iridoids and gardenoside

Osteoarthritis (OA) places a significant burden on society and finance, and there is presently no effective treatment beside late replacement surgery and symptomatic relief. The therapy of OA requires additional research. Gardenoside is a naturally compound extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, which has a variety of anti-inflammatory effects. However, few studies have been conducted to determine the role of gardenoside in OA. This study aimed to explore whether gardenoside has effect in OA treatment. Rat primary chondrocytes were treated with IL-1β to simulate inflammatory environmental conditions and OA in vitro. We examined the effects of gardenoside at concentrations ranging from 0 to 200 μM on the viability of rat chondrocytes and selected 10 μM for further study. Via in vitro experiments, our study found that gardenoside lowers the gene expression of COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, and reduced the ROS production of chondrocytes induced by IL-1β. Moreover, it effectively alleviates ECM degradation caused by IL-1β and promotes the ECM synthesis in chondrocytes by upregulating collagen-II and the ACAN expression, downregulating the expression of MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-5 expression. Further, our study showed that gardenoside inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway activated by IL-1β in chondrocytes. We established an OA rat model by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). The animals were then periodically injected with gardenoside into the knee articular cavity. In vivo study suggested that gardenoside attenuates OA progression in rats. As a whole, in vitro and in vivo results highlight gardenoside is a promising OA treatment agent.

Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Chondrocytes; Extracellular Matrix; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Iridoids; NF-kappa B; Osteoarthritis; Rats; Signal Transduction

Neuropathic pain is a severe health problem for which there is a lack of effective therapy. Ozone and Gardenia fruits have been used separately in pain relief for many years; however, their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate the pain‑relieving effects of combined ozone and Gardenia, a chronic constriction sciatic nerve injury (CCI) rat model was constructed and treated with ozone and gardenoside (Ozo&Gar), which is a compound found in Gardenia fruits. A total of 70 rats were randomly divided into five groups: Control (Ctrl), Ctrl + Ozo&Gar, Sham, CCI, and CCI + Ozo&Gar. The rats in the Ctrl + Ozo&Gar and CCI + Ozo&Gar groups were administered an intravenous injection of 30 µg/ml ozone and 300 µmol/l gardenoside. The rats in the Ctrl, Sham and CCI groups were administered the same volume of saline. Pain behavior, mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia, and the protein expression levels of P2X3 and P2X7 purine receptors in L4‑L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were determined 15 days post‑surgery. The results demonstrated that treatment with a combination of ozone and gardenoside increased mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency, thus confirming their pain‑relieving effects. In addition, a significant increase in the mRNA and protein expression levels of P2X3 and P2X7 was detected in the DRG of rats in the CCI group compared with in the control groups; however, following treatment with a combination of ozone and gardenoside, the mRNA and protein expression levels of P2X3 and P2X7 receptors were significantly reduced compared with in the CCI group. These results indicated that the mechanism underlying the pain‑relieving effects of ozone and gardenoside may be mediated by inhibition of P2X3 and P2X7 purine receptors in the DRG. This finding suggested that ozone and gardenoside may be considered potential drug candidates that target P2X3 and P2X7 purine receptors.

Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation; Iridoids; Male; Neuralgia; Oxidants, Photochemical; Ozone; Pain Measurement; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Rats; RNA, Messenger; Sciatic Neuropathy

Here, using rat model, we investigated the roles of gardenoside in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the ischiadic nerve.. Bennett and Xie's unilateral sciatic nerve CCI model was used in this study. A total of 60 rats were divided into control group (CN), sham group (Sham), CCI group, and gardenoside administrated CCI group. An aliquot of 5 mL gardenoside solution was administrated through gavage once per day for 14 d. Mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and the thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) were detected. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in spinal fluid were detected by ELISA. By using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot, we analyzed the expression of P2X purinoceptor 3 and 7 (P2X3 and P2X7 receptors) in different groups. The expression of p-ERK/ERK and p-p38/p38 were also detected by western blot.. We found out that gardenoside could significantly improve the sciatica by partially restore the decrease of MWT and TWL in CCI rats. The levels of iNOS, IL-1β, and TNF-α were higher in CCI group (p < .05). The expressions of P2X3 and P2X7 were significantly increased in the CCI rats compared to control rats (p < .05). The levels of p-ERK/ERK and p-p38/p38 were also obviously increased in CCI group (p < .05). After treated with the gardenoside, these increases were decreased.. These results indicated that gardenoside may be able to relief CCI-induced neuropathic pain by regulating the P2X3 and the P2X7 expression on the ischiadic nerve.

Topics: Animals; Ganglia, Spinal; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Iridoids; Neuralgia; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Pain Threshold; Rats; Receptors, Purinergic P2X3; Receptors, Purinergic P2X7; Sciatic Nerve; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Herbal extracts have been extensively used worldwide for their application on memory improvement, especially among aged and memory-deficit populations. In the present study, the memory loss induced by human Abeta protein over-expression in fruitfly Alzheimer's disease (AD) model was rescued by multiple extracts from Gardenia jasminoides. Three extracts that rich with gardenia yellow, geniposide, and gardenoside components showed distinct rescue effect on memory loss. Further investigation on adding gardenoside into a formula of Ganoderma lucidum, Panax notoginseng and Panax ginseng (GPP) also support its therapeutic effects on memory improvement. Interestingly, the application of GPP and gardenoside did not alter the accumulation of Abeta proteins but suppressed the expression of immune-related genes in the brain. These results revealed the importance and relevancy of anti-inflammation process and the underlying mechanisms on rescuing memory deficits, suggesting the potential therapeutic use of the improved GPP formulation in improving cognition in defined population in the future.

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Brain; Cognition; Disease Models, Animal; Drosophila; Drosophila Proteins; Gardenia; Gene Expression Regulation; Immunity, Innate; Iridoids; Plant Extracts; Polymerase Chain Reaction

The therapeutic effect on HCl/ethanol induced gastric injury of Gardenia jasminoides (JXGJ-1 and JXGJ-2) were determined by a animal model. JXGJ-2 group reduced area of its gastric injury as compared to the control group, JXGJ-2 also helped in decreasing the gastric secretion volume results raised in pH value. The NO contents in serum, heart, liver, kidney and stomach of JXGJ-2 group were more than JXGJ-1 and control groups. JXGJ-2 reduce cytokine levels as compared to JXGJ-1 and control group. The serum and gastric tissue SOD, GSH-Px, GSH levels in JXGJ-2 treated mice were higher than JXGJ-1 treated and control mice, but the MDA, PC levels showed the crosscurrents, these levels were close to normal mice. Gardenia jasminoides could increase the occludin, EGF, EGFR, VEGF, IκB-α, nNOS, eNOS, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px (GSH1) mRNA and protein expressions and decrease the p38MAPK (p38), NF-κB, Bcl-2, COX-2, iNOS expressions in gastric tissues unlike to the control mice, JXGJ-2 had much better effect than JXGJ-1. JXGJ-1contained the higher genipin gentiobioside and gardenoside, they might be the key components of gastric injury inhibition. Gardenia jasminoides had a remarkable effect on gastric injury, and they were derived from two important components of genipin gentiobioside and gardenoside.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Disease Models, Animal; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Ethanol; Gardenia; Hydrochloric Acid; Iridoids; Male; Mice; Stomach; Stomach Diseases

In this paper, by coupling reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), a two-dimensional liquid chromatography system was developed for separation and identification of the active ingredients in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJE). By applying the semi-preparative C18 column as the first dimension and the core-shell column as the second dimension, a total of 896 peaks of GJE were separated. Among the 896 peaks, 16 active ingredients including geniposide, gardenoside, gardoside, etc. were identified by mass spectrometry analysis. The results indicated that the proposed two-dimensional RPLC/HILIC system was an effective method for the analysis of GJE and might hold a high potential to become a useful tool for analysis of other complex mixtures.

Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Gardenia; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Iridoids; Plant Extracts

Four new iridoids, 2'-O-(E)-coumaroylshanzhiside (1), 6'-O-(E)-coumaroylshanzhiside (2), 8α-butylgardenoside B (3), 6α-methoxygenipin (4), and one new phenylpropanoid glucoside, 5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenyl β-d-glucopyranoside (5), together with sixteen known compounds, were isolated from the edible flowers of wild Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis. Their chemical structures were characterized by extensive spectroscopic techniques, including 1D- and 2D-NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and CD experiments. The absolute configurations of the new isolates' sugar moiety were assigned by HPLC analysis of the acid hydrolysates. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of those isolates were preliminarily evaluated by DPPH scavenging experiment. And comparison of

Topics: Antioxidants; Flowers; Fruit; Gardenia; Iridoids; Molecular Structure; Plant Extracts; Spectrum Analysis

To study the chemical constituents of water extracted fraction from Oldenlandia diffusa.. The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography on macroporous resin,silica gel,MCI gel,Sephadex LH-20,ODS medium pressure liquid chromatography and RP-semi-preparative HPLC. The structures of compounds were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical and spectral analysis.. 16 compounds were isolated from the water extract of Oldenlandia diffusa,and their structures were identified as asperuloside( 1),deacetyl asperuloside( 2),geniposide( 3),10-dehydrogeniposide( 4),daphylloside( 5),diffusoside A( 6),diffusoside B( 7),coniferin( 8),scandoside methyl ester( 9),acetyl scandoside methyl ester( 10),deacetylasperulosidic acid methyl ester( 11),gardenoside( 12),galioside( 13),galioside 10-acetate( 14),loliolide( 15) and( +)-neo-olivil( 16),respectively.. Compounds 3,8 and 14 ~ 16 are obtained from Oldenlandia diffusa for the first time.

Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cyclopentane Monoterpenes; Glucosides; Iridoids; Lignans; Oldenlandia; Pyrans

Gardenoside is one of the most important effective extractions of a herb for its hepatoprotective properties. The aim of this study was to address the mechanism of Gardenoside on HepG2 cellular steatosis induced by free fatty acids (FFAs). The model of HepG2 steatosis was duplicated by oleic and palmitic acid at the proportion of 2:1 (FFAs mixture) for 24 h, then lipid toxicity was induced. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were used to detect cell viability and Oil Red O staining method was used to judge the lipid accumulation respectively. Inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and intracellular NFκB were measured after 24 h. The steatosis was significantly decreased after Gardenoside treatment without cytotoxicity. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 were modulated to HepG2 cells by treatment of Gardenoside. In the meantime, the activation of NFκB was inhibited by Gardenoside. Gardenoside has a protective effect on FFA-induced cellular steatosis in HepG2 cells which indicates that Gardenoside might be a potential therapeutic herb against NASH by suppressed supernatant inflammatory cytokine production and intracellular NFkB activity.

Topics: Cell Survival; Cytokines; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Liver; Hep G2 Cells; Hepatocytes; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Iridoids; Lipid Metabolism; NF-kappa B; Phosphorylation

Gardeniae fructus is one of the medicinal herbs that have been used in Far Eastern countries, such as Korea, China, and Japan. Gardeniae fructus is the dried ripe fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) and has been used as a yellow dye. It is widely used as traditional herbal medicine for reducing fever, cholagogue, diuretic and antiphlogistic effects. We established an analytical method that was useful to evaluate the quality control, and standardize quantification monitoring of 68 samples of Gardeniae fructus collected from Korea and China. While numerous previous studies have focused on the simultaneous analysis of geniposide, which constitutes the higher proportion of Gardeniae fructus, and crocin, which determines its color, no simultaneous analysis of gardenoside and geniposide, the major components of Gardeniae Fructus, has been performed. However, previously reported methods are not considered accurate enough because only geniposide or gardenoside was chosen to be the marker component for the quality control of Gardeniae fructus. Thus, we developed the method using simultaneous determination of four components including geniposide, gardenoside, geniposic acid and chlorogenic acid. Against this backdrop, this study aims to propose a new calculation for gardenoside and geniposide concentrations by analyzing their concentrations in Gardeniae fructus.

Topics: Biomarkers; China; Chlorogenic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Fruit; Gardenia; Iridoid Glucosides; Iridoids; Republic of Korea

A novel method was set up with the aim to obtain a simultaneous cross comparative evaluation of different Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis fruits by the HPTLC fingerprint approach. The main components among the iridoid, hydroxycinnamic derivative and crocin classes were identified by TLC-MS ancillary techniques. The iridoids geniposide, gardenoside and genepin-1-β-d-gentiobioside were also quantitated by densitometric scanning at 240nm. LiChrospher HPTLC Silica gel 60 RP-18 W F254, 20cm×10cm plates with acetonitrile: formic acid 0.1% (40:60 v/v) as the mobile phase was used. The method was validated giving rise to a dependable and high throughput procedure well suited to routine applications. Iridoids were quantified in the range of 240-1140ng with RSD of repeatability and intermediate precision between 0.9-2.5% and accuracy with bias 1.6-2.6%. The method was tested on six commercial Gardenia Jasminoides fruit samples.

Topics: Chromatography, Thin Layer; Fruit; Gardenia; Iridoids; Mass Spectrometry

To obtain chemical constituent information of rat plasma after oral administration of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction (HLJDD), a LC-FT-ICR-MS method has been established, and both positive and negative ions scan modes were include in the analysis. By comparing their retention time, high resolution mass data of HLJDD extracts, blank plasma and dosed plasma, 38 constituents, including 22 prototype compounds and 16 metabolites, were detected in rat plasma after oral administration of HLJDD. In the 22 prototype compounds, 16 constituents were determined unambiguously by comparing with references. In the analysis of metabolites, phase II reactions like glucuronidation and sulfation were the major biotransformation pathways of HLJDD. M11 was observed as the only phase I metabolite in present experiment. The results will be beneficial for the further pharmacokinetics and pharmacological evaluations of HLJDD.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Alkaloids; Animals; Biotransformation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Combinations; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Flavonoids; Iridoids; Male; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

To investigate the chemical constituents of Gardenia jasminoides fruits.. Various column chromatography were used in the isolation and purification, and physiochemical constant determination and spectral analysis were adopted to determine the chemical structures.. Twelve compounds were isolated from Gardenia jasminoides including jasminoside I (1), gardenoside (2), gardaloside (3), 3-hydroxy-urs-12-ene-11-ketone(4), 5, 4'-dihydroxyl-7, 3', 5'-trimethoxyflavone (5), 5, 7, 3', 4', 5'-pentamethoxyflavone(6), 3, 5, 6, 4'-tetrahydroxy-3', 5'-dimethoxyflavone (7), shikimic acid (8), 1, 2, 4-benzenetriol (9), 3, 4-dimethoxy-benzoic acid (10), dibutyl phthalate (11) and diisobutyl phthalate (12).. Compounds 4 - 7 and 9 -10 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Topics: Gardenia; Iridoids; Monoterpenes

Our previous studies showed that after oral administration of an Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT) decoction, there is a higher concentration of the pure components, berberine, baicalin and gardenoside in the plasma of Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats than in sham-operated rats, The aim of the present study was to determine whether these components could be reliably measured in MCAO rat tissues. First, the plasma concentration-time profiles of berberine, palmatine, baicalin, baicalein and gardenoside were characterised in MCAO rats after oral administration of the aqueous extract of HLJDT. Subsequently, liver, lung and kidney tissues were obtained from sudden death MCAO rats in the absorption phase (0.25 h), the distribution phase (1.0 h) and the elimination phase (8.0 h) after administration of the HLJDT aqueous extract. An HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of the distribution characteristics of berberine, palmatine, baicalin, baicalein and gardenoside simultaneously from the above-mentioned rat tissues. The results indicated that berberine, palmatine, baicalin and baicalein distributed rapidly and accumulated at high levels in the lung, while gardenoside distributed widely in the lung and the kidney. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the distribution of the active ingredients derived from HLJDT in MCAO rat tissues. The tissue distribution results provide a biopharmaceutical basis for the design of the clinic application of HLJDT in cerebrovascular disease.

Topics: Animals; Berberine; Berberine Alkaloids; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Flavanones; Flavonoids; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Iridoids; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tissue Distribution

To investigate the chemical components of Gardenia jasminoides.. Various column chromatography were used in the isolation and purification, and physiochemical constant determination and spectral analysis were adopted to idenitify the chemical structures.. Ten compounds were isolated and identified as jasminoside A(1), epijasminoside A(2), 6-O-methylscandoside methyl ester (3), 6-O-methyldeacetylasperulosidic acid methyl ester (4), gardenoside (5), phenylmethol (6), 4-hydroxy-phenylmethol-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl- (1-->6) -beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylmethol-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8), 3-hydroxy4-methoxy-phenylmethol-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylmethol-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10).. Compounds 6 -10 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Topics: Benzyl Alcohols; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Ethanol; Fruit; Gardenia; Iridoids; Molecular Structure

To purify the extract of fructus gardeniae for injection by macroreticular resins in purification process of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Injections.. Using fructus gardeniae as sample, on base of obtaining the extract by employing macroreticular resin, quality evaluation and rationality of purification methods had been studied by the quantitative analysis of active ingredients and the characteristics of micromeritics, safety and stability of the extract.. The experiment showed the extract of fructus gardeniae for injection had been produced successfully by macroreticular resin.. Using macroreticular resins is a promising purification way of TCM injections, whereas a more consummate method of quality evaluation must be established to ensure safety, efficiency and stability of the preparation in the process.

Topics: Animals; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Fruit; Gardenia; Injections; Iridoids; Mice; Plants, Medicinal; Pyrans; Quality Control; Resins, Synthetic; Technology, Pharmaceutical

In order to observe the effects of the ground and intact Zhi Zi (Fructus Gardeniae) and different combinations of the ingredients and refined single Chinese drug granules in Yin Chen Hao Decoction compound prescription on the contents of gardenoside (an effective component of the prescription), the contents of gardenoside were determined with reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with acetonitrile-water (15:85) as mobile phase, at wave length 238 nm. The results indicated that the gardenoside-decocted-out rates in the decoctions prepared by different combinations of the ingredients with the ground Zhi Zi (Fructus Gardeniae) all were higher significantly than those in the decoction with intact Zhi Zi (Fructus Gardeniae), and generally, different combinations of the ingredients in the decoction had only little effect on the gardenoside-decocted-out rate.

Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Compounding; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Iridoids; Pyrans; Technology, Pharmaceutical

This paper reported content analysis on gardenoside in grown fruits of Gardenia from different habitats and ungrown fruits of Gardenia jasminoides and G. jasminoides f. longicarpa. The results were as follows: (1) The content of gardenoside in G. jasminoides from indigenous region of Jiangxi was higher than other habitats; (2) The content of gardenoside in G. jasminoides f. longicarpa was the highest; (3) The content of gardenoside in fruits of growth period of G. jasminoides and G. jasminoides f. longicarpa had two peak stages.

Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Gardenia; Iridoids; Plants, Medicinal; Pyrans; Seeds; Time Factors

The relationship among certain biological characteristics, fruit yield and quality of G. jasminoides was studied, and the special features, closely correlateied with fruit production and quality, as well as with the steadiness of heredity were found out. According to these features the G. jasminoides produced in Sichuan province has been divided into 6 types.

Topics: Iridoids; Plants, Medicinal; Pyrans; Pyridines; Quality Control; Rubiaceae

Four extraction methods for Antidotal Cranules of coptis were compared, with berberine, barcalin and gardenoside taken as the indexes. The result shows that the total contents of three components appear in the following order: semi-bionic extraction > semi-bionic extraction with precipitation with alcohol > extraction with water > extraction with water plus precipitation with alcohol.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Berberine; Drug Combinations; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Flavonoids; Iridoids; Pyrans; Technology, Pharmaceutical

Studies have been made on the preliminary tests of the chemical constituents of cultivated and wild Fructus Gardeniae on the comparative analysis of the thin-layer chromatograms, IR and UV spectra of 95% ethanolic extracts as well as extracts obtained with four different solvents, and on the content determination of gardenosides. The results reveal that the cultivated and wild Fructus Gardeniae have similar chemical constituents, but differ in the contents of some constituents.

Topics: Chromatography, Thin Layer; Densitometry; Fruit; Iridoids; Plants, Medicinal; Pyrans; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

Four iridoid constituents: geniposide, gardenoside, geniposidic acid and genipin-1-beta-gentiobioside, have been separated by using an ODS (7 microns) column with gradient elution. The iridoid contents of the crude drug were quantified by peak height ratio. Thirty-one specimens from various sources were analyzed.

Topics: Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Glucosides; Iridoid Glucosides; Iridoids; Pyrans

During the course of our studies on the metabolism of iridoid glycosides by human intestinal bacteria, we found that geniposide (1) and gardenoside (4) were transformed to new nitrogen-containing compounds, genipinine (3) and gardenine (6), respectively, along with the known aglycones. Although the amounts of new metabolites were somewhat lower than those of the aglycones, they were quantitatively analyzed by means of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Of 25 strains of human intestinal bacteria, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Bacteroides fragilis ssp. thetaotus produced appreciable amounts of 3, while a bacterial mixture of human feces produced 10 times or more higher amounts of 3, as compared to the individual strains.

Topics: Bacteria; Biotransformation; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; Feces; Humans; Intestines; Iridoids; Male; Pyrans; Pyridines

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Biotransformation; Intestinal Mucosa; Iridoids; Pyrans; Rats

Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Glucosides; Glycosides; Iridoid Glucosides; Iridoids; Pyrans

The intravenous administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg of genipin (GP), gardenogenins (GAR-G), deacetylasperulosidic acid methylester genins (DAM-G), and scandoside methylester genin (SSM-G) exhibited the bile acid-independent choleretic actions. The action of DAM-G was stronger than the actions of other compounds tested. The choleretic action of SSM-G was milder, but longer lasting than those of GAR-G and DAM-G.

Topics: Animals; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Cholagogues and Choleretics; Electrolytes; Glucosides; Glycosides; Iridoids; Male; Pyrans; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Time Factors