interleukin-8 and carvacrol

Essential oils (EOs) are commonly used as animal feed additives. Information is lacking on the mechanisms driving the beneficial effects of EOs in animals, especially the role played by the intestinal microbiota of the host.. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relative contribution of direct effects of EOs on the physiology and immune system of tilapia and indirect effects mediated by the intestinal microbiota by using a germ-free zebrafish model.. Juvenile hybrid tilapia were fed a control diet or 1 of 4 treatment diets containing 60-800 mg Next Enhance 150 (NE) (an EO product containing equal levels of thymol and carvacrol)/kg for 6 wk. The key humoral and cellular innate immune parameters were evaluated after the feeding period. In another experiment, the gut microbiota of tilapia fed a control or an NE diet (200 mg/kg) for 2 wk were transferred to 3-d postfertilization (dpf) germ-free (GF) zebrafish, and the expression of genes involved in innate immunity and tight junctions was evaluated in zebrafish at 6 dpf. Lastly, NE was directly applied to 3-dpf GF zebrafish at 3 doses ranging from 0.2 to 20 mg/L, and the direct effect of NE on zebrafish was evaluated after 1 and 3 d.. NE supplementation at 200 mg/kg enhanced phagocytosis activity of head kidney macrophages (×1.36) (P < 0.05) and plasma lysozyme activity (×1.69) of tilapia compared with the control (P < 0.001), indicating an immunostimulatory effect. Compared with those colonized with control microbiota, GF zebrafish colonized with NE microbiota showed attenuated induction of immune response marker genes serum amyloid a (Saa; ×0.62), interleukin 1β (Il1β; ×0.29), and interleukin 8 (Il8; ×0.62) (P < 0.05). NE treatment of GF zebrafish at 2 and 20 mg/L for 1 d upregulated the expression of Il1β (×2.44) and Claudin1 (×1.38), respectively (P < 0.05), whereas at day 3 the expression of Occludin2 was higher (×3.30) in the 0.2-mg NE/L group compared with the GF control (P < 0.05).. NE may affect the immunity of tilapia through a combination of factors, i.e., primarily through a direct effect on host tissue (immune-stimulating) but also an indirect effect mediated by microbial changes (immune-relieving).

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animal Feed; Animals; Claudin-1; Cymenes; Dietary Supplements; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Immunity; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Macrophages; Monoterpenes; Muramidase; Occludin; Oils, Volatile; Phagocytosis; Plant Extracts; Serum Amyloid A Protein; Thymol; Tight Junctions; Tilapia; Up-Regulation; Zebrafish

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a epidemic disease which is mainly due to cigarette smoking. The effect of carvacrol on systemic inflammation in guinea pig model of COPD was examined in the present study.. Guinea pigs of both sexes were divided into 6 groups, including: control, COPD, COPD+drinking water containing three concentrations of carvacrol and COPD+dexamethasone. Animals were exposed to cigarette smoke for 3 months in order to induce animal model of COPD. Weight changes, serum levels of IL-8 and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as total and differential white blood cell (WBC) were measured (n=5 for control and COPD groups and n=6 for other groups).. Serum levels of IL-8 and MDA, total WBC (p<0.01 for all cases) and eosinophil counts (p<0.05) were increased and weight changes were decreased (p<0.05) in COPD group compared to controls. Serum MDA level and total WBC in treated groups with two higher carvacrol concentrations, eosinophil, neutrophil and lymphocyte percentage in those treated with its high concentration as well as IL-8 level and weight change in treated groups with its all concentrations and in dexamethasone treated group were significantly improved compared to COPD group (p<0.05 to p<0.001).. These results showed a preventive effect of the carvacrol on all measured parameter in COPD guinea pigs which was comparable to the effect of dexamethasone at used concentrations.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Body Weight; Cymenes; Dexamethasone; Eosinophils; Female; Guinea Pigs; Inflammation; Interleukin-8; Leukocyte Count; Male; Malondialdehyde; Monoterpenes; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an epidemic and progressive health problem which is mainly a consequence of cigarette smoking, and associated with lung inflammation. Anti-inflammatory property of Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) and its constituent, carvacrol was shown in various inflammatory disorders previously. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of the plant and its constituent, carvacrol, on lung inflammation changes and oxidative stress, in guinea pigs model of COPD were evaluated.. Nine groups of animals including control, COPD, COPD + drinking water containing three concentrations of extract of Z. multiflora (0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 mg/mL), COPD + drinking water containing three concentrations of carvacrol (60, 120, and 240 μg/mL), and COPD + dexamethasone (50 μg/mL) were studied. For inducing COPD, animals were exposed to cigarette smoke for 3 months. Thiol groups, IL-8, total and differential WBC were measured in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (n = 6 for each group).. Total WBC, eosinophils, and neutrophils counts as well as the levels of IL-8 in BALF were significantly increased but thiol group was decreased in COPD compared to the control group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Total WBC and IL-8 in all treated COPD groups, thiol group, eosinophils and neutrophils counts in treated groups with dexamethasone and two higher concentrations of the Z. multiflora and carvacrol were significantly improved compared to non-treated COPD group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Lymphocyte count in treated groups with dexamethasone, highest concentration of Z. multiflora, and two higher concentration of carvacrol was also significantly higher than non-treated group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001).. A preventive effect of Z. multiflora extract and its constituent carvacrol on lung inflammation changes and oxidative stress in animal model of COPD was suggested.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cymenes; Dexamethasone; Eosinophils; Female; Guinea Pigs; Interleukin-8; Lamiaceae; Leukocyte Count; Lung; Male; Monoterpenes; Neutrophils; Oxidative Stress; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Smoking; Tobacco Products; Tobacco Smoke Pollution