lacosamide and ezogabine

The aim of this review was to evaluate current literature for dosing recommendations for the use of antiepileptic medications in patients receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT).. With the assistance of an experienced medical librarian specialized in pharmacy and toxicology, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, WorldCat, and Scopus through May 2016.. Four hundred three articles were screened for inclusion, of which 130 were identified as potentially relevant. Micromedex® DRUGDEX as well as package inserts were used to obtain known pharmacokinetic properties and dosage adjustment recommendations in RRT if known.. Data regarding antiepileptic drug use in RRT are limited and mostly consist of case reports limiting our proposed dosing recommendations. Known pharmacokinetic parameters should guide dosing, and recommendations are provided where possible.. Additional studies are necessary before specific dosing recommendations can be made for most antiepileptic drugs in critically ill patients receiving RRT, specifically with newer agents.

Topics: Acetamides; Acute Kidney Injury; Amines; Anticonvulsants; Carbamates; Critical Illness; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Dibenzazepines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethosuximide; Felbamate; Fructose; Gabapentin; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans; Isoxazoles; Lacosamide; Lamotrigine; Levetiracetam; Phenobarbital; Phenylcarbamates; Phenylenediamines; Phenytoin; Piracetam; Propylene Glycols; Renal Dialysis; Renal Replacement Therapy; Seizures; Topiramate; Triazines; Valproic Acid; Zonisamide

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) is a syndrome that is often refractory to drug treatment. The effects on specific syndromes are not currently available from the pre-marketing clinical development of new AEDs; this does not allow the prediction of whether new drugs will be more effective in the treatment of some patients.. We have reviewed all the existing literature relevant to the understanding of a potential effectiveness in MTLE-HS patients for the latest AEDs, namely brivaracetam, eslicarbazepine, lacosamide, perampanel and retigabine also including the most relevant clinical data and a brief description of their pharmacological profile. Records were identified using predefined search criteria using electronic databases (e.g., PubMed, Cochrane Library Database of Systematic Reviews). Primary peer-reviewed articles published up to the 15 June 2015 were included.. All the drugs considered have the potential to be effective in the treatment of MTLE-HS; in fact, they possess proven efficacy in animal models; currently considered valuable tools for predicting drug efficacy in TLE. Furthermore, for some of these (e.g., lacosamide and eslicarbazepine) data are already available from post-marketing studies while brivaracetam acting on SV2A like levetiracetam might have the same potential effectiveness with the possibility to be more efficacious considering its ability to inhibit voltage gated sodium channels; finally, perampanel and retigabine are very effective drugs in animal models of TLE.

Topics: Acetamides; Anticonvulsants; Carbamates; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dibenzazepines; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Hippocampus; Humans; Lacosamide; Levetiracetam; Nitriles; Phenylenediamines; Piracetam; Pyridones; Sclerosis; Syndrome

This article lays the background for, and discusses the practical issues surrounding, the adjunctive use of the last four antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to be licensed for the treatment of pharmacoresistant focal seizures in the UK and elsewhere. More than 30% of adolescent and adult patients will not be fully controlled on the currently available therapeutic armamentarium. After not responding to their first three AED schedules, only a handful of patients attained seizure freedom on subsequent regimens. To optimise the response to any new AED in this setting, it is often necessary to reduce the existing drug burden. The pharmacology, tolerability and safety, and everyday use of lacosamide, eslicarbazepine acetate, retigabine (ezogabine) and perampanel will be reviewed and discussed. This will be accompanied by data from prospective audits with each drug undertaken at the Western Infirmary in Glasgow, Scotland, and a report of their successful introduction in an illustrative case. Overall, there is a large variation in the course of refractory epilepsy and the effect of AED therapy on this process seems minimal. Nevertheless, a number of patients will benefit from the introduction of each new AED, with some becoming seizure-free.

Topics: Acetamides; Adult; Aged; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Carbamates; Dibenzazepines; Drug Resistant Epilepsy; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Lacosamide; Male; Middle Aged; Nitriles; Phenylenediamines; Pyridones

The search for new, more effective antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) continues. The three most recently approved drugs, the so-called third-generation AEDs, include lacosamide, retigabine and eslicarbazepine acetate and are licensed as adjunctive treatment of partial epilepsy in adults.. For the above three AEDs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic characteristics, drug-drug interactions, pharmacotherapeutics, dose and administration and therapeutic drug monitoring are reviewed in this paper.. Lacosamide and retigabine act through novel mechanisms, while eslicarbazepine acetate, a pro-drug for eslicarbazepine, acts in a similar manner to several other AEDs. All three AEDs are associated with linear pharmacokinetic and rapid absorption and undergo metabolism. Their drug-drug interaction profile is low (lacosamide and retigabine) to modest (eslicarbazepine) in propensity. At the highest approved doses for the three AEDs, responder rates were similar. The most commonly observed adverse effects compared with placebo were dizziness, headache, diplopia and nausea for lacosamide; dizziness, somnolence and fatigue for retigabine and dizziness and somnolence for eslicarbazepine acetate. The precise role that these new AEDs will have in the treatment of epilepsy and whether they will make a significant impact on the prognosis of intractable epilepsy is not yet known and will have to await further clinical experience.

Topics: Acetamides; Anticonvulsants; Carbamates; Dibenzazepines; Drug Interactions; Epilepsy; Humans; Lacosamide; Phenylenediamines

Cognitive problems are frequently observed in patients with epilepsy and the relative contribution of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in this respect is determinant. During the past few years, a number of new AEDs have been introduced, and new compounds will be probably available in the forthcoming years. The ideal AED would be the one characterized by good efficacy with no negative effects on cognitive functions, mood and behavior. This paper is aimed at discussing the potential impact on cognition of a number of new compounds, namely lacosamide, rufinamide, retigabine, eslicarbazepine acetate, brivaracetam, perampanel and ganaxolone. In almost all cases, specific data on cognitive functions are not yet available, and it is possible only to speculate on their potential impact considering the mechanism of action and the adverse event profile in placebo-controlled studies. Lacosamide, eslicarbazepine acetate and probably brivaracetam are promising and will probably exhibit very limited impact on cognition. Conversely, retigabine may be more problematic, needing low starting doses and slow titration rates to improve cognitive tolerability. Data on rufinamide are restricted to special populations such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Perampanel and ganaxolone are still in Phase III development, but the mechanism of action of these compounds is in line with a more sedative than neutral profile.

Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Carbamates; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Epilepsy; Forecasting; Humans; Lacosamide; Phenylenediamines

Epilepsy is not a singular disease, but a variety of disorders. It affects up to 0.5% of the population. Over the past decade, researchers have made great advances in the field of epilepsy. These have been accompanied by the licensing of a great number of antiepileptic drugs. However, despite these efforts, up to 15-20% of patients have refractory epilepsy. The novel antiepileptic drugs must suit several requirements: higher efficacy, especially in resistant cases, better tolerability, and improved pharmacokinetic properties. Recently, three new drugs have been introduced to the market. Retigabine is a carbamic derivate, and its anticonvulsive properties are largely due to its ability to prolong the opening of neuronal voltage-gated potassium Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 channels. Lacosamide is a functionalized amino acid, and selectively enhances voltage-gated sodium channel slow inactivation. Eslicarbazepine acetate is a new member of the dibenzazepine family, and blocks the fast inactivated voltage-gated sodium channel. All three of them differ from the foregoing agents in several important ways, including new mechanism of action (retigabine, lacosamide), or pharmacokinetics (eslicarbazepine acetate). These novel anticonvulsants appear to be a safe and effective addition to the armamentarium for the treatment of patients with refractory epilepsy. However, it will take the consideration of new concepts in shaping the new therapeutic algorithm.

Topics: Acetamides; Anticonvulsants; Carbamates; Dibenzazepines; Epilepsy; Humans; Lacosamide; Phenylenediamines

Topics: Acetamides; Amines; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Carbamates; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Design; Gabapentin; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans; Lacosamide; Levetiracetam; Phenylenediamines; Piracetam; Pregabalin; Pregnanolone; Pyrrolidinones; Triazoles

To isobolographically determine the types of interactions that occur between retigabine and lacosamide (LCM; two third-generation antiepileptic drugs) with respect to their anticonvulsant activity and acute adverse effects (sedation) in the maximal electroshock-induced seizures (MES) and chimney test (motor performance) in adult male Swiss mice.. Type I isobolographic analysis for nonparallel dose-response effects for the combination of retigabine with LCM (at the fixed-ratio of 1:1) in both the MES and chimney test in mice was performed. Brain concentrations of retigabine and LCM were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to characterize any pharmacokinetic interactions occurring when combining these drugs.. Linear regression analysis revealed that retigabine had its dose-response effect line nonparallel to that of LCM in both the MES and chimney tests. The type I isobolographic analysis illustrated that retigabine combined with LCM (fixed-ratio of 1:1) exerted an additive interaction in the mouse MES model and sub-additivity (antagonism) in the chimney test. With HPLC, retigabine and LCM did not mutually change their total brain concentrations, thereby confirming the pharmacodynamic nature of the interaction.. LCM combined with retigabine possesses a beneficial preclinical profile (benefit index ranged from 2.07 to 2.50) and this 2-drug combination is worth recommending as treatment plan to patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy.

Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Carbamates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Combinations; Electroshock; Lacosamide; Male; Mice; Phenylenediamines; Psychomotor Performance; Seizures

To calculate comparative incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (cost per quality-adjusted life year, QALY) and net marginal benefits for retigabine as add-on treatment for patients with uncontrolled focal seizures as compared to add-on lacosamide treatment and no add-on treatment, respectively.. Calculations were performed using a validated decision-tree model. The study population consisted of adult patients with focal-onset epilepsy in published randomized placebo-controlled add-on trials of retigabine or lacosamide. Healthcare utilization and QALY for each treatment alternative were calculated. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed using the specification of this model as a basis for Monte Carlo simulations. 2009 prices were used for all costs.. Results were reported for a 2-year follow-up period. Retigabine add-on treatment was both more effective and less costly than lacosamide add-on treatment, and the cost per additional QALY for the retigabine no add-on (standard) therapy comparison was estimated at 2009€ 15,753. Using a willingness-to-pay threshold for a QALY of € 50,000, the net marginal values were estimated at 2009€ 605,874 for retigabine vs lacosamide and 2009€ 2,114,203 for retigabine vs no add-on, per 1,000 patients. The probabilistic analyses showed that the likelihood that retigabine treatment is cost-effective is at least 70%.. The estimated cost per additional QALY, for the retigabine vs no add-on treatment comparison, is well within the range of newly published estimates of willingness to pay for an additional QALY. Thus, add-on retigabine treatment for people with focal-onset epilepsy with no/limited response to standard antiepileptic treatment appears to be cost-effective.

Topics: Acetamides; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamates; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies, Partial; Health Care Costs; Humans; Lacosamide; Phenylenediamines; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sweden