guanosine-triphosphate and beta-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridyl)alanine

We describe a novel Triton-disrupted mammalian cell system wherein the pathways for activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (MAPKs) are capable of direct biochemical manipulation in vitro. MAPKs p42mapk and p44mapk are activated in signal transduction cascade(s) initiated by occupancy of plasma membrane receptors for peptide growth factors, hormones, and neurotransmitters. One likely activation pathway for MAPKs consists of sequential activations of c-ras, c-raf-1, and a protein-tyrosine/threonine kinase, MAP kinase kinase. Triton-disrupted cells retained capacity for activation of the pathway by both peptide growth factors and by addition of GTP-loaded p21 rasVal12. Incubation of disrupted cells with an antibody that neutralized the function of c-ras (Y13-259) abolished receptor-mediated stimulation of MAPK as did acute addition of 200 microM azatyrosine. Activation of the pathway was reconstituted in a cell-free system using high-speed supernatants generated from Triton-disrupted cells together with purified plasma membranes from parental cells and as a heterogeneous system using purified plasma membranes from v-ras-transformed cells. These systems will allow biochemical dissection in vitro of the interaction(s) between c-ras and the MAPK pathway in mammalian cells.

Topics: 3T3 Cells; Alanine; Animals; Cell Line, Transformed; Cell Membrane; Cell-Free System; Enzyme Activation; Guanosine Triphosphate; Insulin; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; Octoxynol; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; Polyethylene Glycols; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); Signal Transduction

Non-transformed revertant clones were isolated from the ras-transformed MTSV1-7 (ras) cell line, after treatment with the antibiotic azatyrosine. Azatyrosine significantly inhibited the growth of the ras-transformed cells but not of the normal MTSV1-7. After 7 days of azatyrosine treatment, approximately 30% of MTSV1-7 (ras) cells survived, and revertant cell lines were selected by random cloning. The azatyrosine-induced revertants (six clones) were considered non-transformed on the basis of (a) their substantially reduced ability to form colonies in soft agar, and (b) their inability to produce tumours in nude mice. Molecular analysis of the revertants revealed that each contains multiple copies of the v-H-ras gene and expresses high levels of v-H-ras mRNA, and all revertants sustain elevated levels of p21ras protein. Thus, the revertant phenotype induced by azatyrosine does not result from inactivation of v-H-ras oncogene or inhibition of its expression. In vivo guanine nucleotide binding to p21ras in the revertant cell lines demonstrated binding of both GTP and GDP, indicating that reversion to the non-transformed phenotype was not due to inability of p21ras to bind GTP. The expression of the human K-rev-1 gene, a known tumour-suppressor gene in ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells, was studied in the isolated azatyrosine revertants. All six revertants showed a significant increase in the K-rev-1 transcript levels compared with the ras-transformed MTSV1-7 cells. These results suggest that tumorigenic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells by v-H-ras may be influenced by the level of expression of the tumour-suppressor gene, K-rev-1.

Topics: Alanine; Animals; Blotting, Northern; Breast; Cell Division; Cell Transformation, Viral; Cells, Cultured; Genes, ras; Guanosine Diphosphate; Guanosine Triphosphate; Humans; Mice; Mice, Nude; Oncogene Protein p21(ras); RNA, Messenger