hydroxysafflor-yellow-a and kaempferol

The primary initiating mechanism in diabetes nephropathy (DN) is hyperglycemia-induced inflammation in which macrophage and podocyte play important roles. The present research is aimed at exploring the effects of kaempferol (Ka) and hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) on classically activated (M1)/alternatively activated (M2) macrophage polarization and podocyte apoptosis under hyperglycaemic conditions. (1) RAW264.7 cells were treated with 11.1 mM glucose (NG), 33.3 mM glucose (HG), Ka 4-8 . (1) Compared to the HG group, the Ka and HSYA 100 . The protective effects of Ka and HSYA on podocyte apoptosis under hyperglycemic stress are related to their modulation on M1/M2 polarization and the lowering effects on TNF-

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Carthamus tinctorius; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Chalcone; Cytokines; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Immunomodulation; Kaempferols; Macrophages; Mice; Podocytes; Quinones; RAW 264.7 Cells; Stress, Physiological; Th1 Cells; Th2 Cells

A simple and low-cost method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction, HPLC separation, diode array detection and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS have been developed for the determination of Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), Kaempferol and other main compounds in Carthamus tinctorius. The experimental parameters that may affect the MSPD method, including dispersing sorbent, ratio of dispersing sorbent to sample, elution solvent, and volume of the elution solvent were examined and optimized. The optimized conditions were determined to be that silica gel was used as dispersing sorbent, the ratio of silica gel to sample mass was selected to be 3:1, and 10 mL of methanol: water (1:3, v:v) was used as elution solvent. The highest extraction yields of the two compounds were obtained under the optimized conditions. The method showed good linearity (r(2)≥0.999 2) and precision (RSD≤3.4%) for HSYA and Kaempferol, with the limits of detection of 35.2 and 14.5 ng mL(-1), respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 92.62-101.7% with RSD values ranging from 1.5 to 3.5%. At the meanwhile, there were 21 compounds in the extraction by MSPD method were identified by TOF-MS method to improve the quality control for safflower. Comparing to ultrasonic and soxhlet methods, the proposed MSPD procedure was more convenient and less time-consuming with reduced requirements on sample and solvent amounts. The proposed procedure was applied to analyze four real samples that were collected from different localities.

Topics: Carthamus tinctorius; Chalcone; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Kaempferols; Mass Spectrometry; Quinones; Solid Phase Extraction; Solvents