linoleic-acid and gamma-sitosterol

The hypolipidemic effect of phytosterols has been wildely recognized, but its application is limited due to its insolubility in water and low solubility in oil. In this study, β-sitosterol ester with linoleic acids and β-sitosterol self-microemulsions were prepared and their hypolipidemic effects on hyperlipidemia mice were studied.. Firstly, the mice were randomly divided into normal group and model group,they were fed with basic diet and high-fat diet for 70 days respectively. After high-fat model mice was successfully established, the model group was further divided into eight groups: HFD (high-fat diet feeding), SELA-TSO(8 ml/kg, SELA:700 mg/kg), TSO (8 ml/kg), SSSM (8 ml/kg,SS:700 mg/kg), NLSM (8 ml/kg), SSHT-TSO (8 ml/kg, SS: 700 mg/kg) and SS-TSO (8 ml/kg, SS: 700 mg/kg) groups, and treated with β-sitosterol ester with linoleic acid, β-sitosterol self-microemulsion, commercial β-sitosterol health tablets and β-sitosterol powder for 35 days, respectively, and blank control groups were established. At the end of the treatment period, the blood lipid level, tissues, cholesterol and lipids in feces of mice in each group were investigated. Statistical and analytical data with SPSS 17.0 Software,statistical significance was set at p* < 0.05 and p** < 0.01 levels .. The order of lowering blood lipid effect is listed as: SSSM> SELA-TSO > SSHT-TSO > SS-TSO, which shows that β-sitosterolself-microemulsion have the highest treatment effect among the experimental groups.. In this study, a new formulation of β-sitosterol was developed, and its hypolipidemic effect was investigated. The results showed that β-sitosterol self-microemulsion has a good blood lipid lowering effect.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Eating; Emulsions; Feces; Hyperlipidemias; Hypolipidemic Agents; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Male; Mice; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Organ Size; Sitosterols; Tablets

Hair loss (alopecia) is a universal problem for numerous people in the world. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of red ginseng oil (RGO) and its major components on hair re-growth using testosterone (TES)-induced delay of anagen entry in C57BL/6 mice and their mechanisms of action. Seven-week-old C57BL/6 mice were daily treated with TES for 1 h prior to topical application of 10% RGO, 1% linoleic acid (LA), 1% β-sitosterol (SITOS), or 1% bicyclo(10.1.0)tridec-1-ene (BICYCLO) once a day for 28 days. Hair regenerative capacity was significantly restored by treatment of RGO and its major compounds in the TES-treated mice. Histological analysis showed that RGO along with LA and SITOS but not BICYCLO promoted hair growth through early inducing anagen phase that was delayed by TES in mice. Treatment of mice with RGO, LA, or SITOS up-regulated Wnt/β-catenin and Shh/Gli pathways-mediated expression of genes such as β-catenin, Lef-1, Sonic hedgehog, Smoothened, Gli-1, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin E in the TES-treated mice. In addition, RGO and its major components reduced the protein level of TGF-β but enhanced the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. These results suggest that RGO is a potent novel therapeutic natural product for treatment of androgenic alopecia possibly through hair re-growth activity of its major components such as LA and SITOS.

Topics: Alopecia; Animals; beta Catenin; Cyclins; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation; Hair Follicle; Hedgehog Proteins; Linoleic Acid; Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Panax; Plant Oils; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; Regeneration; Sitosterols; Smoothened Receptor; Testosterone; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Zinc Finger Protein GLI1

The interest in plant sterols enriched foods has recently enhanced due to their healthy properties. The influence of the unsaturation degree of different fatty acids methyl esters (FAME: stearate, oleate, linoletate and linolenate) on a mixture of three plant sterols (PS: campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol) was evaluated at 180 °C for up to 180 min. Sterols degraded slower in the presence of unsaturated FAME. Both PS and FAME degradation fit a first order kinetic model (R(2)>0.9). Maximum oxysterols concentrations were achieved at 20 min in neat PS and 120 min in lipid mixtures and this maximum amount decreased with increasing their unsaturation degree. In conclusion, the presence of FAME delayed PS degradation and postponed oxysterols formation. This protective effect was further promoted by increasing the unsaturation degree of FAME. This evidence could help industries to optimize the formulation of sterol-enriched products, so that they could maintain their healthy properties during cooking or processing.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids; Food Handling; Hot Temperature; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Phytosterols; Protective Agents; Sitosterols; Stearates; Stigmasterol

Lipophilic bioactive compounds in oils recovered from the kernels of seven sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars, harvested at single location in 2013, were studied. Oil yield in sweet cherry ranged between 30.3-40.3 % (w/w) dw. The main fatty acids were oleic acid (39.62-49.92 %), linoleic acid (31.13-38.81 %), α-eleostearic acid (7.23-10.73 %) and palmitic acid (5.59-7.10 %), all four represented approximately 95 % of the total detected fatty acids. The ranges of total tocochromanols and sterols were between 83.1-111.1 and 233.6-419.4 mg/100 g of oil, respectively. Regardless of the cultivar, the γ-tocopherol and β-sitosterol were the main lipophilic minor bioactive compounds. The content of the carotenoids and squalene were between 0.38-0.62 and 60.9-127.7 mg/100 g of oil, respectively. Three significant correlations were found between oil yield and total contents of sterols (r = -0.852), tocochromanols (r = -0.880) and carotenoids (r = -0.698) in sweet cherry kernel oils. The oil yield, as well as the content of lipophilic bioactive compounds in oil was significantly affected by the cultivar.

Topics: Carotenoids; Linoleic Acid; Linolenic Acids; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Prunus avium; Seeds; Sitosterols; Squalene; Sterols

Cold pressed oil extraction is the preferred method for seeds with high contents of oil, such as colza. Generally speaking, expeller pressing is less complex, more cost efficient and safer than solvent extraction. Moreover, cold pressed oils retain their natural properties better. Cold pressed colza oil has been found to have numerous health benefits. This was an original and unique study conducted as part of the research for the international Codex standard for cold pressed fats and oils, and aims to examine the chemical properties of two varieties of Iranian colza seed, Hyola and Okapi. The studied factors included (a) chemical properties, and (b) physicochemical and quality characteristics. Based on our findings, both varieties of colza seeds in this study had satisfactory levels of oleic and linoleic acid, and no trans-fatty acids. Although both samples had good nutritional properties, the Hyola variety was higher in oleic acid, indicating better oxidative stability. Due to the considerable amounts of β-sitosterol in both varieties, they may be effective in reducing cholesterol and preventing cancer.

Topics: Brassica rapa; Cold Temperature; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Food Handling; Health; Humans; Iran; Linoleic Acid; Nutritive Value; Oleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Patents as Topic; Plant Extracts; Plant Oils; Rapeseed Oil; Seeds; Sitosterols; Species Specificity; Trans Fatty Acids

Nowadays, data concerning the composition of Caryodendron orinocense Karst. (Euphorbiaceae) and Bactris gasipaes Kunth (Arecaceae) seed oils are lacking. In light of this fact, in this paper fatty acids and unsaponifiable fraction composition have been determined using GC-MS, HPLC-DAD (Diode Array Detector), NMR approaches and possible future applications have been preliminary investigated through estimation of antioxidant activity, performed with DPPH test. For C. orinocense linoleic acid (85.59%) was the main component, lauric (33.29%) and myristic (27.76%) acids were instead the most abundant in B. gasipaes. C. orinocense unsaponifiable fraction (8.06%) evidenced a remarkable content of β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, squalene and vitamin E (816 ppm). B. gasipaes revealed instead β-sitosterol and squalene as main constituents of unsaponifiable matter (3.01%). Antioxidant capacity evidenced the best performance of C. orinocense seed oil. These preliminary results could be interesting to suggest the improvement of the population's incomes from Amazonian basin. In particular the knowledge of chemical composition of C. orinocense and B. gasipaes oils could be helpful to divulge and valorize these autochthones plants.

Topics: Antioxidants; Arecaceae; Cholesterol; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Euphorbiaceae; Fatty Acids; Free Radical Scavengers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Myristic Acid; Nuts; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Seeds; Sitosterols; Squalene; Stigmasterol; Vitamin E

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatty acid and phytosterol contents in ethanol extracts of lotus seeds and rhizomes. These ethanol extracts were extracted with hexane. The hexane extracts were hydrolyzed in a microwave reactor, and total fatty acids and phytosterols were analyzed. The hexane extracts were also subjected to silica gel column chromatography. Nonpolar components (triglycerides and steryl-fatty acid esters) were hydrolyzed, and then the contents were analyzed. Polar components (diglycerides, monoglycerides, fatty acids, and phytosterols) were analyzed directly. Seeds contained higher concentrations of fatty acids and phytosterols compared to rhizomes. Linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid were the main fatty acid components in seeds and rhizomes, and most of them in seeds were in the ester form. In seeds, phytosterols existed mainly in the free form rather than in steryl-fatty acid ester form. β-Sitosterol was the most abundant phytosterol in seeds and rhizomes.

Topics: Ethanol; Fatty Acids; Hexanes; Linoleic Acid; Nelumbo; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phytosterols; Plant Extracts; Rhizome; Seeds; Sitosterols

To study the chemical constituents of Humulus scandens.. The compounds were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. The structures were identified by means of IR, 1H-NMR,13C-NMR and MS analyses.. Seven compounds were isolated and identified as friedelanone (I), cis-asarone (II), epifriedelanol (III), stigmasta-4-ene-3,6-dione (IV), gamma-sitosterol (V), n-hexadecanoic acid (VI), and linoleic acid (VII), respectively.. All compounds are isolated from this species for the first time and compounds I - V are obtained from this genus for the first time.

Topics: Cholestenones; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humulus; Linoleic Acid; Molecular Structure; Palmitic Acid; Plants, Medicinal; Sitosterols; Triterpenes

Much interest has focused on the cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterols (plant sterols) but limited data suggests they may also possess anti-carcinogenic activity. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), sourced from meat and dairy products of ruminant animals, has also received considerable attention as a potential anti-cancer agent. Therefore, the aims of this project were to (i) examine the effects of phytosterols and CLA on the viability and growth of human intestinal Caco-2 cells and (ii) determine their potential genoprotective (comet assay), COX-2 modulatory (ELISA) and apoptotic (Hoechst staining) activities. Caco-2 cells were supplemented with the phytosterols campesterol, beta-sitosterol, or beta-sitostanol, or a CLA mixture, or individual CLA isomers (c10t12-CLA, t9t11-CLA) for 48 h. The three phytosterols, at the highest levels tested, were found to reduce both the viability and growth of Caco-2 cells while CLA exhibited isomer-specific effects. None of the phytosterols protected against DNA damage. At a concentration of 25 microM, both c10t12-CLA and t9t11-CLA enhanced (P<0.05) oxidant-induced, but not mutagen-induced, DNA damage. Neither the phytosterols nor CLA induced apoptosis or modulated COX-2 production. In conclusion, campesterol, beta-sitosterol, beta-sitostanol, c10t12-CLA, and t9t11-CLA were not toxic to Caco-2 cells, at the lower levels tested, and did not exhibit potential anti-carcinogenic activity.

Topics: Caco-2 Cells; Cell Membrane; Cell Survival; Cholesterol; Comet Assay; Cyclooxygenase 2; DNA Damage; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Linoleic Acid; Methylnitronitrosoguanidine; Mutagens; Phytosterols; Protective Agents; Sitosterols

To investigate lipid components of high-yielded Pinellia ternata rhizomes growing in the west of Hubei province.. To determine the lipid chemical components in Pinellia ternata rhizomes with GC-MS method and NIST atlas.. Ten components have been found: palmitic acid (I), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (II), pyrrolidine,1-(1-oxo-7,10-hexadecadienyl) (III), alpha-monpalmitin (IV), 1,3,12-nonadecatriene (V), campesterol (VI), stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol (VII), beta-sitosterol (VIII), stigmasta-5,24-dien-3-ol (IX), cycloartenol (X).. The relative contents of five kinds of phytosterol: campesterol 28.96%, stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol 9.24%, beta-sitosterol 50.77%, stigmasta-5,24-dien-3-ol 4.74%, cycloartenol 6.25%. Component II, III, V, VI, IX are the first time reported in Pinellia ternata.

Topics: China; Cholesterol; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Linoleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phytosterols; Pinellia; Plant Tubers; Plants, Medicinal; Sitosterols; Stigmasterol

To analyze the chemical constituents of Heterosmilax japonica Kunth.. The sample was separated and analyzed by GC-MS.. 62 ingredients were elucidated. The major components were steroids and fatty acids.. The method is reliable, and the result provides a reference for further study of Heterosmilax japonica Kunth.

Topics: Fatty Acids; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Linoleic Acid; Molecular Weight; Plants, Medicinal; Rhizome; Sitosterols; Smilacaceae; Steroids

From Valeriana officinalis L., 4 compounds were isolated and identified by various spectral analysis and chemical conversion, as valerenic acid, beta-sitosterol, ursolic acid, 4, 4', 8, 8'-tetrahydroxy-3, 3'-dimethoxyl-dibenzyl-ditetrahydrofuran and caryophyllene acide,valerane, naphthalene, linoleic acid, ethyl ester, myrtenyl acetate were identified by GC-MS. Ursolic acid and 4, 4', 8, 8'-tetrahydroxy-3, 3'-dimethoxyl-dibenzyl-ditetrahydrofuran were discovered in this plant for the first time.

Topics: Acetates; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Indenes; Linoleic Acid; Naphthalenes; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Rhizome; Sesquiterpenes; Sitosterols; Triterpenes; Ursolic Acid; Valerian

The aim of this study was to compare the contents of the main biochemical compounds and the antioxidant capacity of five Spanish olive oils by four different antioxidant tests and to find out the most valuable oil for disease preventing diets. Fatty acids, sterols and individual antioxidant compounds in Arbequina, Hojiblanca, Extra Virgin, Picual and Lampante Spanish olive oils were determined. Antioxidant activities were done as well using different radical scavenging activities: total radical-trapping antioxidative potential by ABAP (TRAP-ABAP), radical scavenging activity by DPPH (RSA-DPPH), antioxidant assay by beta-carotene-linoleate model system (AA-beta-carotene) and total antioxidant status by ABTS (TAA-ABTS). The highest content of all studied antioxidant compounds (353; 329; 4.6 and 2.7 mg/kg for tocopherols, tocotrienols, polyphenols and o-diphenols, respectively) was found in Extra Virgin oil. Also the highest antioxidant capacity was observed in Extra Virgin oil (668 nM/ml; 29.4%; 40.4% and 2.64 mM TE/kg for TRAP-ABAP, RSA-DPPH, AA- beta-carotene and TAA-ABTS, respectively). The correlation between total phenols and antioxidant capacities measured by four methods was very high, but the highest for the beta-carotene (R = 0.9958). In conclusion, the best method for determination of the antioxidant capacity of olive oils is the beta-carotene test. Extra Virgin olive oil has high organoleptic properties and the highest antioxidant activity. The above-mentioned makes this oil a preferable choice for diseases preventing diets.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Antioxidants; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Linoleic Acid; Myristic Acid; Oleic Acid; Olive Oil; Palmitic Acid; Phenols; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Polymers; Polyphenols; Sitosterols; Spain; Stearic Acids

Thirteen constituents were identified from Girardinia palmata ssp ciliata C. J. Chen by using GC-MS, which amounted to 84.5% of the total peaks, the main constituent were linoleic acid (52.01%) and dimethyl fumarate (10.05%). The dissociated amino acids and KNO(3) in the sample amounted to 43.30 mg/100 g and 3.0%. Five compounds were isolated and elucidated as octadecane, hexadecylic acid, beta-sitosterol, p-coumaric acid and potasium nitrate.

Topics: Alkanes; Coumaric Acids; Dimethyl Fumarate; Fumarates; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Linoleic Acid; Plants, Medicinal; Propionates; Sitosterols; Urticaceae

Topics: Animals; Cholesterol; Lagomorpha; Linoleic Acid; Rabbits; Sitosterols; Steroids