humulene and aromadendrene

Lophostemon suaveolens is a relatively unexplored endemic medicinal plant of Australia. Extracts of fresh leaves of L. suaveolens obtained from sequential extraction with n-hexane and dichloromethane exhibited antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion and MTT microdilution assays against Streptococcus pyogenes and methicillin sensitive and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (minimum bactericidal concentration < 63 μg/mL). The dichloromethane extract and chromatographic fractions therein inhibited nitric oxide in RAW264.7 murine macrophages (IC50 3.7-11.6 μg/mL) and also PGE2 in 3T3 murine fibroblasts (IC50 2.8-19.7 μg/mL). The crude n-hexane, dichloromethane and water extracts of the leaves and chromatographic fractions from the dichloromethane extract also showed modest antioxidant activity in the ORAC assay. GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction showed the presence of the antibacterial compounds aromadendrene, spathulenol, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene and α-pinene and the anti-inflammatory compounds β-caryophyllene and spathulenol. Fractionation of the dichloromethane extract led to the isolation of eucalyptin and the known anti-inflammatory compound betulinic acid.

Topics: 3T3 Cells; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Australia; Azulenes; Betulinic Acid; Bicyclic Monoterpenes; Flavonoids; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes; Monoterpenes; Myrtaceae; Nitric Oxide; Pentacyclic Triterpenes; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plants, Medicinal; Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; RAW 264.7 Cells; Sesquiterpenes; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pyogenes; Triterpenes; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Essential oils hydrodistilled from the leaves and stem barks of Goniothalamus macrocalyx Ban., Goniothalamus albiflorus Ban. and Goniothalamus tamirensis Pierre ex Fin. & Gagnep. growing in Vietnam were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-coupled with mass spectrometry. α-Pinene (1.7-50.0%), β-pinene (tr-6.8%), β-myrcene (tr-1.5%), (E)-β-ocimene (tr-4.6%), β-caryophyllene (9.9-12.8%), aromadendrene (0.2-6.0%), α-humulene (1.7-6.9%), α-cadinol (1.2-14.5%), δ-cadinene (0.1-10.3%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (0.2-1.9%) were common to the oil samples. α-Pinene (50.0%) was the most abundant single constituent of the leaf oil of G. macrocalyx, whereas the major compounds of the stem were α-cadinol (14.5%), β-caryophyllene (10.3%) and octadecanoic acid (8.2%). Benzoic acid (18.4%), β-caryophyllene (12.4%) and α-pinene (10.3%) were present in the leaf of G. albiflorus, whereas limonene (21.2%), β-caryophyllene (12.8%) and α-phellandrene (9.3%) were identified in the stem. The leaf oil of G. tamirensis was characterised by abundance of α-pinene (33.4%), viridiflorol (18.5%) and β-caryophyllene (12.4%), whereas γ-gurjunene (11.2%), β-caryophyllene (10.9%) and δ-cadinene (10.3%) predominates in the stem oil.

Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Alkenes; Azulenes; Bicyclic Monoterpenes; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; Chromatography, Gas; Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Goniothalamus; Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes; Monoterpenes; Oils, Volatile; Plant Bark; Plant Leaves; Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; Sesquiterpenes; Terpenes