inosinic-acid and purine

Meat quality attributes vary with chicken age. Understanding the relationship between poultry age and the quality of the meat would be beneficial for efficient poultry farming to meet market needs. The Korat hybrid chicken (KC) is a new crossbred chicken whose meat quality is distinct from that of commercial broiler (CB) chickens and has not been well characterized. In this study, we characterized the physico-chemical properties of KC meat and correlate the findings with Raman spectral data. The protein content of KC breast and thigh meat increased with age. The pH of thigh meat decreased, while the water-holding capacity of breast meat increased as the age of the chickens increased. The amount of cholesterol in breast meat decreased as the rearing period was extended. Inosine 5'-monophosphate and guanosine 5'-monophosphate of breast meat decreased as KC grew older. The shear force values of meat from older birds increased concomitantly with an increase in total collagen. Principle component analysis revealed that the meat quality of CB was greatly different from that of KC meat. High shear force values of KC meat at 20 wk of age were well correlated with an increase in the β-sheet structure (amide I) and amide III of collagen. Raman spectra at 3,207 cm

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Chickens; Cholesterol; Collagen; Fatty Acids; Fourier Analysis; Guanosine Monophosphate; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Inosine Monophosphate; Meat; Proteins; Purines; Shear Strength; Spectrum Analysis, Raman

Purine nucleotides exhibit various functions in cellular metabolism. Besides serving as building blocks for nucleic acid synthesis, they participate in signaling pathways and energy metabolism. Further, IMP and GMP represent industrially relevant biotechnological products used as flavor enhancing additives in food industry. Therefore, this work aimed towards the accumulation of IMP applying targeted genetic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum.. Blocking of the degrading reactions towards AMP and GMP lead to a 45-fold increased intracellular IMP pool of 22 μmol g(CDW)⁻¹. Deletion of the pgi gene encoding glucose 6-phosphate isomerase in combination with the deactivated AMP and GMP generating reactions, however, resulted in significantly decreased IMP pools (13 μmol g(CDW)⁻¹). Targeted metabolite profiling of the purine biosynthetic pathway further revealed a metabolite shift towards the formation of the corresponding nucleobase hypoxanthine (102 μmol g(CDW)⁻¹) derived from IMP degradation.. The purine biosynthetic pathway is strongly interconnected with various parts of the central metabolism and therefore tightly controlled. However, deleting degrading reactions from IMP to AMP and GMP significantly increased intracellular IMP levels. Due to the complexity of this pathway further degradation from IMP to the corresponding nucleobase drastically increased suggesting additional targets for future strain optimization.

Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Carbon Cycle; Cluster Analysis; Corynebacterium glutamicum; Gene Deletion; Genotype; Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase; Hypoxanthine; Inosine Monophosphate; Metabolic Engineering; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; Principal Component Analysis; Purines

Although purines and purinergic signaling are crucial for numerous biochemical and cellular processes, their functions during vertebrate embryonic development have not been well characterized. We analyze two recessive zebrafish mutations that affect de novo purine synthesis, gart and paics. gart encodes phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase, a trifunctional enzyme that catalyzes steps 2, 3 and 5 of inosine monophosphate (IMP) synthesis. paics encodes phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase, a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes steps 6 and 7 of this process. Zygotic gart and paics mutants have pigmentation defects in which xanthophore and iridophore pigmentation is almost completely absent, and melanin-derived pigmentation is significantly decreased, even though pigment cells are present in normal amounts and distributions. Zygotic gart and paics mutants are also microphthalmic, resulting from defects in cell cycle exit of proliferative retinoblasts within the developing eye. Maternal-zygotic and maternal-effect mutants demonstrate a crucial requirement for maternally derived gart and paics; these mutants show more severe developmental defects than their zygotic counterparts. Pigmentation and eye growth phenotypes in zygotic gart and paics mutants can be ascribed to separable biosynthetic pathways: pigmentation defects and microphthalmia result from deficiencies in a GTP synthesis pathway and an ATP synthesis pathway, respectively. In the absence of ATP pathway activity, S phase of proliferative retinoblasts is prolonged and cell cycle exit is compromised, which results in microphthalmia. These results demonstrate crucial maternal and zygotic requirements for de novo purine synthesis during vertebrate embryonic development, and identify independent functions for ATP and GTP pathways in mediating eye growth and pigmentation, respectively.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Apoptosis; Carboxy-Lyases; Cell Proliferation; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Embryonic Development; Eye; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Guanosine Triphosphate; Inosine Monophosphate; Microphthalmos; Models, Biological; Mutation; Peptide Synthases; Phenotype; Phosphoribosylglycinamide Formyltransferase; Pigmentation; Pigments, Biological; Purines; Retina; S Phase; Zebrafish; Zebrafish Proteins

Development of the mathematical models that adequately describe biochemical reactions and molecular-genetic mechanisms is one of the most important tasks in modern bioinformatics. Because the enzyme adenylosuccinate synthetase (AdSS) has long been extensively studied, a wealth of kinetic data has been accumulated.. We describe a mathematical model for the reaction catalyzed by AdSS. The model's parameters were fitted to experimental data obtained from published literature. The advantage of our model is that it includes relationships between the reaction rate, the concentrations of three substrates (GTP, IMP and ASP), the effects of five inhibitors (GMP, GDP, AMP, ASUC and SUCC), and the influence of Mg2+ ions.. Our model describes the reaction catalyzed by AdSS as a fully random process. The model structure implies that each of the inhibitors included in it is only competitive to one of the substrates. The model was tested for adequacy using experimental data published elsewhere. The values obtained for the parameters are as follows: Vmax = 1.35.10-3 mM/min, KmGTP = 0.023 mM, KmIMP = 0.02 mM, KmASP = 0.3 mM, KiGMP = 0.024 mM, KiGDP = 8.10-3 mM, KiAMP = 0.01 mM, KiASUC = 7.5.10-3 mM, KiSUCC = 8 mM, KmMg = 0.08 mM.

Topics: Adenylosuccinate Synthase; Aspartic Acid; Enzyme Inhibitors; Escherichia coli; Guanosine Triphosphate; Inosine Monophosphate; Kinetics; Magnesium; Models, Biological; Purines; Substrate Specificity

The promoter region of the pur operon, which contains 12 genes for inosine monophosphate biosynthesis from phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, and the purA gene, encoding the adenylosuccinate synthetase, were compared among wild-type and three purine-producing Bacillus subtilis strains. A single nucleotide deletion at position 55 (relative to translation start site) in purA gene was found in a high inosine-producing strain and in a high guanosine-producing strain, which correlates with the absence of adenylosuccinate synthetase activity in these strains. Within the pur operon promoter of high guanosine-producing strain, in addition to a single nucleotide deletion in PurBox1 and a single nucleotide substitution in PurBox2, there were 4 substitutions in the flanking region of the PurBoxes and 32 nucleotide mutations in the 5' untranslated region. These mutations may explain the purine accumulation in purine-producing strains and be helpful to the rational design of high-yield recombinant strains.

Topics: Adenylosuccinate Synthase; Bacillus subtilis; Base Sequence; Guanosine; Inosine; Inosine Monophosphate; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; Nucleotides; Operon; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Purines

The structure of the purine regulon was studied by a comparative genomic approach in seven genomes of gamma-proteobacteria: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Yersinia pestis, Haemophilus influenzae, Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Vibrio cholerae. The palindromic binding site of the purine repressor (consensus ACGCAAACGTTTGCGT) is fairly well retained of genes encoding enzymes that participate in the synthesis of inosinemonophosphate from phosphoribozylpyrophosphate and in transfer of unicarbon groups, and also upstream of some transport protein genes. These genes may be regarded as the main part of the purine regulon. In terms of physiology, the regulation of the purC and gcvTHP/folD genes seems to be especially important, because the PurR site was found upstream of nonorthologous but functionally replaceable genes. However, the PurR site is poorly retained in front of orthologs of some genes belonging to the E. coli purine regulon, such as genes involved in general nitrogen metabolism, biosynthesis of pyrimidines, and synthesis of AMP and GMP from IMP, and also upstream of the purine repressor gene. It is predicted that purine regulons of the examined bacteria include the following genes: upp participating in synthesis of pyrimidines; uraA encoding an uracil transporter gene; serA involved in serine biosynthesis; folD responsible for the conversion of N5,N10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate into N10-formyltetrahydrofolate; rpiA involved in ribose metabolism; and protein genes with an unknown function (yhhQ and ydiK). The PurR site was shown to have different structure in different genomes. Thus, the tendency for a decline of the conservatism of site positions 2 and 15 was observed in genomes of bacteria belonging to the Pasteurellaceae and Vibrionaceae groups.

Topics: Adenosine Monophosphate; Bacterial Proteins; Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gammaproteobacteria; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genomics; Guanosine Monophosphate; Inosine Monophosphate; Membrane Transport Proteins; Peptide Synthases; Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase; Purines; Pyrimidines; Regulon; Repressor Proteins; Serine; Tetrahydrofolates

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Diazooxonorleucine; Inosine Monophosphate; Leucine; Nucleotides; Purines; Serine

Topics: Hydroxymethyl and Formyl Transferases; Inosine Monophosphate; Purines; Transferases

Topics: Folic Acid; Formates; Inosine Monophosphate; Leucovorin; Nucleotides; Purines

Topics: Hypoxanthine; Inosine Monophosphate; Liver; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Nucleotides; Purines