interleukin-8 and 4-phenylenediamine

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by henna-based hair-colouring products has been associated with adulteration of henna with p-phenylenediamine (PPD).. To develop a testing approach based on in vitro techniques that address key events within the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway in order to evaluate the allergenic potential of hair-colouring products.. The following in vitro assays were used to test the sensitizing capacity of hair dye ingredients: the micro-direct peptide reactivity assay (mDPRA); the HaCaT keratinocyte-associated interleukin (IL)-18 assay; the U937 cell line activation test (U-SENS)/IL-8 levels; the blood monocyte-derived dendritic cell test; and genomic allergen rapid detection (GARD skin). Those techniques with better human concordance were selected to evaluate the allergenic potential of 10 hair-colouring products.. In contrast to the information on the label, chromatographic analyses identified PPD in all products. The main henna biomarker, lawsone, was not detected in one of the 10 products. Among the techniques evaluated by testing hair dye ingredients, the mDPRA, the IL-18 assay, GARD skin and the U-SENS correlated better with human classification (concordances of 91.7%-100%) and were superior to the animal testing (concordance of 78.5%). Thus, these assays were used to evaluate hair-colouring products, which were classified as skin sensitizers by the use of different two-of-three approaches.. Our findings highlight the toxicological consequences of, and risks associated with, the undisclosed use of PPD in henna-based "natural" "real-life" products.

Topics: B7-2 Antigen; Biological Assay; Cell Line, Tumor; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dendritic Cells; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Hair Dyes; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Interleukin-18; Interleukin-8; Keratinocytes; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines

We previously demonstrated an age-related decrease in receptor for activated C-kinase (RACK-1) expression and functional deficit in Langerhans cells' responsiveness. This defect specifically involves the translocation of protein kinase C (PKC)-β. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of RACK-1 and PKC-β in chemical allergen-induced CD86 expression and IL-8 release in the human promyelocytic cell line THP-1 and primary human dendritic cells (DC). Dinitrochlorobenzene, p-phenylenediamine and diethyl maleate were used as contact allergens. The selective cell-permeable inhibitor of PKC-β and the broad PKC inhibitor GF109203X completely prevented chemical allergen- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CD86 expression and significantly modulated IL-8 release (50 % reduction). The selective cell-permeable inhibitor of PKC-ε (also known to bind to RACK-1) failed to modulate allergen- or LPS-induced CD86 expression or allergen-induced IL-8 release, while modulating LPS-induced IL-8 release. The use of a RACK-1 pseudosubstrate, which directly activates PKC-β, resulted in dose-related increase in CD86 expression and IL-8 release. Similar results were obtained with human DC, confirming the relevance of results obtained in THP-1 cells. Overall, our findings demonstrate the role of PKC-β and RACK-1 in allergen-induced CD86 expression and IL-8 production, supporting a central role of PKC-β in the initiation of chemical allergen-induced DC activation.

Topics: Allergens; B7-2 Antigen; Cell Line; Dendritic Cells; Dinitrochlorobenzene; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitors; GTP-Binding Proteins; Humans; Indoles; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharides; Maleates; Maleimides; Neoplasm Proteins; Phenylenediamines; Protein Kinase C beta; Receptors for Activated C Kinase; Receptors, Cell Surface

Epoxy resin compounds (ERC) include a large number of chemicals, such as epoxy resins (ER), reactive diluents and hardeners. Many hardeners, e.g., aliphatic polyamines, are well-known sensitizers. Another type of ER hardeners are the phthalic anhydrides, such as methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) and methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA), which have been reported as causing immunologically-mediated respiratory diseases and contact urticaria, but not allergic contact dermatitis. Here, we present a horizontal boring-machine worker who developed allergic contact dermatitis, as well as allergic rhinitis and an immediate contact skin reaction from MHHPA. Patch testing with a dilution series of MHHPA in pet. elicited the following results: 2%, 1% and 0.5%, +2; 0.25% and 0.125%, + (3- to 6-day readings). An immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study also indicated that the patch test reactions were conventional-delayed allergic reactions. Interleukin 8 was observed in the epidermal cells, whereas interleukin 4 immunoreactivity was detected in the dermal cells. Immunoreactivity to-interleukin 5, granulocyte/macrophage-colophony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or eosinophil cationic protein was not seen. In conclusion, the patient developed both Type I and Type IV allergy to MHHPA. The clinical data, patch test results, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic observations indicated that the MHHPA allergy detected by the patch test reaction was a conventional delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. The patient also had an allergic patch test reaction to para-phenylenediamine and diaminodiphenylmethane, possibly representing occupational sensitization.

Topics: Allergens; Aniline Compounds; Blood Proteins; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dermatitis, Occupational; Eosinophil Granule Proteins; Eosinophils; Epidermis; Epoxy Resins; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-5; Interleukin-8; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Patch Tests; Phenylenediamines; Phthalic Anhydrides; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Rhinitis; Ribonucleases; Skin; Urticaria