linoleic-acid and campesterol

The interest in plant sterols enriched foods has recently enhanced due to their healthy properties. The influence of the unsaturation degree of different fatty acids methyl esters (FAME: stearate, oleate, linoletate and linolenate) on a mixture of three plant sterols (PS: campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol) was evaluated at 180 °C for up to 180 min. Sterols degraded slower in the presence of unsaturated FAME. Both PS and FAME degradation fit a first order kinetic model (R(2)>0.9). Maximum oxysterols concentrations were achieved at 20 min in neat PS and 120 min in lipid mixtures and this maximum amount decreased with increasing their unsaturation degree. In conclusion, the presence of FAME delayed PS degradation and postponed oxysterols formation. This protective effect was further promoted by increasing the unsaturation degree of FAME. This evidence could help industries to optimize the formulation of sterol-enriched products, so that they could maintain their healthy properties during cooking or processing.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids; Food Handling; Hot Temperature; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Phytosterols; Protective Agents; Sitosterols; Stearates; Stigmasterol

The regulated physicochemical quality parameters (free acidity, peroxide value and UV absorption characteristics), sensory parameters (median of fruity, median of defect, panel classification, bitterness and pungency), stability parameters (total phenols and oxidative stability at 100°C) and chemical composition (fatty acids, sterols and triterpenic dialcohols) of virgin olive oils obtained from 12 olive varieties cultivated in 6 of the most representative zones of Castilla-La Mancha (La Alcarria, Campos de Calatrava, Campos de Hellín, Campos de Montiel, Montes de Toledo and Sierra de Alcaraz) were evaluated. The varieties Cornicabra and Picual showed remarkable total polyphenols content and high stability, in contrast with Arbequina. The other less common varieties were in-between these two groups. Cornicabra and Picual showed also high oleic and low linoleic acids content, while Arbequina showed low oleic, high linoleic high palmitic and high palimitoleic acid content. The varieties Benizal and Cornicabra showed very high campesterol content. Benizal stood out by its high stigmasterol, low apparent β-sitosterol and low total sterols content, and the latter was below the established limit for olive oil. Triterpenic dialcohol content was significantly lower for Arbequina than for Cornicabra.

Topics: Absorption, Radiation; Chemical Phenomena; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids; Food Quality; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Olive Oil; Oxidation-Reduction; Palmitic Acid; Peroxides; Phytosterols; Polyphenols; Spain; Sterols; Taste; Triterpenes; Ultraviolet Rays

This study has determined oil, fatty acid (FA) and phytosterols content during the ripening of the Tunisian Onopordum acanthium L. seeds. In total, nine FAs and six phytosterols were identified. The main FAs were linoleic acid (0.18-8.06 mg/g of seed) followed by oleic acid (0.051-2.45 mg/g of seed), palmitic acid and stearic acid. Pentadecanoic acid was detected, for the first time, in unripe fruits and the two last stages of development were characterised by a relative abundance of erucic acid. Overall, β-sitosterol (34.5-77.79% of total sterols) was the major 4-desmethylsterols during maturation. The first episodes of growth were characterised by the best amounts of stigmasterol and campesterol, while stigmastanol and Δ7 sitosterol had quoted the semi-ripe and fully ripe fruits; however, cholesterol was absent. These findings are useful in understanding a potential new source of important natural compounds (Phytosterols and USFA) found in this fruit and when harvest should be undertaken to optimise desired FA and phytosterols content.

Topics: Cholesterol; Fatty Acids; Fruit; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Onopordum; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Seeds; Sitosterols; Stigmasterol; Tunisia

Nowadays, data concerning the composition of Caryodendron orinocense Karst. (Euphorbiaceae) and Bactris gasipaes Kunth (Arecaceae) seed oils are lacking. In light of this fact, in this paper fatty acids and unsaponifiable fraction composition have been determined using GC-MS, HPLC-DAD (Diode Array Detector), NMR approaches and possible future applications have been preliminary investigated through estimation of antioxidant activity, performed with DPPH test. For C. orinocense linoleic acid (85.59%) was the main component, lauric (33.29%) and myristic (27.76%) acids were instead the most abundant in B. gasipaes. C. orinocense unsaponifiable fraction (8.06%) evidenced a remarkable content of β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, squalene and vitamin E (816 ppm). B. gasipaes revealed instead β-sitosterol and squalene as main constituents of unsaponifiable matter (3.01%). Antioxidant capacity evidenced the best performance of C. orinocense seed oil. These preliminary results could be interesting to suggest the improvement of the population's incomes from Amazonian basin. In particular the knowledge of chemical composition of C. orinocense and B. gasipaes oils could be helpful to divulge and valorize these autochthones plants.

Topics: Antioxidants; Arecaceae; Cholesterol; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Euphorbiaceae; Fatty Acids; Free Radical Scavengers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Lauric Acids; Linoleic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Myristic Acid; Nuts; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Seeds; Sitosterols; Squalene; Stigmasterol; Vitamin E

Much interest has focused on the cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterols (plant sterols) but limited data suggests they may also possess anti-carcinogenic activity. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), sourced from meat and dairy products of ruminant animals, has also received considerable attention as a potential anti-cancer agent. Therefore, the aims of this project were to (i) examine the effects of phytosterols and CLA on the viability and growth of human intestinal Caco-2 cells and (ii) determine their potential genoprotective (comet assay), COX-2 modulatory (ELISA) and apoptotic (Hoechst staining) activities. Caco-2 cells were supplemented with the phytosterols campesterol, beta-sitosterol, or beta-sitostanol, or a CLA mixture, or individual CLA isomers (c10t12-CLA, t9t11-CLA) for 48 h. The three phytosterols, at the highest levels tested, were found to reduce both the viability and growth of Caco-2 cells while CLA exhibited isomer-specific effects. None of the phytosterols protected against DNA damage. At a concentration of 25 microM, both c10t12-CLA and t9t11-CLA enhanced (P<0.05) oxidant-induced, but not mutagen-induced, DNA damage. Neither the phytosterols nor CLA induced apoptosis or modulated COX-2 production. In conclusion, campesterol, beta-sitosterol, beta-sitostanol, c10t12-CLA, and t9t11-CLA were not toxic to Caco-2 cells, at the lower levels tested, and did not exhibit potential anti-carcinogenic activity.

Topics: Caco-2 Cells; Cell Membrane; Cell Survival; Cholesterol; Comet Assay; Cyclooxygenase 2; DNA Damage; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Linoleic Acid; Methylnitronitrosoguanidine; Mutagens; Phytosterols; Protective Agents; Sitosterols

To investigate lipid components of high-yielded Pinellia ternata rhizomes growing in the west of Hubei province.. To determine the lipid chemical components in Pinellia ternata rhizomes with GC-MS method and NIST atlas.. Ten components have been found: palmitic acid (I), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (II), pyrrolidine,1-(1-oxo-7,10-hexadecadienyl) (III), alpha-monpalmitin (IV), 1,3,12-nonadecatriene (V), campesterol (VI), stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol (VII), beta-sitosterol (VIII), stigmasta-5,24-dien-3-ol (IX), cycloartenol (X).. The relative contents of five kinds of phytosterol: campesterol 28.96%, stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol 9.24%, beta-sitosterol 50.77%, stigmasta-5,24-dien-3-ol 4.74%, cycloartenol 6.25%. Component II, III, V, VI, IX are the first time reported in Pinellia ternata.

Topics: China; Cholesterol; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Linoleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phytosterols; Pinellia; Plant Tubers; Plants, Medicinal; Sitosterols; Stigmasterol

The aim of this study was to compare the contents of the main biochemical compounds and the antioxidant capacity of five Spanish olive oils by four different antioxidant tests and to find out the most valuable oil for disease preventing diets. Fatty acids, sterols and individual antioxidant compounds in Arbequina, Hojiblanca, Extra Virgin, Picual and Lampante Spanish olive oils were determined. Antioxidant activities were done as well using different radical scavenging activities: total radical-trapping antioxidative potential by ABAP (TRAP-ABAP), radical scavenging activity by DPPH (RSA-DPPH), antioxidant assay by beta-carotene-linoleate model system (AA-beta-carotene) and total antioxidant status by ABTS (TAA-ABTS). The highest content of all studied antioxidant compounds (353; 329; 4.6 and 2.7 mg/kg for tocopherols, tocotrienols, polyphenols and o-diphenols, respectively) was found in Extra Virgin oil. Also the highest antioxidant capacity was observed in Extra Virgin oil (668 nM/ml; 29.4%; 40.4% and 2.64 mM TE/kg for TRAP-ABAP, RSA-DPPH, AA- beta-carotene and TAA-ABTS, respectively). The correlation between total phenols and antioxidant capacities measured by four methods was very high, but the highest for the beta-carotene (R = 0.9958). In conclusion, the best method for determination of the antioxidant capacity of olive oils is the beta-carotene test. Extra Virgin olive oil has high organoleptic properties and the highest antioxidant activity. The above-mentioned makes this oil a preferable choice for diseases preventing diets.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Antioxidants; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Linoleic Acid; Myristic Acid; Oleic Acid; Olive Oil; Palmitic Acid; Phenols; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Polymers; Polyphenols; Sitosterols; Spain; Stearic Acids

The Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) "Riviera Ligure" for extra-virgin olive oils from Liguria specifies three additional geographical mentions corresponding to three different geographical areas. To obtain a complete characterization of this typical Italian product, 217 samples of olive oils produced in this North Italian region during 1998/99 and 1999/2000 were analyzed. For each sample 31 variables were determined by chemical-physical analyses, and the data were subjected to a multivariate statistical analysis. For the 1998/99 crop, characterized by favorable climatic conditions, class-models of the three geographical areas were obtained with good predictive ability, also considering the influence of the month of olive harvesting. The oil samples from the 1999/2000 crop were similarly studied, but bad climatic conditions and a widespread Dacus oleae infestation leveled out the peculiar features of the oils produced in the three areas.

Topics: Agriculture; Analysis of Variance; Cholesterol; Climate; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Italy; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Olive Oil; Palmitic Acid; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Stigmasterol