unaltered by dietary lipid source in CA- and SP-fed rabbits. These results demonstrate that dietary proteins act synergistically with dietary lipids to regulate cholesterol metabolism in the rabbit.

Topics: Animals; Caseins; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Cholesterol, VLDL; Coconut Oil; Corn Oil; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Fish Products; Glycine max; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Lipoproteins; Liver; Male; Plant Oils; Rabbits; Triglycerides

Weanling rats were given high-sucrose cariogenic diets containing 2 per cent lauric acid, linoleic acid, nonanoic acid or monolaurin. Plaque accumulation was determined on the incisors of half the animals during only the last 3 days of the study and on the remaining animals at the conclusion of a 21-day test period when both sulcal and smooth-surface caries were assessed. No significant differences between the test groups in food consumption were observed nor were there any differences in body weight gain. The least amount of plaque was observed in the animals given monolaurin; the other fatty acids exerted no significant effect upon plaque accumulation. The smooth-surface caries data indicated that the least number of lesions occurred in the animals on the diet containing monolaurin. Nonanoic acid was significantly more effective in limiting sulcal caries than any of the other fatty acids studied. Thus both monolaurin and nonanoic acid have significant cariostatic activity in the rat.

Topics: Animals; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Diet; Fatty Acids; Glycerides; Laurates; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Monoglycerides; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains