isoquercitrin and ferulic-acid

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Antioxidants; Arum; Butyrylcholinesterase; Caffeic Acids; Ellagic Acid; Enzyme Inhibitors; Flavonoids; Kaempferols; Methanol; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Parabens; Plant Extracts; Solvents; Water

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antihypertensive Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Caffeic Acids; Cell Line, Tumor; Centaurea; Chlorogenic Acid; Chromatography, Liquid; Coumaric Acids; Coumarins; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Flowers; Hemolysis; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Lipid Peroxidation; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts; Quercetin; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Water

The urinary recoveries of the hydroxycinnamates, ferulic acid (3-methoxy, 4-hydroxy cinnamic acid), and chlorogenic acid (the quinic acid ester of 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid), and three structurally related flavonoids were studied in the rat. For the latter, the aglycone quercetin was compared with its 3-glucoside (isoquercitrin) and 3-rhamnoglucoside (rutin). Doses of 50 mg/kg were administered via the oral and intravenous routes and urine collected over the subsequent 24-h period. Reverse phase HPLC with photo-diode array detection was used to analyze the unchanged compound and their metabolites excreted in the urine. Ferulic acid and isoquercitrin were orally absorbed (5.4 and 0.48% of administered dose, respectively) and are therefore bioavailable. In contrast, neither unchanged chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin, nor the conjugated metabolites in the form of glucuronide or sulphate were detected in the urine after oral dosing. All the flavonoids studied produced low total urinary recoveries after intravenous administration, 9.2% for quercetin-3-rhamnoglucoside, 6.7% for the 3-glucoside, and 2.4% for the aglycone, indicating that extensive metabolism to low molecular weight compounds or excretion via other routes may be occurring. Overall it can be stated that renal excretion is not a major pathway of elimination for intact flavonoids and hydroxycinnamates in the rat.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Chlorogenic Acid; Coumaric Acids; Flavonoids; Glucuronides; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Quercetin; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rutin

We have studied the perfusion of the jejunum and ileum in an isolated rat intestine model with flavonoids and hydroxycinnamates and the influence of glycosylation on the subsequent metabolism. Flavone and flavonol glucosides and their corresponding aglycones are glucuronidated during transfer across the rat jejunum and ileum and this glucuronidation occurs without the need for gut microflora. Furthermore, this suggests the presence of glycosidases as well as UDP-glucuronyl transferase in the jejunum. In contrast, quercetin-3-glucoside and rutin are mainly absorbed unmetabolised. The results suggest that the more highly reducing phenolics are absorbed predominantly as glucuronides (96.5%+/-4.6) of the amount absorbed, whereas monophenolic hydroxycinnamates and monophenolic B-ring flavonoids are less predisposed to glucuronidation and higher levels of aglycone (88.1%+/-10.1) are detected on absorption through both the jejunum and ileum.

Topics: Animals; Caffeic Acids; Chlorogenic Acid; Coumaric Acids; Flavonoids; Glucuronates; Hesperidin; Ileum; In Vitro Techniques; Intestinal Absorption; Jejunum; Kaempferols; Male; Perfusion; Propionates; Quercetin; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rutin