isoschaftoside and schaftoside

In this study, a valid and comprehensive evaluation method for assessing the quality of Desmodium styracifolium (Osb.) Merr has been established, based on analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint combined with the similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis (DA) and the quantitative analysis multi-components by single marker (QAMS) method. Eleven peaks of the common model were obtained and analyzed using SA, HCA, PCA and DA analysis. These methods indicated a similar conclusion that 31 batches of D. styracifolium samples were categorized into two clusters basically coincident with their geographical regions of origin. Four peaks were identified as schaftoside, isoorientin, isoschaftoside and isovitexin. Schaftoside was selected as the internal standard, and the relative correction factors between schaftoside and the other three flavonoids were calculated using the QAMS method. The accuracy of the QAMS method was verified by comparing with the results calculated by the external standard method. No significant difference between the two methods was found. In conclusion, the established methods were scientifically applied in the quality evaluation of D. styracifolium.

Topics: Apigenin; Cheminformatics; China; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cluster Analysis; Fabaceae; Glycosides; Limit of Detection; Plants, Medicinal; Principal Component Analysis; Sensitivity and Specificity

Schaftoside and isoschaftoside are bioactive natural products widely distributed in higher plants including cereal crops and medicinal herbs. Their biosynthesis may be related with plant defense. However, little is known on the glycosylation biosynthetic pathway of these flavonoid di-

Topics: Biosynthetic Pathways; Catalysis; Cloning, Molecular; Enzyme Activation; Flavonoids; Glycosides; Glycosylation; Glycosyltransferases; Models, Molecular; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plant Proteins; Structure-Activity Relationship

Abrus mollis, a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine in China and other Asia countries, has been used clinically to prevent and treat hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease for decades.. A modified HPLC-MS method was developed for the determination of vicenin-2 (AM-I), isoschaftoside (AM-II), and schaftoside (AM-III) of AM extract (AME) in rat plasma and tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys). Following oral administration of AME to rat at a dose of 200mg/kg, the concentrations of AM-I, II and III in plasma and tissues were quantified. An integrated double peak pharmacokinetics model was used to fit the concentration-time curves. The effects of drug on the bile flow and toe swelling of rats induced by carrageenan were also studied.. The limit of quantitation of this modified HPLC-MS method decreased from 25 to 5ng/mL for plasma and from 100 to 10ng/g for tissue. These concentration-time curves show two successive maximum concentrations. The results of integrated double peak pharmacokinetics in this paper indicated that the three flavonoid C-glycosides may be absorbed by two sites of intestine in vivo. These results of bile flow and toe swelling showed a significant correlation between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.. The novel integrated double peak pharmacokinetic approach to studying the holistic pharmacokinetic properties of traditional Chinese medicine has been successfully developed and validated using AM as a model drug. This study would be a useful guide for the holistic double peak pharmacokinetic study in consistence with the intrinsic theory and characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine.

Topics: Abrus; Administration, Oral; Animals; Apigenin; Carrageenan; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Edema; Glucosides; Glycosides; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Myocardium; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spleen; Tissue Distribution

The aims of the present study were to investigate the skin permeation and cellular uptake of a microemulsion (ME) containing total flavone of rhizoma arisaematis (TFRA), and to evaluate its effects on skin structure. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to evaluate ME regions with various surfactants and cosurfactants. Eight formulations of oil-in-water MEs were selected as vehicles, and in vitro skin-permeation experiments were performed to optimize the ME formulation and to evaluate its permeability, in comparison to that of an aqueous suspension. Laser scanning confocal microscopy and fluorescent-activated cell sorting were used to explore the cellular uptake of rhodamine 110-labeled ME in human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human embryonic skin fibroblasts (CCC-ESF-1). The structure of stratum corneum treated with ME was observed using a scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, skin irritation was tested to evaluate the safety of ME. ME formulated with 4% ethyl oleate (weight/weight), 18% Cremophor EL (weight/weight), and 18% Transcutol P, with 1% Azone to enhance permeation, showed good skin permeability. ME-associated transdermal fluxes of schaftoside and isoschaftoside, two major effective constituents of TFRA, were 3.72-fold and 5.92-fold higher, respectively, than those achieved using aqueous suspensions. In contrast, in vitro studies revealed that uptake by HaCaT and CCC-ESF-1 cells was lower with ME than with an aqueous suspension. Stratum corneum loosening and shedding was observed in nude mouse skin treated with ME, although ME produced no observable skin irritation in rabbits. These findings indicated that ME enhanced transdermal TFRA delivery effectively and showed good biocompatibility with skin tissue.

Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Drug Carriers; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Emulsions; Glycosides; Humans; Mice, Nude; Nanoparticles; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skin; Skin Absorption; Solubility

Isoschaftoside, an allelopathic di-C-glycosylflavone from Desmodium spp. root exudates, is biosynthesised through sequential glucosylation and arabinosylation of 2-hydroxynaringenin with UDP-glucose and UDP-arabinose. Complete conversion to the flavone requires chemical dehydration implying a dehydratase enzyme has a role in vivo to complete the biosynthesis. The C-glucosyltransferase has been partially characterised and its activity demonstrated in highly purified fractions.

Topics: Fabaceae; Flavonoids; Glycosides; Glycosylation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Molecular Structure; Seeds; Striga; Temperature

Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.) is used in phytotherapy as a mild sedative and anxiolytic agent. In the literature it is clear this plant shows considerable qualitative and quantitative variability with respect to its content of C-glycosyl flavones, some of which are used as marker compounds for extracts. Analysis of plant material cultivated in Australia revealed two chemically distinct groups; hence an investigation was carried out to determine whether distinct intraspecific chemotypes exist in this species. Eleven P. incarnata samples were analysed by HPLC, LC-MS and two different TLC methods. The samples fell into two distinct groups with respect to their C-glycosyl flavone profile, with little within-group variation. One chemotype was dominated by isovitexin and schaftoside/isoschaftoside, as is most widely reported in the literature for this species. The other chemotype was characterized by a high level of swertisin, with low levels of schaftoside/isoschaftoside. The two chemotypes are readily identified by both HPLC and TLC. Although the compounds responsible for the therapeutic activity of P. incarnata are yet to be identified, phytomedicines should be made with the accepted isovitexin chemotype until the pharmacological implications of chemotypical differences are understood.

Topics: Anti-Anxiety Agents; Apigenin; Australia; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flavones; Glycosides; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Passiflora; Pharmacognosy; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts