leptin and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic-acid

We synthesized twenty thiazolidin-4-one derivatives, which were then characterized by standard chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. From the in vitro glucose uptake assay, two compounds behaved as insulin sensitizers, where they enhanced glucose uptake in isolated rat diaphragm. In high-carbohydrate diet-induced insulin resistant mice, these two thiazolidin-4-ones attenuated hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and glucose intolerance. They raised the plasma leptin but did not reverse the diabetes-induced hypoadiponectinemia. Additionally, compound 3a reduced adiposity. The test compounds were also able to reverse the disturbed liver antioxidant milieu. To conclude, these two novel thiazolidin-4-ones modulated multiple mechanisms involved in metabolic disorders, reversing insulin resistance and thus preventing the development of type-2 diabetes.

Topics: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; Animals; Antioxidants; Blood Glucose; Clofibric Acid; Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Leptin; Liver; Mice; Rats; Thiazolidines

Plant growth regulators are considered to leave minimal amounts of remnants and therefore cause no significant side effects in humans. In this study, we aimed to investigate the hormonal and histopathological effects of 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (4-CPA), a commonly used plant growth regulator, on the gonadal functions of rats.. The study was implemented on 64 Wistar albino rats (20 days old). Forty-eight rats received 4-CPA every day until 50 days of age. The rats were randomized into 4 groups (a control group and three 4-CPA groups with doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day); each group was further divided into males and females, making a total of 8 groups. The levels of FSH, LH, testosterone, estradiol, leptin, inhibin-B and neuropeptide-Y were measured. Histopathological examination of the testes and ductus deferens in male rats, and ovaries and uterus of female rats (caspase-3 and -9 immunoreactivity) was performed.. Although hormone levels were similar between the groups, rats that received 4-CPA showed significantly higher degrees of apoptosis compared to the control group (p < 0.001) and increased doses of 4-CPA were directly correlated with the amount of apoptosis (p < 0.001).. 4-CPA induced apoptosis in the gonads of rats without concurrent changes in plasma hormone levels.

Topics: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; Animals; Apoptosis; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endocrine Disruptors; Female; Gonadal Hormones; Gonads; Inhibins; Leptin; Male; Neuropeptide Y; Organ Size; Ovary; Plant Growth Regulators; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sex Characteristics; Sexual Maturation; Testis; Uterus; Vas Deferens